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- STANDARDIZATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES AND HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION
ASSAY ON ONCHIDIID SLUG (ONCHIDIUM TYPHAE) WEST KALIMANTAN WATERS
Authors: Bambang Wijianto, Annisa Larasati Nurhidayah, Sri Luliana
Pages: 199 - 206
Abstract: Onchidiid slug or Onchidium typhae is a marine animal commonly found in West Kalimantan waters. This gastropod is commonly used as medicine and cosmetic by the locals. This research aims to assure the content and quality of O. typhae methanol extract by determining its secondary metabolites and heavy metal contamination. Phytochemical screening of alkaloid, steroid/ triterpenoid, flavonoid, tannin, and saponin are done using reagent tests. Chromatography profile was completed using silica gel G60 F254 plate and hexane: ethyl acetate: methanol as mobile phase. Heavy metal contamination analysis was performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine Hg, As, Cd, and Pb content. The phytochemical screening and chromatography profile of O. typhae methanol extract confirm the presence of alkaloids and steroids. Heavy metal analysis stated Hg, As, Cd, and Pb content in O. typhae are < 0,0008; < 0,001; < 0,001; and 0,05 ppm respectively. Since heavy metal levels are below the maximum contamination limit, it qualifies as a natural product ingredient.
PubDate: 2022-10-31
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.7296
- DETERMINANT FACTORS OF PATIENT SATISFACTION AND TRUST IN PHARMACY STAFF
AMONG PERSONS WITH NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: PATIENT CENTERED CARE
APPROACH
Authors: Siti Rahayu Nurjanah, Prasojo Pribadi, Puspita Septie Dianita
Pages: 207 - 214
Abstract: Patient satisfaction and trust are the main focus in the context of health care. Patient satisfaction is influenced by medication service factors, handling patient complaints and listening to patient needs. Important to develop and test a patient-centered care model as a tool to monitor, measure, analyze, and increase patient satisfaction and trust among people with non-communicable diseases in Public Health Center service setting. This study attempts to ascertain the effect of care on patient satisfaction and trust in pharmacy staff at the Magelang City Public Health Center. Cross-sectional quantitative research is used in this field. 212 people participated as the sample. Non-probability sampling using a purposive sample strategy was used as the sampling technique in this investigation. Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) is used for hypothesis testing. According to the study's findings, patient satisfaction is positively impacted by pharmacy staffs’ participative behavior and interpersonal communication (p< 0.05). Interpersonal communication and pharmacy staff participation do not affect the trust in pharmacy staff (p> 0.05). Patient satisfaction plays a moderating role in the association between pharmacy staff participation and trust in pharmacy staff (p< 0.05). Likewise, the association between interpersonal communication and trust in pharmacy staff is mediated by patient satisfaction (p< 0.05).
PubDate: 2022-11-01
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.5150
- NANOEMULSION CHARACTERISTICS PREPARATIONS ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACTS IN VARIOUS
PLANTS: LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Nora Nur Aini, Ratna Wijayatri, Prasojo Pribadi
Pages: 215 - 226
Abstract: Nanoemulsion is one of the nanotechnology applications that can measure particles 0-100 nm which has control of the release of active ingredients and good sensory properties. Nanoemulsion of ethanol leaf extract in various plants has considerable potential in the utilization of natural materials. The solvent used is an important factor. This research focuses on plant leaf parts with ethanol extract. The purpose of this review is to study, evaluate and analyze literature focused on the characteristics of nanoemulsion preparations of ethanol leaf extracts in various plants related to nanoemulsion components, manufacturing methods, and nanoemulsion preparation characteristics. This research uses the method of literature review or narrative review, the search for published scientific literature is indexed in various databases. Search articles through various databases to ensure that the majority of relevant studies have been identified. Based on the results of the literature review concluded that the most widely used surfactant in the review of these articles is Polysorbat 80 or Tween 80 which is a non-ionic and non-irritative surfactant commonly used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. Ultrasonification and microfluidation methods are also applied in some articles because they are capable of producing a minimum droplet diameter of 150 to 170 nm..The results of the study of particle size in the article produced particle sizes between 10.9 nm-312.1 nm. Indeks polidispersitas value 0.08-0.7 zeta potential value above +/-30 and EE value shows value above 80%. It can be concluded that the nanoemulsion characteristics of each article meet the requirements and produce stable nanoemulsions.
PubDate: 2022-11-01
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.4786
- PRESCRIPTION COST ANALYSIS IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION AND TYPE 2
DIABETES MELITUS AFTER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDONESIAN NATIONAL HEALTH
INSURANCE
Authors: Indriyati Hadi Sulistyaningrum, Arifin Santoso, Kusuma Arbianti, Garnes Mona Yulieta
Pages: 227 - 232
Abstract: Chronic disease is a long-term health condition that requires on-going medical attention, and is classified as a non-communicable disease. The long-term medical treatment for chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension is considerably costly. This study aims to determine the real cost and pattern of drug prescribing as well as the factors affecting the real Prescription Cost for hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus after the implementation of Indonesian National Health Insurance (JKN) as seen from the practice of Independent Physicial in collaboration with BPJS Kesehatan (Healthcare and Social Security Agency). This is a non-experimental (observational) study. The data were collected using purposive sampling method with 147 medical prescriptions as the research samples for each type of disease from the patient's medical record. Data were analyzed descriptively to determine Prescription Costs and spearman's rho test was used to determine the factors that influence Prescription Costs. The study revealed that the average Prescription Cost for type 2 DM patients was Rp17,806,- and Rp12,946 for hypertensive patients. Factors that affected Prescription Cost were diagnosis (p= 0.026), type of medicine (p= 0.000) and drug items (p= 0.000). This study concludes that patients with diabetes mellitus were treated with the drug prescription pattern of a combination of metformin and glimepiride, while patients with hypertension were provided with amlodipine. The real Prescription Cost is influenced by several factors, including; the patient's diagnosis, the type of drug given and the number of drug items provided to patients.
PubDate: 2022-11-02
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.5956
- FORECASTING DRUG DEMAND USING THE SINGLE MOVING AVERAGE 3 PERIODE AT UGM
ACADEMIC HOSPITAL
Authors: Ade Puspitasari, Satibi Satibi, Endang Yuniarti, Taufiqurohman Taufiqurohman
Pages: 233 - 242
Abstract: Drug management at the Academic Hospital of Gadjah Mada University found that the damaged and expired drugs amounted to 4.71% and the dead stock was 7.89%. One of the influential factors to contribute to the considerable amount of damaged and expired drugs and dead stock is inaccurate planning. Forecasting is one aspect of planning, which helps predict the upcoming event as a way to make planning more effective and efficient. One of the forecasting methods is the 3-period Single Moving Average (SMA). This study aims to forecast drug demand in January 2021 at the Academic Hospital of Gadjah Mada and to see the size of the error using the 3-period SMA method. This is an observational study with the retrsospective descriptive analysis. The research population is all drugs used at the Academic Hospital of Gadjah Mada in January 2018-December 2020. The samples are the top 5 most used drugs based on A category resulted from the ABC analysis of consumption in 2020 with certain criteria using purposive sampling technique. The drug demand was forecasted using Eviews 12 software and its error size, particularly the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) was calculated using Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the forecast of drug demand in January 2021 was Tutofusin Ops 500ml 496pcs, Hemapo 2000 IU/ml 290pcs, Hemapo 3000 IU/ml 219pcs, Abilify Discmelt 10mg 717pcs, and Otsu-NS Piggyback 3736pcs. The calculated MAPE value was 8-32%, which means that the 3 period SMA forecasting is acceptable and reasonable for further application at the Academic Hospital of Gadjah Mada
PubDate: 2022-11-02
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.7130
- SIMULTANEOUS CONTENT ANALYSIS OF RIFAMPICIN, ISONIAZID, AND PYRAZINAMIDE
IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRY ULTRAVIOLET WITH DWM AND RSM
Authors: Luthvia Luthvia, Muhammad Andry
Pages: 243 - 251
Abstract: Treatment of active tuberculosis requires the use of combinations of drugs. One of the common combination of drugs to serve as anti-tubercular medication is rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide. However, a research conducted by the Food Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that the combination of anti-tubercular medication may pose some patients to the risk of sub-optimal drug exposure, which may lead to less optimal treatment. This study aimed to determine the drug level of combination of anti-tubercular medication, namely rifampin, isomiazid, and pyrazinamide and to develop a spectrophotometric method using the dual wavelength method (DWM) and ratio substaction method (RSM) in tablet preparations on the market without separation. During the preparation, methanol was used as the solvent, followed by dilution, determination of calibration curve, determination of wavelength (λ), measurement, data analysis and validity test with several parameters ranging from linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, and LOQ. The research revealed that the drug levels of rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide from the ultraviolet spectrophotometric method using sequential DWM were 100.3±1.8785; 99.98±2.5943; 100.03±2.076 and the results of the ultraviolet spectrophotometric method using RSM sequentially were 99.73±0.5437; 99.84±1.7598; 99.91±1.4762. Both methods succeeded in determining the drug level of the combination of rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide in tablet preparations without separation and the results of the validation parameters met the requirements.
PubDate: 2022-11-02
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.6241
- KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOR OF THE COMMUNITY IN USING SUPPLEMENTS
DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Yeni Farida, Rasmaya Niruri, Adi Yugatama
Pages: 252 - 260
Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic has been responded to various attitudes and behaviors related to its prevention. Understanding certain information makes a person make the right decision. Misunderstanding the improvement of the immunity system and prevention of COVID-19 may lead to inappropriate attitudes and behaviors in using supplements in society. This study aims to describe the level of knowledge and attitudes toward using health supplements and the consumption of health supplements during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research design is a cross-sectional study using primary data based on data collection by questionnaire. The research subjects were visitors of Jamsaren and Riyadh pharmacies in September 2020 who were more than 17 years old, could read and write, and were willing to be respondents. Knowledge is assessed by each correct answer marked 1, and then the total is compared with the total score multiplied by 100%. The level of knowledge is classified based on the score obtained; poor knowledge (score <70) and good (>70). Attitudes are classified into panic and non-panic. Behavior was analyzed descriptively. The results on 132 subjects showed that most of the respondents (78%) still had less knowledge of using health supplements to prevent Covid-19. The Chi-Square test results obtained a p-value of 0.312 (p > 0.05), meaning no significant difference in knowledgeable or good knowledge in respondents' responses. The attitude variable affects the respondent's behavior, as evidenced by the p-value of 0.008 (p <0.05). The predominant health supplement is vitamin C from pharmacies on their initiative
PubDate: 2022-11-30
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.4251
- OPTIMIZATION OF CROSCARMELLOSE AND SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE ON ORALLY
DISINTEGRATING METOCLOPRAMIDE HCL TABLETS
Authors: Endang Diyah Ikasari, Intan Martha Cahyani, Deby Melinda Collusy
Pages: 261 - 267
Abstract: Dosage form of metoclopramide HCl which has high solubility but low permeability is Orally Disintegrating Tablet (ODT), because can decrease first-pass-effect metabolism so that its bioavailability and effectiveness increase. Superdisintegrant is an excipient that has a major role in the formulation of ODT. The combination of croscarmellose and Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) can accelerate tablet disintegration time so that the resulting ODT is suitable for its intended use. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of each and the interaction of the use of croscarmellose and SSG on the physical characteristics of ODT metoclopramide HCl, and to get the optimum formula of ODT metoclopramide HCl. Tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Optimization process by using simplex lattice design (design expert 10.0.1.R program) with eight formulas, including FI (5.25%A:1.75%B), FII (0%A:7%B), FIII (7%A:0%B), FIV (1,75%A:5,25%B), FV (7%A:0%B), FVI (3.5%A:3.5%B), FVII (3.5%A:3.5%B) and FVIII (0%A:7%B). Component A is the concentration of croscarmellose and component B is the concentration of SSG. Based on SLD equation could be seen the single-use croscarmellose and SSG components be increased flowability, hardness, moisture content, friability, water ratio absorption, weight uniformity, uniformity of content, accelerate disintegration time, wetting time, and dissolution. Interaction of the two components was increased flowability, moisture content, water ratio absorption and dissolution, decreased hardness, friability, uniformity of content, weight uniformity, accelerate disintegration time, and wetting time. The optimum formula of ODT metoclopramide HCl with proportion 5.145% croscarmellose and 1.855% SSG. Based on the one sample t-test between theoretical results and the experimental results could be seen that there were no significant differences between them
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.4830
- VALIDATION OF SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD TO QUANTIFY QUERCETIN IN THE IN
VITRO DISSOLUTION STUDY OF SELF NANO-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
(SNEDDS)
Authors: Wildan Khairi Muhtadi, Ferdy Firmansyah, Tiara Tri Agustini, Pricillia Rahayu, Siti Arifah Fitriyanti, Rodhia Ulfa
Pages: 268 - 273
Abstract: Quercetin possesses low solubility and decreases oral bioavailability. One way to increase the bioavailability of quercetin is by formulating a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). In vitro dissolution testing of SNEDDS needs to be carried out using a validated analytical method. This study aims to validate the quercetin analytical method in in vitro dissolution testing. Validation was carried out with two solvents, namely hydrochloric acid buffer pH 1.2 (HCl-1,2) and phosphate buffer pH 6.8 (PO-6.8). It tested some parameters, including linearity, detection limit (LoD), quantification limit (LoQ), accuracy, and precision. The quercetin calibration curve for both solvents has a value of r≥0.999. The LoD at HCl-1,2 and PO-6,8 were 0.26 ppm and 0.27 ppm, respectively. The LoQ of HCl-1,2 and PO-6,8 were 0.86 ppm and 0.91 ppm, respectively. The percentage recovery in both solvents was in the range of 80-110%. The relative standard deviation of the two solvents was less than 7.3%. The quercetin analytical method has been successfully validated as indicated by the results of linearity, detection limit, quantification limit, accuracy, and precision that met the requirements
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.6258
- DETECTION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM BACTERIA ON BAKERY PRODUCTS SAMPLES
USING BOILING ISOLATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: Alfi Sophian, Ratna Purwaningsih, Muhammad Tri Sutrisno, Purwadi Purwadi, Arif Wahyudi
Pages: 274 - 280
Abstract: Detection of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 bacteria in bakery product samples by real-time PCR using boiling isolation technique. The basis of this research is to have an impact on economic value in carrying out the confirmation test for Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, where testing is carried out conventionally will require large costs, so it is necessary to innovate in terms of modifying the testing phase so that it is more effective and efficient. The purpose of this study was to see whether the boiling isolation technique could be used for the detection test for Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 on bacterial product samples. The sample in this study consisted of 15 types of bacterial product samples spiked with Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 cultures that had been cultured into phase 2 working cultures. The method used in this study was qPCR analysis using the SYBR Green method. The results of real-time PCR analysis obtained Ct values in the range 7.55 - 8.91 with an average of 8.28 and a Tm value in the range 85.50 - 86.20 with an average of 85.77 Based on these data it can be concluded that the detection of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria ATCC 14028 with real-time PCR using boiling isolation technique can be applied for testing on bakery product samples.
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.5550
- THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIDE EFFECTS OF TUBERCULOSIS DRUG USE AND
SGOT/SGPT VALUE OF INTENSIVE PHASE PATIENTS
Authors: Farroh Bintang Sabiti, Nur Anna Chalimah Sa’dyah
Pages: 281 - 285
Abstract: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium Tuberculosis which has a rod shape and is acid-resistant. The prolonged consumption of anti-tuberculosis drugs can cause serious side effects. Side effects from the consumption of anti-tuberculosis drugs, namely the risk of hepatotoxicity, which is marked by an increase in the SGOT / SGPT value. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the duration of use, dosage and side effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs in tuberculosis patients, which had an effect on the SGOT / SGPT value at RSI Sultan Agung Semarang. This research is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. The sample was 96 patients, and data collection was carried out in January-November 2020 at RSI Semarang. The instrument used in this study was patient medic record data. This study uses the Chi-Square test. The Chi-Square test results in 0.000 (p <0.05) so that it could be stated that there was a relationship between the use and side effects on the SGOT / SGPT value.
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.4721
- SINERGISTIC COMBINATION OF ALOE VERA AND KERSEN LEAF EXTRACTS FOR
INHIBITION OF THE GROWTH OF Staphylococcus aureus 25923
Authors: Nanik Sulistyani, Zikri Almahdi, Zainab -, Alfian Syarifuddin
Pages: 286 - 293
Abstract: Aloe vera leaf (Aloe vera L.) and cherry leaf (Muntingia calabura L.) contain bioactive compounds that serve as the potential antibacterial agent. The combination treatment of multiple extracts can produce a stronger effect than a single compound. This study aims to determine the synergistic combination of aloe vera leaf extract (EDLB) and cherry leaf extract (EDK) as an antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol. Chemical content in the extract was analyzed by tube test and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC 25923 was measured by the checkerboard microdilution method on a 96 well microplate. The effect of the combination of extracts on antibacterial activity was based on the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) value. EDLB and EDK contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. The second combination showed a synergistic effect with a FICI value of 0.5 in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus with minimal inhibitory levels in a mixture of 0.625 mg/mL EDLB and 2.5 mg/mL EDK.
PubDate: 2022-12-01
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.6268
- DETERMINATION OF ANTHOCYANIN LEVEL IN KIDNEY BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
TEMPEH AS A HEPATOPROTECTIVE AGENT
Authors: Devina Ingrid Anggraini, Listiya Pramesti Mirantana
Pages: 294 - 301
Abstract: Liver is a part of body that is used as a toxin neutralizer as well as a target for increasing free radicals. In counteracting free radicals, body needs antioxidants in one of the plant secondary metabolites, namely anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are organic compounds from the water-soluble flavonoid family that give red, blue, and violet colors. Fermentation can increase anthocyanin levels in kidney beans. This study aimed to determine the presence of anthocyanins in kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tempeh which can be used as a hepatoprotective agent and to determine the anthocyanin levels in kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tempeh. Qualitative analysis using HCl and NaOH with positive results showed the color change to solid red then to bluish green and then faded. Determination of total anthocyanin levels was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometric method with the pH differential principal in anthocyanin showed in mg/100gram sample at a maximum wavelength of 525.5 nm. The result was that the average anthocyanin content was 40.37mg/100gram with a variant coefficient is 0.325%.
PubDate: 2022-12-30
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.3702
- ANALGETIC POWER OF ETHANOL EXTRACT BROTOWALI (TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA) IN
SWISS MICE
Authors: Deni Firmansyah, Didin Ahidin, Sulistiorini Indriaty, Siti Nurhasanah, Nahdia Fajri Mahmudah, Titin Sumarni
Pages: 302 - 308
Abstract: Brotowali (Tinospora cordifolia) plants are usually used for various kinds of treatment it is often used as a febrifuge, brotowali stems are proven to contain flavonoid compounds that have benefits in the treatment of various diseases, one of which is analgesic. This purpose is to determine the effectiveness of analgesics on male Swiss mice induced by acetic acid from the ethanol extract of brotowali stem (EETC) doses of 100 mg/Kg BW, 200 mg/Kg BW, and 400 mg/Kg BW. Brotowali stem extraction using maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent. EETC was tested by phytochemical screening and TLC to determine the content of active compounds. The test animals used Swiss male mice, the treatment group was divided into 5, negative control group, positive control, and the dose groups were 100 mg/kg BW, 200 mg/kg BW, and 400 mg/kg BW. Testing is done by the writhing test method. Induction of pain stimuli using acetic acid, the number of mice writhing every 10 minutes for 1 hour, and the percentage of analgesic power. Research shows the yield of EETC is 16.35%. The percentage of analgetic power of dose I was 39%, dose II was 47% and dose III was 56% less than the percentage of analgesic power of methampyrone dose of 65 mg/KgBB which was 64%. Conclusion EETC doses of 100 mg/kg BW, 200 mg/kg BW, and 400 mg/kg BW have analgesic activity equivalent to methampyrone at a dose of 65 mg/kg BW, with the largest percentage of analgesic protection at a dose of 400 mg/Kg BW of 56%.
PubDate: 2022-12-31
DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.7909
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