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- Pain and withdrawal are common among patients receiving medications for
opioid use disorder and associated with pain catastrophizing, negative
affect, and poor sleep.-
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Abstract: Substantial percentages of persons receiving medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) continue to experience clinically significant levels of pain and opioid withdrawal, which may pose barriers to reducing opioid use. Continued pain, in particular, may increase the risk for psychiatric problems and poorer treatment retention, especially with a lack of adequate care for pain. The goals of these analyses were to characterize the prevalence of, and patient-level variables associated with, pain and opioid withdrawal, as well as utilization of related coping strategies and treatments. Participants were 18 years of age or older and received methadone or buprenorphine for opioid use disorder (n = 179). Participants completed this survey in person, within their MOUD clinic. Participants completed patient-level and demographic questions as well as measures of pain, withdrawal, utilization of related coping strategies, and pain treatment. Numerous participants endorsed chronic pain (41.9%) or opioid withdrawal (89.4%) and indicated reliance upon over-the-counter medications and prayer for pain management. Multiple linear regression models showed greater pain catastrophizing and negative affect accounted for variability in pain severity and pain interference, as well as opioid withdrawal. Persons who slept less and endorsed chronic pain also reported greater pain severity and interference, and pain interference was higher with increased age. These and previous findings combine to further highlight the detrimental role that pain catastrophizing and negative affect can play in pain perception and withdrawal, but also represent promising treatment targets to facilitate pain and withdrawal management and improved quality of life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 09 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000723
- Sex differences in extinction and reinstatement of nicotine discrimination
in rats: The effects of reinforcer devaluation.-
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Abstract: Nicotine functions effectively as an interoceptive operant discriminative stimulus (SD) that sets the occasion for voluntarily emitted behavior to be reinforced by biologically relevant outcomes (e.g., food). This has been demonstrated primarily with male rats. Far less is known about nicotine’s operant SD functions in female rats. There are no reports of sex differences in extinction and recovery of the SD functions of nicotine, which may elucidate smoking cessation and relapse. In view of this, eight male and eight female rats were trained to nose poke differentially among quasirandomly intermixed sessions of food reinforcement variable interval (VI-30 s) and nonreinforcement in a go/no-go across session one-manipulanda operant drug discrimination procedure. For half the rats, presession administration of nicotine (0.30 mg/kg, subcutaneous) occasioned reinforcement sessions of nose pokes (i.e., SD); for the remaining rats, it occasioned nonreinforcement (SΔ). Saline sessions occasioned the opposite contingencies. Training was conducted first under feeding restriction and then under free feeding, which was then followed by extinction sessions that were also conducted with free feeding. During discrimination training, response rates for females did not differ from males when conducted under restricted feeding but did so during training and later extinction conducted under free feeding. Females also exhibited greater reinstatement of responding under the nicotine SD but not the SΔ. These data provide additional evidence for sex differences in rats with the discriminative stimulus functions of nicotine under low, but not high, food-drive states—and may have implications for sex/gender differences in smoking cessation and relapse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 09 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000714
- Cigarette smoking and cognitive task performance: Experimental effects of
very-low nicotine-content cigarettes.-
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Abstract: Reductions in the nicotine content of cigarettes decrease smoking rate and dependence severity, but effects on cognition are less well established. The potential impacts of very-low nicotine-content (VLNC) cigarettes on cognitive task performance must be evaluated, especially in vulnerable populations. The aim of the present study is to experimentally examine the effects of VLNC cigarettes on cognitive performance. Adults who smoked daily (n = 775) from three vulnerable populations (socioeconomically disadvantaged reproductive-age women, individuals with opioid use disorder, affective disorders) were examined. Participants were randomly assigned to normal nicotine content (NNC; 15.8 mg nicotine/g tobacco) or VLNC (2.4 mg/g or 0.4 mg/g) cigarettes for 12 weeks. Response inhibition (stop-signal task), working memory (n-back task; n of 2—n of 0), and cognitive interference (nicotine Stroop task) were assessed at baseline, 2, 6, and 12 weeks. Results were analyzed using mixed-model repeated-measures analyses of variance. Extended exposure to VLNC cigarettes produced no significant changes in any measure of cognitive performance compared to NNC cigarettes. Over weeks, response times on the n-back task decreased across doses. No significant effects were observed on the stop-signal or nicotine Stroop tasks. All three vulnerable populations performed comparably on all three cognitive tasks. Extended exposure to VLNC cigarettes produced no impairments in cognitive performance on any of the assessed tasks compared to NNC cigarettes. These findings are consistent with the larger literature detailing other consequences following exposure to VLNC cigarettes and are encouraging for the adoption of a nicotine-reduction policy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 09 May 2024 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000724
- Role of relative-reinforcement value of alcohol-free activities during
recovery from alcohol use disorder in an adult clinical sample.-
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Abstract: Behavioral economic theory has been extensively applied to understand alcohol use disorder (AUD). Applications of behavioral economic theory conceptualize AUD as a pattern of harmful alcohol use over extended periods of time in which choices between drinking or engaging in alcohol-free activities favor drinking. Recovery, in contrast, entails a sustained shift toward a pattern of selecting rewarding alcohol-free activities. The present study examined whether alcohol-free activity engagement and the relative-reinforcement value (RRV) of engaging in those activities predicted AUD treatment outcomes via secondary analysis of data from Project MATCH, a multisite randomized clinical trial examining behavioral treatments for AUD (N = 1,279, 75.8% male, 81.0% non-Hispanic White, 9.5% Black, 7.7% Hispanic/Latino, 1.5% American Indian/Alaska Native, < 1% Asian American, and other race/ethnicity). Regression analyses indicated that every additional alcohol-free activity reported at 6 months posttreatment was associated with 7% fewer drinking days, 5% fewer heavy drinking days, and approximately one less drink per drinking day, as well as with significant improvements in depression, purpose in life, and psychosocial functioning at 12 months following treatment. Consistent with behavioral economic theory, higher RRV of alcohol-free activities also predicted significant reductions in drinking and improvements in functioning, and these associations were stronger compared to results for alcohol-free activity frequency only. The findings highlight the importance of understanding environmental contexts conducive to recovery and support the value of increasing alcohol-free activity engagement and the RRV of engaging in such activities to facilitate reductions in drinking and improved functioning among individuals with AUD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 18 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000713
- Initial evidence of the acute effect of electronic nicotine delivery
system use on energy intake.-
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Abstract: Previous work has aimed to disentangle the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on appetite with mixed findings. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have yet to be examined in this regard despite evidence of use for weight control. The present study tested the influence of an ENDS on acute energy intake and associated subjective effects. Participants (n = 34; 18–65 years) with current ENDS use completed two randomly ordered clinical lab sessions after overnight abstinence from tobacco/nicotine/food/drinks (other than water). Sessions differed by the product administered over 20 min: active (20 puffs of a JUUL ENDS device; 5% nicotine tobacco-flavored pod) or control (access to an uncharged JUUL with an empty pod). About 40 min after product administration, participants were provided an ad lib buffet-style meal with 21 food/drink items. Subjective ratings were assessed at baseline, after product use, and before/after the meal. Energy intake (kcal) was calculated using pre–post buffet item weights. Repeated measures analyses of variance and pairwise comparisons were used to detect differences by condition and time (α < .05). Mean ± standard error of the mean energy intake did not differ significantly between active (1011.9 ± 98.8 kcal) and control (939.8 ± 88.4 kcal; p = .108) conditions. Nicotine abstinence symptoms significantly decreased after the active condition, while satiety significantly increased. Following the control condition, satiety remained constant while hunger significantly increased relative to baseline. Findings indicate that acute ENDS use did not significantly impact energy intake, but there was an ENDS-associated subjective increase in satiety and relative decrease in hunger. Results support further investigation of ENDS on appetite. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 15 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000710
- Effects of nicotine patches on early and late attentional bias to smoking
cues: We may know less than we think.-
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Abstract: In contrast to overnight deprivation versus satiety studies, a small number of placebo-controlled studies have failed to find that nicotine administration reduces attentional bias (AB) to smoking cues. To assess the reliability of this failure and to address the duration and salience of AB in smokers versus never-smokers, we used a longer-than-typical (i.e., 3,000 ms) smoking cue-presentation time in a placebo-controlled trial of smokers and never-smokers. We aimed to assess whether a nicotine patch (i.e., active vs. placebo) attenuates continuously assessed eye gaze-measured AB to smoking cues across 3,000 ms in 32 habitual, overnight-deprived smokers and smoker–nonsmoker differences compared to 32 never-smokers. We presented a series of picture pairs (i.e., one smoking-related and one affectively neutral control picture) simultaneously to assess AB. Participants attended a 14 mg nicotine patch and a placebo patch session in a randomized order. The habitual smokers were 12–18 hr nicotine-deprived during both sessions. Smokers demonstrated a stronger AB toward smoking cues than never-smokers across the entire 3,000 ms cue-presentation time. Nicotine did not significantly reduce the AB to smoking cues but the AB was strongly and positively related to deprivation-associated cravings in smokers. Patch-delivered nicotine did not reduce AB to smoking cues presented for up to 3,000 ms, even though smoker–nonsmoker differences in bias remained. Assessments of longer cue presentations and more subtle cues may provide nuance not currently captured by existing studies, because of potential demand effects in designs that contrast overnight versus sated state effects on AB. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 08 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000707
- Cannabis use and binge eating: Examining the relationship between cannabis
use and clinical severity among adults with binge eating.-
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Abstract: Cannabis use is prevalent among individuals with binge eating (BE; i.e., the inability to control eating behavior). Yet, only two studies to date (both over 20 years old) have tested if cannabis use relates to clinical severity among BE samples. Characterizing the relationship between cannabis use, eating disorder (ED) severity, and other psychiatric symptoms in BE samples is necessary for informing screening and clinical recommendations. The present study characterized cannabis use among adults with BE and tested between-group and within-group relationships between cannabis use and eating disorder symptoms, alcohol consumption and symptoms, and depression symptoms. Participants (N = 165) were treatment-seeking adults with at least once weekly BE in the past 3 months who completed clinical interviews and self-report measures before treatment. Over 23% of participants reported cannabis use in the past 3 months, with most persons using cannabis reported using “once or twice” or “monthly.” Most persons using cannabis reported cannabis-related symptoms. Persons using cannabis reported significantly greater alcohol consumption and were more likely to report alcohol-related symptoms compared to persons not using cannabis. No associations were observed between cannabis use, eating disorder symptoms, and depressions symptoms. These findings indicate that a notable subset of patients with BE use cannabis and experience cannabis-related problems, and that cannabis and alcohol use may be related for these individuals. Considering legal and sociocultural shifts in cannabis availability and prevalence, results from the present study support screening for cannabis and alcohol use patterns in patients with BE. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000706
- Development and validation of a reasons for electronic cigarette use
questionnaire.-
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Abstract: People use electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) for many reasons, but currently there are no comprehensive assessments of the motivations for tobacco vaping. The aim of the present study is to develop and test the initial construct validity of a new measure to assess reasons for e-cigarette use. We developed a 56-item measure based on the e-cigarette literature. This measure, along with demographic and tobacco use questions, was administered to adults who self-identified as past or present e-cigarette users on the Prolific crowdsourcing platform. The sample (n = 965) was randomly assigned into two analytic groups for exploratory factor analysis (EFA; n = 484) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 481). The sample ranged from 19 to 77 (M = 36.6; SD = 11.5) years old, and 42.2% identified as women, 74.6% as White, 7.2% as African American, 4.7% as Asian/Pacific Islander, and 5.1% Hispanic/Latino. After removing highly correlated items and nonloading items on the EFA, the 56-item scale was reduced to 47 items across eight factors. The eight subscales assessing various motivation domains of e-cigarette use included social influence, alternative to cigarettes, pleasurable effects, harm reduction, dependence, cessation, weight/appetite, and smell/flavor domains. Cronbach’s α coefficients and preliminary analyses of differential motivation based on sex, age, and daily smoker status are presented. This study demonstrates the construct validity for the first comprehensive measure tested to assess reasons for e-cigarette use. This measure has potential to become a valuable assessment for researchers examining factors contributing to tobacco vaping among a variety of populations and settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000702
- Discriminative stimulus properties of two training doses of gabapentin in
rats: Substitution by pregabalin, diazepam, and pentobarbital.-
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Abstract: Gabapentin is used for the treatment of many conditions, including seizures, pain, and anxiety. Increasing reports of nonprescribed use suggest that gabapentin may elicit positive subjective effects. The present study was conducted to examine the subjective effects of gabapentin using rats trained to discriminate either a 30.0 mg/kg or 300.0 mg/kg dose of gabapentin versus vehicle on a two-choice drug discrimination task. Both doses of gabapentin were established as discriminative stimuli, and the 300.0 mg/kg dose was more readily established compared to the 30.0 mg/kg dose. Full substitution (> 80% gabapentin-lever responding) occurred by the training drug and by the gabapentinoid compound pregabalin. Partial substitution (> 20% gabapentin-lever responding) was shown by the opioid compounds morphine and fentanyl, and dose combinations of the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone with the gabapentin training doses reduced the percentage of gabapentin-lever responding to below 80%. Partial substitution for both training doses of gabapentin occurred with the cannabinoid Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol. The barbiturate compound pentobarbital and the benzodiazepine compound diazepam were only tested for substitution for the 300.0 mg/kg dose of gabapentin and these compounds produced full substitution. These findings demonstrate that gabapentin establishes a robust discriminative cue and exhibits stimulus effects closely similar to pregabalin, pentobarbital, and diazepam. Since pregabalin, pentobarbital, and diazepam carry a risk of problematic use and are classified as controlled substances, further evaluations of gabapentin’s risks in this regard are warranted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000704
- Adaptation of commodity purchase tasks to identify substitutable
substance-free alternative activities for alcohol use.-
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Abstract: Behavioral economic frameworks emphasize the importance of contextual influences on alcohol use; therefore, identifying relative demand for alcohol versus other commodities is of importance. Cross-commodity purchase tasks allow participants to make choices across multiple concurrently available commodities and can thereby pinpoint interactions among those commodities. These tasks may help identify relevant substance-free alternative activities to target in alcohol treatment by determining whether the activity functions as a substitute for alcohol use. While substance-free activity promotion is a promising behavioral component of alcohol interventions, no research to-date has used behavioral economic methods to assess the substitutability of alternative activities for alcohol use. The present studies were preliminary assessments of novel single- and cross-commodity purchase tasks of various alternative activities (e.g., exercise, hobbies, civic involvement). Participants in Study 1 recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (n = 110) were administered a series of novel activity purchase tasks and an alcohol purchase task. Results showed excellent fit of the exponential demand equation to activity purchase task data and provided initial support for adaptation of purchase task methodology to alternative activity demand. In Study 2, participants recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (n = 108) were administered both single-commodity and cross-commodity purchase tasks of alcohol and exercise. While most participants demonstrate independent consumption of alcohol and exercise, a subset of participants substituted exercise for alcohol as indicated by quantitative cross-price elasticity indices. These response patterns highlight the importance of individual differences and hold implications for recovery efforts that promote alternative activity engagement and public policy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000697
- The role of anhedonia in the relationship between adverse childhood
experiences (ACEs), alcohol use disorder symptoms, and food addiction
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Abstract: Previous research has shown that (ACEs) are associated with negative health outcomes, including depression, problematic alcohol use, and disordered patterns of overeating, including food addiction (FA). Moreover, anhedonia, or an inability to feel pleasure, has been also shown to increase risk for problematic alcohol use, as well as FA. It is possible that anhedonia may be implicated in health risk behaviors as individuals with anhedonia may seek out highly hedonic activities. The purpose of the present study was to explore the direct and indirect relationship between ACEs and alcohol use disorder (AUD) and FA symptoms via anhedonia in a diverse sample of emerging adults with histories of heavy drinking. A cross-sectional, quantitative design was used. The sample was 42.6% male, 45.5% White, and 39.9% Black, and the average age of participants was 22.64 (SD = 1.01). A confirmatory factor analysis was used to specify the model, and structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. The initial measurement model was overidentified and demonstrated acceptable to favorable fit. Standardized results from a bootstrap analysis of the structural regression model showed significant direct effects of ACEs on FA and AUD symptoms. Results also found a significant indirect effect of ACEs on AUD symptoms through anhedonia, though this indirect effect was not significant for FA. Anhedonia could be a key target for the prevention and treatment of problematic alcohol use. Future research should examine the role of anhedonia in the maintenance of FA in nonheavy drinking samples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000703
- How executive functioning moderates the relation between implicit alcohol
associations and heavy episodic drinking: The roles of planning and
working memory.-
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Abstract: Heavy episodic drinking (HED) is common among college students and poses risks for negative consequences. Evidence suggests that HED is more frequent among those with stronger implicit alcohol associations, and the impact of these implicit associations on drinking may be moderated by executive functioning. This study examined the role of two executive function components—working memory (WM) and planning—as moderators of implicit alcohol-approach associations and HED among college students who drink alcohol. One hundred forty-one participants completed measures of alcohol use, implicit alcohol-approach associations, WM, and planning. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the respective two-way and three-way interactions between implicit alcohol associations, WM, and planning on HED. Results showed that WM and planning each moderated the relation between alcohol implicit association test (IAT) and HED. IAT scores were positively associated with HED when WM and planning were low (−1 SD) but not high (+1 SD). Although results from the three-way interaction exhibited a nonsignificant trend, the pattern of results showed that the association between IAT and HED was stronger at lower levels of WM, but only when planning was also low, not high. Findings support the view that HED among college students who drink alcohol may be a function of automatic alcohol associations and that these associations may be stronger among those with lower WM and planning abilities. These results replicate and extend our understanding of how executive functioning may moderate the impact of implicit alcohol cognitions on risky drinking and suggests potential intervention targets. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 02 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000690
- A preliminary investigation of the simultaneous effects of cannabidiol and
caffeine.-
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Abstract: Caffeine and cannabidiol (CBD) are commonly consumed by the general population, particularly among young adults; however, there is little research on the simultaneous effects of caffeine and CBD. The present study aimed to examine the simultaneous self-reported effects of caffeine and CBD in young healthy adults. Participants (N = 54) who reported daily caffeine use (> 200 mg) attended one experimental session via Zoom and were assigned randomly to receive caffeine (200 mg) combined with either a placebo or CBD (25, 50, 80, 160, or 240 mg). Participants completed subjective drug effects measures at baseline and then ingested caffeine and their assigned CBD dose. Throughout the 140-min session, participants completed self-report measures. The primary outcomes of this study were measures of general drug effects and anxiety. After caffeine and CBD administration, few effects were observed in self-reported measures of general drug effects. No negative effects emerged as a result of combined caffeine and CBD administration. These results should be interpreted cautiously given the preliminary nature and variability in outcomes. The present study findings suggest that combinations of the tested doses of caffeine and CBD do not alter subjective drug effects; further, no negative effects emerged, providing preliminary safety evidence for using these products simultaneously. Further research is needed to examine the simultaneous and/or interactive nature of caffeine and CBD on other caffeine-induced outcomes (e.g., cognition and physiological effects) and will be critical for informing future regulatory decisions regarding caffeine: CBD mixtures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 02 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000691
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