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- Immunomodulatory Functions of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering
Abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to possess immunomodulatory properties that can regulate the immune response and promote tissue regeneration. These properties include the ability to suppress T cell proliferation, modulate macrophage polarization, and promote regulatory T cell differentiation. Suffice it to say that natural chemoattraction pathways can attract MSCs; these cells are created from around the injured tissues, creating a repair/regenerative microenvironment for this study. The speed of regeneration of tissue damage depends on the person's age, level of tissue damage, and also depends on which part of the body is damaged. It can be seen that the manipulation of mesenchymal stem cells can have very significant effects on the rate of tissue damage, tissue regeneration, and also cell death. Immunosuppressive and trophic mechanism influences are different from the mechanisms that are being led by tissue engineering to replace the special mesenchymal tissues. In fact, it can be seen how tissue engineering processes get along with trophic to promote astonishing tissue regeneration and support the smooth integration of newly created tissue into the body. MSCs have been worked on for more than 20 years and their potential has been just realized for clinical applications. It is obvious that the usage of MSCs for tissue engineering requires quite different reasons than their usage in nutritional and immunomodulatory functions. These latter efforts now appear to apply to the clinic before tissue engineering methods become feasible. The findings of this study reveal that MSCs have the ability to differentiate into various cell types, which makes them an ideal candidate for treating a wide range of human diseases.
- Acute cardiovascular effects of Naja oxiana venom in anesthetized rats
Abstract: Cobra bite is common in northwest province of Iran located in the Middle East Area. Naja naja oxiana envenomation is presented with neurologic manifestations like ptosis, drooling and so on. The aim of this preliminary study was to examine the hemodynamic abnormalities induced with intravascular injection of this venom in rats. Additionally, the neutralizing effects of different premedications were investigated.Twenty male wistar rats weighting between 200-250 grams were randomly divided in to four groups (n=5). Group one was selected as control while the others were envenomed intravenously with crude venom (300µg/kg, 600 µg/kg and 1500 µg/kg) dissolved in normal saline (200µl) in two minutes. Atropine, dexamethasone, heparin and aminoguanidine were injected intraperitoneally ten minutes before envenomations to counteract its deleterious effects. All animals were sacrificed with cervical dislocation and their abdominal area were visualized for bleeding. Different organs (lung, heart and kidney) were removed and prepared for Hematoxylin and Eosin staining to reveal the pathological events.N.oxiana venom (1500 µg/kg) induced significant ionotropic changes following intravenous infusion and all animals expired eight minutes later due to hypotension. There was no arrhythmia but heart rate was decreased statistically (p<0.001) in this group. Pretreatment with aminoguanidine (29±2.1%) and heparin (21±1.2%) prevented hypotension at 8 minutes but all animals eventually died at 20 minutes. Disruption of the alveolar walls of the lung with presence of the red blood cells and inflammatory components were observed while there were no pathological abnormalities with light microscope in other organs. It should be noted that according to our ionotropic and chronotropic results the last group was selected to continue our examinations.In this preliminary study, it was observed that in large doses it could produce significant negative ionotropic effects in rats. According to our results, it seems that systemic vasodilation has a major role since pretreatment of heparin and aminoguanidine diminished this effect profoundly while there were no pathological abnormalities in other organs except lungs. It seems that increasing the doses of the heparin and aminoguanidine could prolong the survival of the envenomed rats in short time since all animals were died 20 minutes later.
- Evaluation of The Phytochemical Composition and Antimicrobial Properties
of Centella asiatica Leaf Meal Extract as a Feed Additive Candidate for
Poultry
Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the phytochemical composition of Centella asiatica leaf meal by analyzing the type of solvent used and the duration of the extraction process. In addition, it assessed the effectiveness of Centella asiatica leaf meal extract as a potential antibacterial agent when added to poultry feed. The study was conducted in two phases. The initial phase employed a fully randomized design featuring a 2 x 5 factorial design and three replications. Factor X denoted the solvent used, which included ordinary distilled water and distilled water heated to 100 oC. Factor Y signified the duration of the extraction process, ranging from 15 to 75 minutes in 15-minute increments. In the second stage, the in vitro antibacterial test was carried out using the most effective extract of Centella asiatica leaf meal as determined in the first stage. The parameters consist of: total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, total antioxidant activity, inhibition zone of Escherichia coli, and Salmonella sp. The results showed a highly significant interaction (p<0.05) between the solvent type and extraction duration on the total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. However, the overall tannin concentration remained the same regardless of the solvent used or the duration of the extraction process. Moreover, the extract of Centella asiatica leaf meal extract with a concentration of 100% had a greater inhibition against Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. bacteria compared to other concentrations. It was concluded that the best extraction method to produce phytochemical compounds from Centella asiatica leaf meal extract is a heated distilled water solvent with 75 minutes of extraction time. Furthermore, Centella asiatica leaf meal extract also has potential as an antibacterial agent candidate for poultry.
- Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in Mahabad, Iran: A Cohort Study
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that infectious diseases can become serious crises, emphasizing the importance of vaccination as the best way to prevent such outbreaks. The aim of study was to examine how well COVID-19 vaccines work in the northwestern region of Iran, city of Mahabad.This retrospective cohort study compared 1077 vaccinated employees of the Mahabad city health department (exposed group) with 1338 unvaccinated employees from other departments (unexposed group). Demographic details, vaccination dates, types, and outcomes were extracted from the local health system. Data on cases came from the disease unit, while hospitalization was retrieved from the Medical Care Monitoring Center (MCMC). Attributable fractions for the exposed group and relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each vaccine dose, stratified by sex, age group, and exposure level. Data analysis was conducted using STATA16, with a p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant.The overall efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing the disease is 51%, with a 26% effectiveness in averting hospitalization. Stratifying by vaccine type, AstraZeneca exhibits an 81% efficacy (95% CI: 0.61–0.91) in preventing infection, followed by Sputnik at 41% (95% CI: 0.086–0.62) and Sinopharm-Baharat at 10% (95% CI: 0.50–0.46). Similarly, in preventing hospitalization, AstraZeneca demonstrates a 79% efficacy (95% CI: 0.083–0.95), Sputnik at 29% (95% CI: 0.77–0.71), and Sinopharm–Bharat at 44% (95% CI: 0.63–0.81). Notably, effectiveness in preventing both disease and hospitalization is higher in men than women. AstraZeneca vaccine emerges as the most effective in preventing both disease and hospitalization, followed by Sputnik with optimal efficacy. Analyzing vaccine effectiveness across age groups reveals the lowest efficacy in individuals below 30 years old, while the highest efficacy is observed in the age group above 51 years. Despite challenges in vaccine selection and timely administration in Iran, our findings demonstrate that three doses of COVID-19 vaccines achieve an effectiveness exceeding 75% for preventing hospitalization and death, underscoring the vital role of vaccination as a primary preventive measure against infectious disease outbreaks. This reinforces the importance of proactive preparation and investment in robust vaccination programs for optimal epidemic control.
- Seasonal study of Blood Parasites: Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema
reconditum in the Guard dogs of Tabriz city, Iran
Abstract: Dirofilariasis or canine heartworm disease is one of the most dangerous invasive diseases in dogs. Invasion caused by Dirofilaria immitis is the most critical case. Filarial infection has been seen all over the world with different agents including different species of nematodes, but D. immitis is more important than other species in dogs.In this study, one hundred guard dog collars were used that visited the small animal clinics of Tabriz city in Iran during the period of 3 months (May, June, and July) summer season year 2023 , because blood parasites is more common in dogs in summer. A total of 100 blood samples of guard dogs, regardless of age, sex, and breed, were examined for blood parasites. Of these, 70 were adult dogs, 30 were puppies, 35 were females, and 65 were males. The prevalence of blood parasites in dogs was determined by wet blood smear, centrifuge hematocrit and modified Knott's technique.The blood parasites found in this study were D. immitis, Dipetalonema reconditum. In this study, out of 100 guard dogs, 9 dogs (9%) were found infected with blood parasites. The prevalence of D. immitis and D. Reconditum recorded in our study was 7% and 2% .Two puppies out of 30 puppies (6.6%) were infected with blood parasites, and in the group of adult dogs, 7 collars out of 70 dog collars (10%) were infected with blood parasites. The highest recorded infection percentage was related to D. immitis and 7 collars (7%) out of 100 cases were positive. The findings showed the highest prevalence of blood parasites in May (10%), followed by June (9.37%) and July (8.33%). The results showed that the incidence of blood parasites in male dogs was higher than in female dogs. Males were infected (9.23%) and females (8.57%).The results of this study showed that the prevalence of D. immitis and D. Reconditum recorded in guard dogs of Tabriz city in Iran was 7% and 2%. Guard dogs should be kept in a sanitary environment and should be regularly tested for the presence of any blood parasites .
- Double Jeopardy: The Intersection of COVID-19 and Pregnancy in an
Educational Hospital, Northern Iran, Gorgan
Abstract: With the onset of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 pandemic, there were controversial theories regarding the potential consequences of the virus on pregnant women and delivery outcomes. During the past three years, a great diversity of literature reported various data regarding covid-infected mothers and pregnancy-related complications including preterm birth, stillbirth, preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, etc., however; the exact influences which can be exerted by the virus and possibility of vertical transmission, still remained obscure. Here we described the clinical features and outcomes of delivery in 16 laboratory confirmed COVID-19-infected mothers referring to a hospital in northern Iran from August 2020 to December 2021. Clinical records, laboratory results, and chest CT scans in addition to such samples as maternal peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, placental blood, vaginal secretion, placental tissue, breast milk after first lactation, and neonatal throat swab and peripheral blood were collected to answer the questions raised on the possibility of vertical transmission of COVID-19 and transferring maternal immunity to the neonates, all the aforementioned specimen were evaluated based on molecular and serological assays. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in vaginal secretions and placental tissue. SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in 15 and 4 maternal blood samples, respectively; in one breast milk sample (IgM), two umbilical cord blood (IgG) samples, two placental blood (IgG) and two neonatal blood (IgG) samples. Chest CT scan of abnormal cases revealed typical signs of viral pneumonia. According to the current study there seems to be associations between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the risk of preterm birth; however, no intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was found. These results also suggest the possibility of passive IgG transfer from the infected mothers to their neonates.
- content and reviewers
- Ameliorative Potential of Resveratrol on Kidney Toxicities Following
Adjuvant Treatment with Antiretroviral Drugs in Male Wistar Rats
Abstract: Prolonged utilization of antiretroviral agents has been explicitly associated with nephrotoxicity, suggesting deterioration in renal function among patients receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). The current investigation aimed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol (RV) for the management of renal impairment resulting from antiretroviral drug toxins. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats weighing 70–90 g were divided into four groups and subjected to the following treatments: Control A (distilled water), B (HAART), C (RV-2.5 mg/kg), and D (RV- 2.5 mg/kg) + HAART. The assessment included renal histological examination; renal functional indicators such as serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen; serum electrolyte levels including sodium, chloride, potassium, and bicarbonate; and oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde, catalase, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. The detrimental effects of HAART include adverse histological modifications, such as tubular atrophy, vacuolization, tubular granular degeneration, and abnormalities in glomerular capillaries. Compared to the other treatment cohorts, there were significant increases in the levels of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), sodium, chloride, and malondialdehyde (MDA), while antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels were notably decreased. The renal structure remained predominantly unchanged following RV administration, exhibiting a degree of recovery in histological abnormalities. Visible improvements, including decreased inflammation, reduced necrosis, diminished vacuolization, and enhanced tubule and glomerular configuration, were also noted. Additionally, RV notably increased antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD, CAT, and GSH) and reduced BUN, serum creatinine, and MDA levels. RV helped mitigate structural abnormalities and kidney dysfunction induced by HAART, while improving kidney morphology. However, further investigation into these mechanisms is necessary.
- Evaluation and optimization of loop-mediated isothermal amplification
(LAMP) technique in capripoxvirus diagnosis and its comparison with PCR
method
Abstract: Sheep pox (SP), goat pox (GP), and lumpy skin disease (LSD), subspecies of the Capripox virus (CaPVs), are important in the pathogenesis of sheep, goats, and cattle. The causative agent is the capripox virus which has been isolated in South Africa for the first time. Sheeppox (SP), goatpox (GP), and lumpy skin disease (LSD) viruses are morphologically indistinguishable from each other and have been adapted to different host species (4). From a serological point of view, it is difficult to differentiate these viruses and cross-immunity occurs among them (2). The present study reports the evaluation and optimization of a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique for the rapid detection of CaPVs and compares the LAMP technique with the PCR method. LAMP primers were selected from the P32-protected gene of the Capripox virus. Safe-Red fluorescent dye was used to monitor and change the color in the disease’s positive cases to bright yellow at a 320-nm wavelength, and the final results were confirmed using electrophoresis. The proposed LAMP test for the Capripox virus showed high specificity and non-cross-reactivity with viruses of Poxviridae with similar clinical symptoms. The optimized LAMP test was compared with PCR. LAMP and PCR were similar in diagnostic sensitivity. The specificity was evaluated using 30 samples of cow skin suspected of having lumpy skin disease as well as 16 samples of positive and negative references and the negative control. The proposed easy-to-use, inexpensive, high-sensitivity LAMP test might be suitable for detecting caprypox virus in laboratories in border areas and rural areas.
- Malignant Edema in Some Sheep Flocks of Iran
Abstract: Malignant edema is a severe and swiftly fatal disease affecting domestic and wild livestock. The disease manifests following the introduction of Clostridium spp. into wounds or skin damage. Clostridium septicum is commonly linked with malignant edema. This disease, characterized by edema, doughy swelling, and skin necrosis, is underreported in Iran, leading to a lack of awareness among clinicians. Given its underreporting, addressing this issue is essential, prompting current research efforts to understand better its prognosis, bacteriological and molecular diagnosis, clinical signs, and treatment. Upon detecting suspicious signs of malignant edema in three separate flocks with imported breeds, investigations ensued, including regular clinical exams and sample collection from subcutaneous tissue. The impacted livestock consists of five Île-de-France sheep and two Romane rams, with one Île-de-France ram succumbing to the disease. The bacteriological procedure, including Gram staining and isolation of the causative agent, was meticulously carried out using the standard method. The PCR assay was conducted to validate the existence of C. septicum and reject the presence of Clostridium chauvoei by employing specific primers. The diagnosis of malignant edema in the affected sheep was confirmed through clinical, macroscopic, and bacteriological examinations, all of which corroborated the presence of C. septicum. The PCR assay demonstrated the presence of the C. septicum, verifying the bacteriological procedure. Initial signs of the infection included depression, weakness, high fever, and colic, followed by regional pain, crepitation, swelling characterized by a doughy consistency, edema, pain, and necrosis. The study highlights the potential for preventing malignant edema-related fatalities through early diagnosis and antibiotic intervention (Penicillin and Streptomycin). However, it notes a persistent challenge: the inability to repair necrotic tissue at the lesion site. Malignant edema, not being a prominently warned disease and with vaccinations available against its causative agent, has received comparatively less focus from clinicians and researchers in Iran.
- Nanonbiosensors; Rapid detection of Salmonella, Clostridium, Escherichia,
and Brucella spp. infections
Abstract: AbstractZoonotic diseases, which are infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans, represent a significant global health concern. Despite efforts to eradicate or control these diseases, healthcare systems continue to face a substantial burden due to their re-emergence. Early and accurate detection of bacterial pathogens is crucial to prevent the potential health consequences associated with zoonotic infections. However, conventional diagnostic methods such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), culture-based techniques, and immunological assays have limitations, including costliness, labor-intensiveness, and lengthy turnaround times for results. There is an increasing interest in developing faster, more accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic methods to address these challenges. Nanobiosensors are emerging as promising tools for rapidly detecting infectious disease agents. These devices utilize biological recognition elements to detect specific pathogens and have the potential to revolutionize diagnostic practices. Additionally, incorporating nanotechnology, particularly Nano Particles (NPs), has been shown to enhance the performance of biosensors by improving their specificity and sensitivity. This review explores the application of biosensors and nanobiosensors to rapidly detect Salmonella, Clostridium, Escherichia, and Brucella spp. Infections. These innovative technologies offer several advantages over traditional diagnostic methods, including reduced cost, simplified workflows, and faster results. Nanobiosensors can detect the presence of bacterial pathogens in various sample types, including environmental samples, animal specimens, and clinical samples, making them versatile tools for disease surveillance and control. Moreover, nanobiosensors have shown promise in enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of detection assays, enabling the early identification of Salmonella, Clostridium, Escherichia, and Brucella spp, even at low concentrations. By leveraging advancements in nanotechnology, researchers can further improve the performance and reliability of biosensors for zoonotic disease diagnosis. Overall, integrating biosensors and nanotechnology holds great potential for enhancing the detection and characterization of Salmonella, Clostridium, Escherichia, and Brucella spp. These innovative diagnostic tools can revolutionize disease surveillance efforts, mitigate the spread of zoonotic diseases, and ultimately improve public health outcomes on a global scale.
- TOXIC AND SUB TOXIC EFFECTS OF Bacillus thuringiensis svar. kurstaki
TOWARD Ectomyelois ceratoniae (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE).
Abstract: The objective of this study is to determining mainly, the toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis svar. kurstaki (Bt) on the first larval instar of Ectomyelois ceratoniae and also to study its deferred effect on other biological parameters such as the development and reproduction of this pest. We paired the treated larvae, The concentrations used are: 0,25 g/L (250 ppm), 0,5 g/1L (500 ppm), 1 g/L (1000 ppm), 1,5 g/L (1500 ppm) and 2 g/L (2000 ppm) (6 pairs for each dose used), and placed 6 control pairs on separate Petri dishes to count the number of eggs laid. We then tallied the number of eggs that hatched after their incubation. For Bt svar. kurstaki, the variable being measured is the rate of larval mortality. The results showed that there was a strong and positive link between the doses used and the adjusted mortality of the larvae across a range of bioinsecticide exposure times, the five Bt svar. kurstaki concentrations used had generated a corrected mortality of E. ceratoniae first instar larvae which varied between a minimum of 50.78% and a maximum of 97.92%. Bacillus thuringiensis svar. kurstaki becomes more and more toxic each time the larvae were exposed to the biopesticide. Thus, the LC50 of Bt svar. kurstaki for E. ceratoniae larvae, calculated at the concentrations of 250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm were inversely proportional to the different lethal times. On the other hand, the Bt treatment decreased female insects' reproductive rate and egg viability. Therefore, the BT had a negative influence on the growth and reproduction parameters of E. ceratoniae.
- Prevalence and Identification of Infectious Abortion Pathogens in Sheep
Flocks of North Khorasan, Iran
Abstract: Abortion is one of the main causes of reproduction losses in small ruminant’s flocks in the world. Infection with the agents including Toxoplasma gondii, Campylobacter spp., Chlamydia abortus, and Coxiella burnetii frequently occurs worldwide. Brucella melitensis is the most important cause of abortion in Iran and its neighbors. Other abortifacient agents such as C. abortus and C. burnetii are prevalent among sheep flocks as well. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of the most common abortifacient pathogens in sheep in North Khorasan, Iran. The samples were collected from 133 aborted sheep fetuses. Then, using ELISA, conventional PCR and bacteriological examination the presence of pathogens including Escherichia coli, B. melitensis, Salmonella spp., C. burnetii, Campylobacter spp., Leptospira spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Toxoplasma gondii, Border disease virus and Blue Tongue virus were assessed. Using bacteriological culture, E. coli (9%) and B. melitensis (12%) were isolated. C. burnetii (2.5%), Toxoplasma gondii (12%), Border disease virus (3%) and Blue Tongue virus (9%) were identified in fetal serology. B. melitensis (12%), Salmonella (8.5%), Campylobacter spp. (1.7%), Leptospira spp. (2.5%), Chlamydia abortus (25.6%) C. burnetii (14.5%), and T. gondii (6.8%) were detected by PCR. C. abortus was the most frequent pathogen detected by PCR (25.6%). The present results showed the studied sheep flocks are infected with the most important abortifacient pathogens which emphasize the demand for more investigations for the detection of abortion causes based on the different geographical regions using simple and sensitive methods. Epidemiological and risk factors contribute in ovine abortion is further necessary.
- Harnessing Listeria monocytogenes: A Promising Approach to Cancer
Treatment
Abstract: Increasing mortality and morbidity rates have drawn global attention to cancer, prompting the exploration of new treatment options. The use of immunotherapy for recurrent or metastatic cancer has emerged as a promising option over the years despite its limitations as compared to traditional treatment options. Among the various immunotherapeutic approaches, bacterial-based vectors like Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) have garnered attention for their unique characteristics. Utilizing these vectors involves leveraging their ability to invade Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs), grow intracellularly within immune cells, and spread intracellularly, enhancing their efficacy in tailoring immune responses. It is important to note that the use of bacterial vectors significantly minimizes the risks associated with off-target effects. The antitumor effects of Lm can be observed through the reduction of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment as well as the stimulation of T cells. Various types of tumor cells can be targeted by modified Lm vaccines, according to research. However, it is recognized that Lm vaccines alone may not suffice for comprehensive cancer treatment. Therefore, using Lm vaccines in combination with other therapeutic modalities like radiotherapy, reactivated adoptive cell therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors could result in superior results. As a result of these developments, the current review aims to elaborate on recent developments in the understanding of how Lm vaccines perform their antitumor properties. This review aims to provide insights into optimizing the therapeutic potential of Lm vaccines by comprehensively examining their interplay with the immune system. In order to harness the full therapeutic potential of Lm vaccines for fighting cancer, researchers and clinicians need to gain a deeper understanding of these mechanisms.
- Enhanced Cognitive and Behavioral Function as well as Neurobiochemical
Enzyme Activities in Aluminum-Exposed Rats through Cerium Oxide
Nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs)
Abstract: Neurological and behavioral diseases caused by toxic metals, particularly aluminum, continue to pose a substantial issue for humans. Given that aluminum is the most prevalent metal found in the earth's crust, it is inevitable to come into touch with aluminum for humans in all over the world. This work focuses on the synthesis and assessment of the therapeutic impact of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) in rats that have been exposed to aluminum. We assessed the effect of CeO2 nanoparticles on the functionality of enzymes and markers related to oxidative stress, including catalase (CAT), cholinesterase (ChE), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), monoamine oxidase (MAO), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the cerebral and hepatic tissues of rats subjected to aluminum exposure. Aluminum chloride was administered to the rats through subcutaneous injection at a daily dosage of 150 mg/kg for a duration of 3 weeks in order to generate oxidative stress. CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were administered intraperitoneally at dosages of 5 and 10 mg/kg for one week, starting from the third week. The findings demonstrated that CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were very successful in enhancing cognitive-behavioral patterns and increasing the activity of neurobiochemical enzymes in both liver and brain tissues. The findings indicated that CeO2 NPs might serve as a good therapeutic approach for addressing neuro-cognitive and neurobiochemical impairments caused by high levels of aluminum pollution in aluminum exposed rats model. However, it is indisputable that more investigation is necessary to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of CeO2 NPs on conditions caused by hazardous metal exposure.
- Evaluation of apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in EL4 cell line lymphoma
using Moringa oleifera plant extract
Abstract: Lymphoproliferative disorders are a group of disorders that involve lymphocytes. These disorders are generally classified into three groups: lymphoma, leukemia, and plasma cell tumors. Lymphomas are among the most common types of malignant tumors in veterinary medicine. They have a high prevalence rate in dogs and cats suffering from diseases such as FeLV. Due to the side effects of chemotherapy drugs, researchers have been exploring the use of plants with medicinal properties. M. oleifera, also known as the miracle tree, is a plant that contains anti-cancer compounds in all its parts, including the leaves, roots, and stems. It has been identified as having high antioxidant potential, making it a valuable plant for promoting health and preventing diseases. M. oleifera is a well-known plant of the Moringaceae family, and its therapeutic potential has been fully determined due to its high antioxidant power Recent studies on Moringa oleifera have shown many anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The present study aimed to investigate the toxicity effect of moringa extract on the EL4 lymphoma cell line. In the present study, EL4 cells were exposed to different concentrations of M. oleifera extract for 24, 48, and 72 hours. The survival rates of the different groups were first evaluated using trypan blue and MTT assay and then by real-time PCR. The data was analyzed using SPSS software and the one-way ANOVA test. The treatment of the cell line with M. oleifera powder extract at all concentrations inhibited cancer cell growth. The best result was observed at 10 µg/ml after 48 hours, and the IC 50 was higher than 50%. The study concludes that M. oleifera extract inhibits the growth of EL4 cells.
- Diagnosis of latent strongyloidiasis following Corticosteroid Therapy in a
Patient with COVID-19 infection
Abstract: Strongyloidiasis, classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD), is predominantly prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, impacting an estimated 100-370 million individuals globally. The northern and southern provinces of Iran are recognized as endemic areas for this disease, characterized by environmental conditions such as optimal temperature and humidity conducive to the survival of the causative agent. Although this disease commonly presents no symptoms, individuals with compromised immune systems or those undergoing corticosteroid treatment face an elevated risk of developing hyperinfection syndrome, a serious complication with potentially fatal outcomes. In the case of immunocompromised patients, especially those receiving corticosteroid therapy, the timely diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is imperative as the infection can lead to life-threatening outcomes. This study reports a case of latent strongyloidiasis diagnosis using a serological method. A 68-year-old woman, originally from Guilan Province, living in Tehran Province, with a history of asthma for over a decade, was hospitalized and received corticosteroid treatment for COVID-19. She exhibited symptoms such as shortness of breath, constipation, skin itching, and abdominal bloating. Upon referral to the Diagnostic Laboratory of Strongyloidiasis at the School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, the patient tested positive for Strongyloides stercoralis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Novalisa, NovaTec, Germany). The infection was successfully treated with anthelmintic drugs. It is crucial to consider strongyloidiasis in patients with a history of residing in endemic areas or immigration, and testing should be conducted before initiating immunosuppressive therapy. The ELISA method is a rapid and effective diagnostic tool for detecting S. stercoralis in suspected patients, particularly before corticosteroid treatment.
- Exploring CD19-targeted Immunotherapy Strategies for human B-cell lymphoma
Abstract: B-cell lymphomas (BCLs) comprise approximately 40 subtypes resulting from mature B-cells' malignant transformation. BCLs are treated differently based on the type and stage of the lymphoma. Multiple therapeutic options exist, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation. Among them, targeted therapy has shown great potential for safer and more effective treatment. Targeted therapies include monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies, CAR-T cell therapies, and Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE), which operate in diverse ways by targeting a number of molecules including CD79b, CD20, CD30, CD52, and CD19. CD19 is an immunoglobulin superfamily transmembrane glycoprotein of type I which is necessary for setting intrinsic B-cell signaling thresholds by tempering both receptor-dependent and receptor-independent signaling. According to the limitations of conventional therapies and other targets, it seems that CD19 is a proper target for lymphoma. There are several FDA-approved anti-CD19 CAR-T cells such as Axicabtagene Ciloleucel, Tisagenlecleucel, and Lisocabtagene Maraleucel, and Anti-CD19 Monoclonal Antibodies (mABs) such as Loncastuximab Tesirine and Tafasitamab, for which more than a few clinical trials have shown trustworthy results. Blinatumomab is the first FDA-approved antibody produced using BiTE technology which has shown good benefits in B-cell ALL treatment clinical trials. Single-domain antibodies (sdAb) or nanobodies, are the nanoscale VHH fragments of heavy chain-only antibodies (HcAbs) and have been utilized in conjunction with CAR T-cells, yielding promising outcomes. In this review, we aimed to discuss CD19 as an auspicious therapeutic target for lymphoma. Moreover, we talked about different treatment options regarding CD19 targeting, along with the relevant clinical studies, for each of which, the efficacy, safety, and limitations were elaborated.
- Assessment of the last-resort antibiotics against Extended Spectrum
Beta-Lactamase/carbapenemase and biofilm producer Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolated from hospitalized patients in intensive care units (ICUs), Iran
Abstract: Pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is considered one of the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections. We aimed to investigate the activity of tigecycline, azithromycin, and colistin against K. pneumoniae isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples of suspected cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in COVID-19 patients. In the current study phenotypic and genotypic screening of ESBLs, AmpC beta-lactamases, and carbapenemase enzymes was investigated. the activity of tigecycline, azithromycin, and colistin against ESBL/carbapenemase producer K. pneumoniae. Also, assessment of the ability of biofilm formation was performed. Finally, virulence genes were detected by the PCR method. By phenotypic detection tests 27 (29.6%) out of 91 K. pneumoniae isolates were classified as ESBL/carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae strains. Also, molecular methods showed, all 27 K. pneumoniae isolates harbored at least 1 of the ESBL/carbapenemase-related genes. ESBL-associated genes (19.7% blaTEM, 29.6% blaSHV, and 19.7% blaCTX-M) were detected in 91 K. pneumoniae isolates. Carbapenemase-related genes were detected in 17.5% of these isolates (blaOXA-48-like 15.4%, and blaNDM1 2.1%). All of the 27 selected isolates, exhibited biofilm formation ability. In this study, 92.59%, 92.59%, 81.48%, 88.8%, 40.74%, 11.1 %, 22.22%, 18.5%, 14.81% and 33.33% of the ESBL/carbapenemase producer K. pneumoniae isolates carried entB, mrkD, fimH, Irp2, wcaG, mrkA, rmpA, iutA and magA genes, respectively. But iucA gene was not present in any of isolates. Tigecycline and colistin were more effective against these isolates. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) results for four colistin-resistant isolates showed three different sequence types ST: ST3500, ST273, and 2 cases of ST2558. The rapid emergence and spread of colistin-resistant and Beta-lactamase producer K. pneumoniae has resulted in an alarming situation worldwide. The effective antimicrobial activity of tigecycline against K. pneumoniae that produce these enzymes may be efficient in hospitalized patients in ICUs with suspected cases of VAP.
- Epidemiology and time series analysis of snakebite incidence in
Southwestern Iran (Shoushtar) 2017-2022
Abstract: Snakebite incidents are a serious concern. approximately 5.4 million snakebite incidents occur worldwide annually, resulting in 125,000 deaths. This study focused on epidemiological surveys and modeling the time series data of snakebites in Shoushtar City from 2017 to 2022. This study recorded data on 396 individuals who experienced snakebite incidents during the research period. Time series analysis in the medical field involves studying and analyzing data collected over time to identify patterns, trends, and relationships. Time series analysis and appropriate models were used to forecast the trend of cases for future months using BOX-Jenkins models. Findings revealed that the majority of snakebites occurred in men and rural areas. The trend remained constant until the end of 2019, and from the last months of 2019 to the end of 2020, it exhibited an increasing trend (during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic). The data had a seasonal trend, with the highest occurrences in hot seasons and the lowest occurrences in cold seasons. The age groups of 25-44 years and 10-24 years constituted the largest portion of the victims. The most frequently affected body parts were the foot (58.8%) and hand (38.8%). The majority of individuals sought treatment without delay. The best-fitting model for the available data was a seasonal ARIMA model in the form of ARIMA (0,0,0) (1,0,1)12. Forecasting was carried out for the next 6 months using the selected model, suggesting a decrease in snakebite cases compared to previous periods. Overall, time series analysis in the medical field is crucial in improving patient care, enhancing public health strategies, and advancing medical research. It can also aid in resource allocation and healthcare planning.
- Investigation of the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in patients with
malignancies, southwest of Iran
Abstract: Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease, that can affect humans, other warm-blooded animals, and cats. Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, individuals with immunocompromised immune systems, AIDS patients, transplant recipiens, and hemodialysis patiens, are at a greater risk of contracting toxoplasmosis.Due to the similarity of certain toxoplasmosis symptoms to those of cancer or chemotherapy-related problems, it is difficult to establish the existence of toxoplasmosis symptoms, For this reason, one of the ways to prove this infection is the ELISA test and determining the amount of antibodies in the patient. Blood was drawn from 90 cancer patients who had been admitted to the hospital and were at various stages of chemotherapy. The anti-toxoplasma antibody titer was then determined using the ELISA method, and the data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 software. In this study, 50(55.6%) were women and 40(44.4%) were men, all samples were negative for IgM antibody titer while 50 samples(55.6%) were positive for IgG antibodies. In patients with positive tests, the most common clinical symptoms were lethargy and anorexia. Although anti-toxoplasma IgG antibodies were more in men than women, no significant difference was seen between gender and infection. It was also observed that anti-toxoplasma IgG antibodies were higher in people who had a history of chemotherapy compared to people with malignancies without such a history, the level of anti-toxoplasma IgG in malignant patients hospitalized in this hospital was high, but statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the prevalence of toxoplasma and the type of cancer. Cancer patients are at great risk of developing severe toxoplasmosis and its consequences due to the high incidence of T. gondii. Therefore, Oncologists should view this serious medical condition as requiring immediate attention.
- Leishmania infection in Phlebotomus species in Mehran city, Ilam province,
Iran, Iran
Abstract: Ilam province is one of the most important centers of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) disease in the west of Iran. This research was conducted to investigate the infectivity of Phlebotomus spp. with Leishmania major in Mehran city of Ilam province, Iran. This study was carried out in the two seasons of the peak of mosquito activity, i.e. summer and autumn of 2019. The sticky papers method was used to collect sandflies. By installing 400 sticky paper traps, 2860 sandflies (950 females and 1910 males) were collected during these two seasons. The female Phlebotomus genus and species were identified using Iranian standard identification key. Then, Leishmania DNA was extracted from the body of the female Phlebotomus using the phenol-chloroform method and amplified by PCR of the ITS1 gene. Then, the genome sequence was compared with the sequence of other samples in the Genbank using bioinformatics software. Finally, based on the phylogenetic tree, the species of the samples of this study was determined. In addition, the parasite species was also determined by using HaeIII restriction enzyme. Among the 617 Phlebotomus female samples collected, 34 phlebotomus female samples were found to be infected with the Leishmania parasite. Of which 32(5.18%) of Ph. papatasi and 2(0.32%) of Ph. sergenti were found to be infected. The results of RFLP method and sequencing indicated that these mosquitoes were infected with only L. major. Based on our results, ZCL type of leishmaniasis is prevalent in Mehran city. It is necessary to pay more attention to the results of this study by health officials of the province.
- Effect of selenomethionine- enriched yeast on Hypothyroidism patients
Abstract: Background and Purpose: The trace mineral selenium (Se) is one of the most critical micronutrients significantly affecting public health. It is a vital component in numerous enzymes and proteins, called selenoproteins; hence Se plays a crucial role in the range of biological activities. Hashimoto's disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. In addition to Selenium being a crucial micronutrient for thyroid health, there is a direct association between Selenium and liver health. This study is aimed to examine the selenium effect on lipid factors, thyroid factors(anti-TPO and TSH), and liver enzymes. Method: A double-blinded, randomized clinical trial was conducted by enrolling 40 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in two equal control (placebo) and intervention (Selenium) groups. Two hundred micrograms of Selenium were admitted to participants for 60 days. Blood samples were obtained before and after the intervention. Total blood catalase, malondialdehyde, serum lipid profile, and liver factors were measured by spectrophotometric method, and the results were analyzed. Results: Plasma MDA level decreased significantly under the influence of selenium consumption, and hemoglobin levels in the experimental group showed a significant increase after the intervention (P <0.05). Catalase enzyme, lipid profile components, and liver enzymes in the intervention group did not change significantly compared to pre-intervention and the control group (P >0.05). TSH and anti-TPO levels indicated a relative decrease in the intervention group(P>0.05).Conclusion: According to our findings, Selenium consumption in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis was associated with improved levels of serum lipid factors, liver enzymes, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody, MDA, and HGB levels.
- THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVEL OF SYNBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION IN DIET OF
BROILER ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, INTESTINAL HISTOLOGY AND MICROBIAL COLONY
Abstract: This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the supplementation ofdifferent levels of synbiotic on growth performance and intestinal physiology of broilerchickens. A total of 360-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 6 differenttreatments of 4 replicates, with 15 birds per each replicate. Treatments were control (notany supplement), (zinc bacitracin 0.04 g/kg), and the remaining four treatments weresupplemented with four different levels (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 g/kg) of synbiotic to thebasal diets.At day 10 and throughout the experimental period, body weight and weight gainsignificantly were increased (P< 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly was improved by risinglevel of synbiotic. The control group recorded the poorer FCR than other experimentalgroups (P<0.05). Up to 10 days, feed intake significantly increased in birds on dietssupplemented with 0.25 and 0.75 g/kg synbiotic. However, when assessed over the 35days of the experimental period, feed intake significantly decreased (P< 0.05) in birdsthat received 0.75g/kg of synbiotic compared to the other experimental groups. Therelative weight of internal organs was not affected by dietary treatments. Carcass yieldand breast meat significantly were increased (P < 0.05) by rising levels of dietarysynbiotic. Villi length was significantly affected by treatment, indicating the longer villiin birds on diets supplemented with 0.5 g/kg of synbiotic compared to the control.Significantly the shorter villi were observed in birds that received the highestsupplement (1 g/kg) level of synbiotic. The number of E. coli in the ileum were notaffected by dietary treatments.
- Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices regarding COVID-19 (Coronavirus)
Infection Control and Prevention among Radiology Staff; a perspective from
largest private tertiary care Hospital in Pakistan.
Abstract: Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has affected radiology practices globally. X-ray, followed by Computed Tomography (CT), has become a gold standard examination for diagnosis. Best practices for safe imaging of patients with COVID-19 infection require appropriate screenings, disinfection of equipment, and use of personal protection equipment. Our survey assessed radiology staff's knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19 infection control and prevention. A cross-sectional single-center survey was performed in the Radiology Department of Aga Khan University Hospital between June 01, 2020, and July 01, 2020. A self-administered validated questionnaire was designed and administered. Cronbach’s Alpha was applied to measure the internal consistency and reliability; 0.8 was achieved for the Knowledge and Practice sections, respectively, while 0.7 was for the attitude section. Most participants (86%) had adequate knowledge about COVID-19. A significant association with higher knowledge scores was found among the seniors in terms of rank and education as compared to junior staff. Overall, 75.4% of the participants have a positive attitude towards corona virus (COVID-19) infection control and prevention; significance was found between the education level, working hours, and positive attitudes. Most of the female participants, department seniors, front-line workers, and people with >50 work hours/week had their practices more aligned with global guidelines than other groups. In conclusion, the knowledge, attitude, and methods of most of the people working in the radiology department were adequate and representative of safe practices. The mean scores of junior staff were still lower, and there is room for improvement via awareness sessions and factful discussions.
- Screening of biofilm-producing genes from Acinetobacter isolates obtained
Covid-19 patients in ICU hospital section
Abstract: The corona pandemic caused a large number of people to be admitted to the intensive care units of hospitals. Due to the special closed system of these parts and the lack of proper air circulation, Spire equipment is a suitable place for the accumulation of commensal bacteria and the creation of biofilm. Biofilm is actually a collection of microbes that stabilize on a surface. Bacteria in biofilm structures have relationships with each other and their behavior is different from when they are alone. The resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial agents in the biofilm state is different from the planktonic state. Many genes are involved in the formation of biofilm, these genes act in a cascade manner and the activity of one gene depends on the activity of another gene Acinetobacter, recognized as a nosocomial pathogen, undergoes structural changes when exposed to various antibiotics, rendering it relatively resistant and posing challenges in disease treatment. This study aimed to identify two biofilm-related genes and assess the drug resistance profile of clinical strains. Clinical isolates were collected from the ICU of Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman, Iran, and phenotypically identified. Confirmation was achieved for 55 clinical Acinetobacter isolates. Antibiogram testing was conducted for meropenem, amikacin, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefotaxime, levofloxacin, rifampin, and tigecycline antibiotics. Biofilm formation ability was assessed using microtiter plates and crystal violet staining, followed by spectrophotometry at OD 490 nm. PCR was employed to determine the frequency of pslA and pelB genes. Analysis revealed that the highest age group affected was 1 to 15 years (19%), while the lowest was 26 to 35 years (5%). The frequencies of pslA and pelB genes were 34.5% and 65.5%, respectively, and drug resistance ranged from 72% to 100% for the mentioned antibiotics. Given the pelB gene's approximately twofold higher frequency compared to pslA, it suggests that in most studied isolates, Psl may often be disrupted or that intracellular c-di-GMP levels have significantly increased.
- Design, synthesis and in vivo evaluation of a candidate fusion epitopic
construct vaccine based on M2e, HA1, HA2, NA and NP fragments of the high
pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus
Abstract: The H5N1 subtype of Influenza virus, have a very high pathogenicity and lethality in humans and animals, and the need to develop new vaccines with a wide range of effects against this pathogen seems to be very crucial. Today, a highly regarded solution to this problem is to design and produce recombinant vaccines using the conserved peptide of influenza viruses. By searching in international databases, the peptide sequence of M2e fragment of H5N1 viruses isolated from Iran and a variety of conserved peptide sequences of fragments of HA1, HA2, NA and NP of other H5N1 virus was obtained for both MHC receptors in mice. Then these fragments along with a PADRE sequence were connected by bioinformatics programs to design a fusion epitopic construct construct. Afterwards the designed construct was optimized for expression in E.coli BL21. After expression, and purifications of fusion epitopic construct, it was injected subcutaneously (SC) into the hindlimb muscles of 6 – 8 old week female BALB/c mice. Three weeks after the end of the second immunization, both groups of immunized and control mice were weighed and checked for any side effects at the injection sites. Eventually the mice were euthanized and blood was collected from their heart to determine the total IgG antibody before and after immunization by ELISA. No local inflammation or complications were observed at the SC injection sites until the end of the experiment and autopsy of mice showed no bleeding or lesions in organs especially liver and spleen. The weight of the mice did not change significantly during the immunization period. The total IgG level measured by average OD value in the serum of immunized mice showed five times more (5.881 ng/ml) compared to the control group (1.143 ng/ml). Our results demonstrated a highly significant IgG antibody response following SC administration of immunogenic recombinant peptide in mice.
- Investigating histamine levels, microbial and chemical properties in
Abstract: Histamine or scombroid food poisoning can occur due to the consumption of high levels of histamine in fish and cause physiological disorders in humans. Since the Persian Gulf is the main food source of anchovy fish, it may be contaminated with high histamine levels. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate changes in histamine levels, microbial and chemical properties in Persian Gulf anchovies using two industrial and traditional drying methods and comparing the differences between these methods. After sampling and preparation, peroxide value (PV), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), microbial tests, sensory evaluation and measuring the amount of histamine were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results of the present study showed that histamine levels increase during the drying process. Traditional method results no higher histamine levels than the industrial method, So that the amount of histamine was reported in fresh fish 3215 mg/kg, traditional dried samples 766 mg/kg and in industrial dried samples 764 mg/kg respectively, and no significant difference was observed in the measured histamine levels between the two drying methods (P> 0.05). Still, the amount of histamine in both methods was significantly lower with fresh fish (P< 0.05). On the other hand, there was a significant difference in the amount of TVB-N of the samples (P<0.05), and the highest amount was related to the samples dried by the traditional method and the lowest amount was reported in the fresh fish samples. Also, there was a significant difference in the amount of PV of the samples (P<0.05). Findings suggest that the measurable concentration of histamine in fish products may vary depending on the; fishing methods, fishing season, fish size, temperature and type of drying process, rate of histamine production and the decomposition rate during preparation and drying.
- Seroepidemiological study of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in
sheep in Lorestan province, Western Iran
Abstract: The aim of the current study is to investigate the sero-prevalence of CCHF among local and imported sheep in Lorestan province. The study population consisted of sheep, which were selected randomly from all counties of the province and were evaluated for the presence of IgG against the CCHF virus (CCHFV) by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Out of 330 sheep, 57 sheep (17.27%) had positive serology. The highest infection was seen in Borujerd (82.14%) and Alashtar (73.08%). No positive infection was recorded from Aligudarz, Doroud and Kuhdasht. Sheep that came from other provinces had significantly higher seropositive rates compared to native sheep (36.84% vs. 16.08%) (P = 0.029). The results of this study indicate that CCHF exists in sheep in some counties of Lorestan province and the risk of transmission of the disease to people exposed to this livestock is a serious threat. The publication of these results can be useful for sensitizing the relevant authorities in the medical and veterinary sciences sectors, providing facilities and required equipment for controlling and preventing the disease. Further studies on the rest of the livestock and ticks and the study of the seroprevalence of disease in human is necessary in order to clarify the complete epidemiology of the disease. Due to the high prevalence of infection in livestock in Borujerd, Alashtar, Nurabad, and Doroud, the Department of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Medical Sciences, and other relevant departments should implement anintervention program for disease in these counties. In addition, due to the prevalence of infection in imported livestock to the province, it is also necessary to take measures to prevent the entry of livestock in the province and to ensure that livestock purchases and sales carried out under the supervision of the Veterinary Office.
- Inflamatory Markers in Cows Affected by Subclinical Mastitis due to E.coli
and Staphylococcus Infections
Abstract: Investigating the concentrations of Serum Amyloid A (SAA), IL-6, and IL-8 in the serum during episodes of clinical and subclinical mastitis holds significant value. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of SAA, IL-6, and IL-8 in the early detection of subclinical mastitis in cows infected by Escherichia coli (E.coli) and staphylococcus infections. This cross-sectional analytical study, conducted in 2023 in Department of Veterinary, Behbahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Behbahan, Iran, evaluated inflammatory markers in 79 dairy cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis. The cows divided into three groups: healthy cows, cows with subclinical mastitis, and cows with clinical mastitis. These groups were then evaluated for Serum Amyloid A (SAA), IL-6, and IL-8. The diagnostic value of the inflammatory markers was determined by calculating the areas under the curves (AUCs) of the ROC curves. Generally, among the patients with a positive culture test (57%), 19% were found to be infected with E. coli, 22.8% with Streptococcus uberis, and 15.2% (12 cases) with Staphylococcus aureus. A strong correlation was observed between the mean SCC and the values of IL-6 (P<0.005), IL-8 (P<0.005), and SAA (P<0.005). Additionally, SAA showed a strong correlation with IL-8 (P<0.005). The value of IL-6 was moderately correlated with both IL-8 (P<0.005) and SAA (P<0.005). The sensitivity and specificity of SCC (0.98), SAA (0.90), IL-6 (0.95), and IL-8 (0.87) were high for diagnosing mastitis in cows. The present study revealed that mastitis in dairy cows is associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines such as amyloid A, IL-6, and IL-8. The study suggests that variations in these biomarkers could be utilized for disease diagnosis.
- Evaluation of icaA and icaD genes involved in biofilm formation in
Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical sources using Reverse
Transcriptase PCR
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is known for its ability to create biofilm, which helps bacteria attach to various surfaces and poses a challenge for treatment. Biofilm formation relies on the icaABCD operon, with the icaA and icaD genes having the key role in this complex process. The aim of the study is to investigate the role of these genes in the biofilm formation of S. aureus isolates sourced from clinical settings. We collected 100 S. aureus isolates from clinical sources, then extracted DNA and RNA using a commercial kit from Kiagen Co. To transcribe the RNA samples into cDNA, we used a commercial kit from Kiagen Co. We measured the ability to produce phenotypic and molecular biofilm formation using the microtiter plate method and PCR, respectively. We were determining the expression of icaA and icaD genes via RT-PCR (Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). Ninety-five percent (95%) of the isolates were able to produce biofilm, with 16 (16%) producing weak, 64 (64%) producing medium, and 15 (15%) producing strong biofilms. Additionally, 72 (72%) of the isolates had the icaA gene, while 58 (58%) carried the icaD gene. Out of these isolates, 70 (97.2%) isolates expressed the icaA gene, and 53 (73.6%) isolates expressed the icaD gene. Four isolates (5.5%) that had the icaA gene but lacked the icaD gene did not form biofilm. One strain did not express either of the genes. The presence of either the icaA or icaD gene is crucial for the development of biofilm. However, further investigation is needed to fully understand the formation of biofilm.
- Listeria monocytogenes isolated from Ready-to-eat Food Products in Tehran:
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance
Abstract: L. monocytogenes is a significant foodborne pathogen that is associated with clinical illnesses ranging from self-limited gastroenteritis to invasive infection leading to hospitalization of immunocompromised people. Thus, in the current study, the incidence of this bacteria was measured in the RTE food of Tehran, Iran.110 samples were collected from ready-to-eat (RTE) foods from different zones of Tehran from April until September 2022. The samples were from Caesar salad, Olivier salad, Burger, Schnitzel, Sushi, and Sausage. Isolates were identified by detecting hlyA and prfA genes applying PCR i.e., polymerase chain reaction. The antimicrobial resistance profile of isolates was assessed through disc diffusion assay and PCR amplification of resistance genes. Fourteen among 110 samples (12.7%) were known to be Listeria spp. and six samples (5.5%) were L. monocytogenes. using molecular methods. schnitzel and burgers had the highest rate of Listeria spp. with 30% of schnitzel and 25% of burger samples. Among 14 isolates, 6 samples (42%) were characterized as L. monocytogenes Burgers showed the highest rate of L. monocytogenes which was 20% of total burger samples; Caesar Salad, Sausage, and Sushi samples contained no identified L. monocytogenes.The isolated L. monocytogenes show resistance against oxacillin, streptomycin, cotrimoxazole, clindamycin, and cefoxitin and are susceptible to chloramphenicol. Isolates were semi-susceptible to fosfomycin and ampicillin. The isolates resistant to erythromycin contain genes involved in resistance to the macrolide class of antibiotics (ermA and ermB). cfxA and mecA genes were only detected in one of the isolates resistant to cefoxitin and oxacillin. Overall, there is considerable concern about listeriosis threatening ready-to-eat (RTE) food consumers.
- Tumor-Associated Tissue Eosinophilia in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma:
Implications for Histopathologic Grading
Abstract: Tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) has been associated with various tumors, including Oral squamous cell carcinoma, but its role has not been precisely elucidated. This research aimed to investigate the presence of tumor-associated tissue eosinophilia in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) and its correlation with histopathologic grading. 70 OSCC tissue samples collected between 2016 and 2020 were examined. The samples comprised 60 previously diagnosed cases of OSCC, classified as well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC), moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC), and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC). Two observers assessed TATE using Sirius red stain, with the average eosinophil count evaluated in 10 fields under the ×40 objective lens. Statistical analysis involved the Student t-test, One-way ANOVA, and chi-square test. The study encompassed 70 OSCC samples and corresponding healthy tissue, with OSCC predominantly found in the tongue, representing 61.4% of cases. The total eosinophil count per high-power field (HPF10) was significantly higher in OSCC compared to healthy tissue. Moreover, the mean TATE score was notably elevated in OSCC tissue. One-way ANOVA revealed a lack yet statistically significant association between different OSCC grades and eosinophil counts. However, the chi-square test did not indicate a significant association between eosinophil count and gender or age group. This study underscores that cancerous tissues exhibit a heightened eosinophil count compared to healthy tissues. Nonetheless, the variability in eosinophil counts across distinct OSCC grades remains ambiguous. Further investigation is recommended to delve into the infiltration of eosinophils in solid tumors and their potential role in predicting malignancies, particularly in OSCC.
- Exploring Quantum in Cancer Biology: A Comprehensive Review of Nontrivial
Quantum Events
Abstract: This study delves into the potential of quantum computing as an alternative information processing approach, utilizing quantum bits (qubits), superposition, and entanglement to significantly expand computational capabilities in the healthcare domain. Undoubtedly, quantum has emerged as a fundamental element shaping our physical reality today. It stands out as one of the swiftly advancing scientific fields with the potential to revolutionize various aspects of our daily lives. Within this era, quantum biology holds significant importance and could serve as a transformative force, particularly in the realm of medicine, specifically in addressing the challenges posed by cancer. Cancer is a complex and abnormal alteration of cells, orchestrated through intricate signaling pathways. This transformation is characterized by the accumulation of undesirable mutations. The concept of phenocopy, representing genetic mutations influenced by the environment, challenges the linear process line of molecular biology involving DNA, RNA, and proteins. Despite the increasing attention quantum biology has received in recent decades, numerous unanswered questions persist in the domain of cancer biology, creating unexplored avenues. Quantum theory has demonstrated its ability to explain models related to biological and biochemical processes, encompassing the effects of carcinogens on genes, the mechanism of interactions between chemotherapy drugs and DNA, and the understanding of DNA mutations and defective protein synthesis. Recent skepticism among quantum physicists about the essential role of quantum effects in biology has arisen, particularly regarding open quantum systems and the impact of decoherence on destroying coherence necessary for significant quantum effects. The document investigates recent studies rooted in the principles of quantum physics, specifically concentrating on how these principles apply to the realms of cancer biology and metabolism.
- Investigating the effect of Quince seed mucilage film reinforced with
carboxymethyl cellulose containing ginger essential oil on the microbial,
physicochemical and sensory characteristics of turkey meat
Abstract: Prevention of spoilage of food products, especially types sensitive to spoilage such as poultry meat, has always been a big challenge in the food industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study imed to investigate the effect of castor bean mucilage film reinforced with carboxymethyl cellulose containing ginger essential oil (GEO) on the characteristics of turkey meat. GEO was prepared and its chemical composition was checked by gas chromatography (GC/MS). samples include; Control (C), Quince seed mucilage film reinforced with carboxymethyl cellulose (film), film containing 1% essential oil (film+1% GEO) and film containing 2% essential oil (film+2% GEO). Then microbial properties (aerobic, psychrotrophic, lactic acid and Enterobacteriaceae bacteria), chemical properties (pH, PV, TVB-N and TBARS) and sensory evaluation were done. Also, the physical properties of the films (tensile strength (TS), water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), elongation at break (EAB), humidity, swelling, thickness and transparency) were investigated. According to the results, Zingiberene (15.71%), α-Curcumene (11.39%) and β-Sesquiphellandrene (10.69%) were the main compounds of GEO. Film+2% GEO treatment acted as the most effective treatment in all microbial properties and showed a significant difference with other treatments, especially the control group (P<0.05). The results indicated the improvement of physical and chemical characteristics in the samples with film, especially film+2% GEO compared to the control group. For example, the amount of TVB-N increased from 10.67 mg/100g on day 0 to 21.61 mg/100g on the final day, while this amount for the control treatment on day 0 and 12 was 10.68 mg/100g and 10.0 mg/100g, respectively. It was 39.95%. The sensory evaluation found that the use of film has improved the sensory characteristics of the samples in all parameters except appearance. In general, the results showed that the use of Quince seed mucilage film reinforced with carboxymethyl cellulose, especially when it contains essential oil, can be considered a factor in maintaining and improving the quality of food, especially types of meat.
- Multiplex PCR amplification for the detection of Biofilm and
extended-spectrum Beta-Lactamase resistance genes and antibiotic
resistance patterns in uropathogenic E. coli
Abstract: The issue of urinary tract infections, particularly those caused by Escherichia coli belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, has received considerable critical attention and is evaluated as the second most common infection in humans. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which is virulent, produces extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), and is also multidrug-resistant (MDR), is considered to be a common growing public health issue worldwide. This could be a contributing factor for UTIs to become far more severe, first-line antibiotics to become less effective, and thus the rates of morbidity and mortality to rise. In this study, 73 Escherichia coli strains have been isolated from urine specimens. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was evaluated through the disc agar diffusion method. Taken together, the resistance pattern is the underlying basis of MDR. Three significant biofilm genes and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms were evaluated in these isolates with ten typical antibiotic discs, considering that the data was processed using SPSS statistical software, version 25. In this study, 73 isolates of E. coli were examined, in which pap gene is present in 89% of isolates, fimH gene is present in 86.3% of isolates, and sfa gene is present in 69.9% of isolates. Furthermore, the beta-lactamase gene blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV gene frequency were 90.4%, 79.5, and 50.7% respectively. The results of the antibiotic resistance pattern elucidated that most of the isolates were resistant to Ampicillin, Imipenem, and Amoxicillin respectively. This study suggests that the alarming level of virulent ESBL-producer E. coli strains used in this experiment necessitates the performing of an antibiotic stewardship program, regional screening of ESBL-producers and their virulence properties to select appropriate antibiotics, or designing new therapeutic methods for UTIs by inactivation of the essential virulence factors of UPECs.
- A Rare Case of Nasal myiasis following Kidney Transplantation
Abstract: In this case report, we present a 63-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus and kidney transplantation who was diagnosed with nasal myiasis. The patient presented with symptoms of nasal myiasis infestation, including epistaxis, nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, and the presence of larvae. The patient had risk factors for poor wound healing, such as hyperglycemia, and the presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and kidney transplantation indicated the presence of predisposing factors for myiasis. The myiasis was observed subsequent to the traumatic insertion of a nasogastric tube. The patient exhibited symptoms of myiasis infestation in the nasal region, including epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and nasal discharge, along with the presence of larvae. Our findings highlight the occurrence of nasal myiasis in a patient with a complex medical history, and emphasize the need for clinicians to remain vigilant for this infection. After the insertion of the nasogastric (NG) tube, 3-5 mm cream-colored larvae were removed from his nose, mouth, and eyes. Despite continued medical treatment the patient died 48 hours after removing the larvae.Axial CT scan showed no mucosal thickening, and T1 weighted cervical MRI showed no abnormal signal intensity, except for spondylopathy and modic changes. Diffusion Weighted-MRI (DWI) revealed no abnormal signal in the brain parenchyma. Our findings highlight the importance of clinicians being vigilant for nasal myiasis in patients with predisposing risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus and kidney transplantation. Managing nasal myiasis can be challenging, particularly in patients with multiple conditions. The management of nasal myiasis can be challenging, particularly in patients with multiple comorbidities.
- Effect of Three Insect Growth Regulators on The Avian Malaria Vector
-Culiseta longiareolata Larvae- Field Population
Abstract: AbstractSeveral species of mosquitoes (Culicidae) are responsible for transmitting pathogens to animals and humans. The study of these species and the fight against these natural enemies are among the current concerns of scientists. Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are chemicals that disrupt the growth and development of insects. They are often used in pest control strategies to target specific stages in an insect's life cycle, An inventory of Culicidae in the M'chouneche region (34° 56' 59.99" N, 6° 00' 0.00" E) (Biskra, southeastern Algeria) was conducted in various breeding sites between November 2022 and May 2023.Four species of Culicidae were identified (Culiseta longiareolata, Culex pipiens, Culex theileri and Anopheles multicolor). Under experimental conditions, control tests were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of three insects growth regulators (Lufenuron, Teflubenzuron, and Spirotetramat) on the fourth larval stage of Cs. longiareolata. Lufenuron revealed a higher toxic effect with a rate of 57%, ranging from 0 to 100%, compared to Spirotetramat with an average mortality rate of 37.71% with a range of 0 to 80%, and Teflubenzuron showed an average mortality rate of 12.08%, ranging from 0 to 45%. The mortality rates increased from one concentration to another over time, and the correlation coefficient was low 30 % about the two factors (time and concentration) with the mortality rates. Individuals treated after their adult stage showed a significant late in their development. For the concentration of 20 mg/l and 40 mg/l, the delay duration was approximately 2 days ± 12 hours. In contrast, for the third concentration (80 mg/l), the development delay was around 3 days ± 15 hours.Keywords. M'chouneche, Lufenuron, Teflubenzuron, Spirotetramat, Culiseta longiareolata.
- Title- Synovial Sarcoma; A Rare Entity In Submandibular Gland
Abstract: ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Salivary gland synovial sarcomas, constituting <1% of oral tumors, occurring mostly in young and adolescents age group, present diagnostic challenges. it clinically presents as a painless mass, often growing silently for months or even years. Grossly, synovial sarcoma presents as a tan or grey mass with multi-nodular or multi-cystic formations and is characterized by the presence of spindle cells and CKAE1/AE3, TLE-1, and CD99 positivity. Prognosis is influenced by patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment modalities. Factors such as age over 35 at diagnosis, epithelioid type, and localization outside the head and neck region are associated with worse prognoses.CASE SUMMARY: We present a 48-year-old male with a swelling in the left submandibular area with no other associated symptoms. An ultrasound of the lump showed a well-circumscribed, cystic cum solid mass, with internal vascularity. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) demonstrated nuclear pleomorphism and high mitotic activity. Excisional histopathology was done and diagnosis of unifocal synovial sarcoma was made, characterized by spindle cells, with a mitotic rate of 23 per 10 high-power fields, with positivity for CKAE1/AE3, TLE-1, and CD99 and negativity for S100 in tumor cells.CONCLUSION: We here presents a case of synovial sarcoma in an adult patient, with an unlikely site of occurrence This report also contributes to limited literature regarding this rare malignancy, shedding light on their clinical and diagnostic characteristics, and emphasizing identification of specific immunohistochemical markers such as CKAE1/AE3, TLE-1, and CD99 add to the understanding of its molecular characteristicsKEY-WORDS: Synovial sarcomas, submandibular gland, spindle cells, immunohistochemical markers.
- Phytochemical screening, protoscolicidal activity and mechanisms of action
of Taraxacum officinale extract against hydatid cyst protoscoleces
Abstract: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic disease resulting from the presence of the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, a species of tapeworm. CE is generally treated with surgery, especially when the cysts are large and in the heart or brain. Several chemical agents are used during surgery to reduce complications, including hypertonic saline solution, cetrimide-C, and silver nitrate. The plant known as Taraxacum officinale has been utilized for its medicinal properties since the 10th century, demonstrating a longstanding tradition of therapeutic application. This study aimed to conduct phytochemical screening, evaluate protoscolicidal activity, and investigate the mechanisms of action of T. officinale ethanolic extract (TOE) against hydatid cyst protoscoleces (PSCs). The metabolites of T. officinalis were extracted using ethanol, and qualitative phytochemical analyses were conducted to detect total steroid glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, sterols, and terpenoids. Various concentrations of TOE (50-800 mg/mL) were prepared for treating PSCs. The eosin exclusion experiment assessed the viability of protoscoleces. PSCs were treated with TOE, and the Caspase 3-like activity assay kit was used to measure the induction of apoptosis. The TOE was most effective at 800 mg/ml concentration, killing all PSCs within 60 minutes. The apoptotic enzyme activity of caspase-3 was 11.4 to 35.7%. In the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of PSCs treated with TOE for 60 minutes, deformities were evident in the tegument and rostellum. The study provides valuable information about the scolicidal properties of TOE. Based on the study's results, it may be proposed that TOE has a significant lethal effect when applied to the protoscoleces of hydatid cysts.
- New food preservation candidate Zataria multiflora dendrimer synthesis and
antimicrobial assessment
Abstract: It is widely recognized for its antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics. Zataria multiflora, also known as ZTM, is a prominent botanical species. Thus, it serves as a superb alternative to goods containing artificial preservatives. Consequently, it is the optimal choice. The goal of this experiment was to find out how well a new nanoformulation called dendrimer-ZTM works. It is made up of a pegylated anionic linear globular G2 dendrimer. The goal of this experiment was to find out if the nanoformulation could really keep Escherichia coli from getting into the mayonnaise. Once the dendrimer was made, plant extract from Z. multiflora was added to it. Different methods, such as zeta potential analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), were used to accurately describe it in the last step. The results of the experiment showed that the nanoformulation had interesting protective effects. This finding was found when the experiment was over. According to the findings of the investigation, the minimal inhibitory and fatal value was determined to be 1500 μg/mL. Additionally, even at dilutions as low as 0.1 and 0.01 per hour, the nanoformulation was able to drastically reduce the quantities of E. Col that were present in bacterial cultures. The efficiency of the nanoformulation was shown by the fact that it was able to function successfully. While the nanoformulation was being inspected, the identification took place for the first time. As a result of the antioxidant and antibacterial properties that it possesses, dendrimer-ZTM has the potential to be an effective natural dietary supplement, as indicated by our findings. This conclusion was reached as a consequence of an exhaustive analysis of the data that was gathered.
- Investigating the antibiotic resistance pattern of MRSA in cancer patients
Abstract: Today, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a significant health concern among long-term hospitalized patients, particularly those with weakened immune systems such as cancer patients. This is primarily due to MRSA's ability to resist antimicrobial agents and drugs. The objective of this study is to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of MRSA in cancer patients admitted to hospitals in the southwest region of Iran. The samples collected from these patients were cultured on blood agar and EMB medium. Subsequently, the positive samples containing S. aureus were identified using a phenotypic method. The cefoxitin antibiogram was then applied to isolate MRSA. Additionally, the isolates were tested for simultaneous drug resistance against 12 different antibiotics. In order to detect the presence of the mec gene, the molecular method of PCR technique and electrophoresis of the obtained products were S. aureusS. aureusemployed. Out of the 41 S. aureus samples that were identified, 33 isolates were found to be methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Among these 33 MRSA isolates, the mec gene was present and they exhibited simultaneous drug resistance. Cancer patients, who frequently have catheters and receive drugs and blood products, are at an increased risk of being contaminated with this bacteria due to its presence on their skin and the hands of healthcare providers. The indiscriminate use of drugs and the subsequent rise in drug resistance can contribute to prolonged hospitalization and even death among these individuals. Considering that the Ahvaz hospitals, particularly Bagai Hospital, serve as major treatment centers for incurable and cancer patients in southwestern Iran, it is of great value and importance to investigate the resistance pattern in patients undergoing chemotherapy and post-transplantation.
- Immune boosters and Immunotherapy in Allergic diseases and cancer
management
Abstract: Allergy is an immune disorder that can worsen over time, despite symptom-based treatments. It occurs when the body responds to harmless substances as if they were dangerous. These substances, such as pollen, dust mites, and food, are normally harmless to people without allergies. Allergy and cancer are both immune-related diseases. While medicines can help relieve symptoms, they cannot cure either condition. Immunotherapy, which uses substances to boost the immune system, is a promising treatment option for both allergy and cancer. The immune system operates through two main components: the innate and adaptive systems. The innate immune system acts as the initial defense against bacteria and viruses, employing cells and molecules strategically positioned at entry points like the nose, lungs, gut, and skin. The adaptive immune system evolves over time and involves crucial components like T cells and B cells, types of white blood cells. In response to encountering a new bacteria or virus, the body generates T cells and B cells that can recognize and eliminate the invader, aiding in the resolution of the infection. Immunotherapy for allergies involves exposing the patient to gradually increasing doses of the allergen. This helps the body develop tolerance to the allergen and reduce symptoms. Immunotherapy for cancer works by blocking the interaction between T cells and cancer cells, allowing the immune system to attack the cancer cells. Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy is a specific type of immunotherapy that has been shown to be effective in treating certain types of cancer. Overall, immunotherapy has the potential to be a game-changer in the treatment of both allergy and cancer.
- COVID-19 Vaccination Adverse Events in Children: An observational
Investigation with a Control Group in Tabriz Metropolitan City
Abstract: Adverse events of COVID-19 Vaccination in children are somewhat unknown, and limited population-based studies have been carried out in this age group. This study aims to determine the short-term Sinopharm and Soberana (PastoCoVac) vaccination adverse events in 5- to 12-year-old children. This study is an observational study with a control group. The cluster sampling method by considering health care centers and mass vaccination centers of Tabriz as clusters were used to recruit the study samples with a ratio of 2:1 for the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, respectively. Information was collected by telephone calls and interviews with their parents. Data were analyzed by using a mixed-effect logistic regression model. In this study, 577 (63.2%) vaccinated and 336 (36.8%) unvaccinated children were investigated. Results demonstrated that the most frequent complication among vaccinated children was injection site pain (399 (69.2%, CI 95%: 65.2% to 72.9%)). The most frequently reported systemic adverse events among vaccinated versus unvaccinated children were fever (9.0% vs. 3.6% (0.003)), fatigue (5.5% vs. 0.9% (0.002)), and headache (2.9% vs. 0.6% (0.032)). No serious adverse events including myocarditis, multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS), and hospitalization were reported. The odds of having any symptoms in the vaccinated group adjusted for confounders were significantly higher than in the control group (adjusted OR=4.71, CI 95%: (3.04, 7.26), p-value<.001). According to the results, it can be concluded that Sinopharm and PastoCoVac vaccines did not have serious side effects. Also, it seems that some of the reported adverse events in other studies are overestimated due to the lack of a control group.
- The Prevalence of Enteroviruses, Mumps virus, and Herpes Simplex Virus-1
in Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples of Children with Aseptic Meningitis
Abstract: Meningitis is one type of the inflammation in the protective membranes of the brain and spinal cord. Aseptic meningitis is the term used for all types of diseases that are not due to pyogenic bacteria. Various etiological agents can cause aseptic meningitis. Infectious agents include viruses, fungi, and parasites. Viruses are considered one of the major etiological agents of aseptic meningitis. The viral etiology of this disease varies in different age groups and countries. This study examined the prevalence of different viruses (enterovirus, mumps virus, and HSV-1) in Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of aseptic meningitis children. 58 CSF samples were obtained from meningitis-suspected patients admitted to Ali Asghar Hospital in Tehran during 2019-2020. Nucleic acid extraction was performed and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing was performed for the investigation of different meningitis-causative viruses.Viruses were detected in 32 patients (24 males and 8 females). Enterovirus (n=15, 25.9%) was the predominant meningitis virus detected. Mumps virus and HSV were found in 11 (19%) and six (10.3%) patients, respectively. Fever and vomiting were found the most clinical manifestations in children with aseptic meningitis. A statistically significant relationship was found between term week and viral meningitis among HSV- and mumps-infected patients (p-value=0.04). Besides, there was a borderline relationship between a history of surgery and viral meningitis. Enteroviruses are among the most important etiological agents of aseptic meningitis in different age groups. Accurate diagnosis of meningitis viruses such as enteroviruses will lead to appropriate and life-saving antiviral therapies and a reduction of antibiotics overuse.
- A new distribution record of Eirenis walteri (Boettger, 1888) (Ophidia:
Colubridae), In Yazd province, Central Iran
Abstract: Eirenis is one of the genus of snakes of the Colubridae family in Iran, all of which are small in size and their maximum body length is 90 cm. The snakes of this family are close to the snakes of the genus Dolicophis and Hierophis. This is because the snakes of these two species have large sizes. Therefore, these genera share a common ancestor, so it can be concluded that pygmy snakes evolved from larger snakes.One of the species of this family is Eirenis walteri Rajabizadeh et al., 2014, the specimen was collected by field investigation and after identification, it was included in the snake fauna list of Yazd province for the first time. According to the Specimen and report in this research during June 2019, this species of snake was included in the checklist of snakes in Yazd province.Considering that the distribution of the genus Eirenis in Iran is associated with a great challenge, therefore new reports of the distribution of its species can provide an accurate map of the distribution of the species of this genus.Eirenis walteri is distributed throughout eastern Iran, and in this study, the first distribution record of Eirenis walteri in Bafaq mountain protected area, Qatrum village (Bafaq city), Yazd province, Iran is presented. Therefore, we can prepare a distribution map of Eirenis walteri with data collected by direct observation. Examining Eirenis walteri populations and their distribution range helps us to distinguish between them. Now we are sure of the wide distribution of this taxon in the central and eastern regions of Iran.
- Comparison of sensitivities and specificities of ELISA and histopathology
to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
Abstract: The feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease caused by the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). The characteristic etiopathogenesis of FIP makes the diagnosis difficult. The objective of this study was to investigate the determination of the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA compared to histopathologic findings as the gold standard. Samples from 25 cats suspected of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) (16 cats with the signs of wet FIP and 9 cats with signs of dry FIP) were collected from 8 clinics in north-west Tehran from 2013-2015. In addition, the sensitivities and specificities of biochemistry parameters (albumin, albumin to globulin ratio, AST, ALT, total bilirubin, total protein) were determined. ELISA test were performed on the serum and abdominal cavity samples. Statistical analyses were performed on the obtained data by ROC analysis, Youden index, and Mann-Whitney U test. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated as 100% in 13 cats with wet FIP and 7 cats with dry FIP as compared to the gold standard. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated as 1, which shows the high diagnostic value of the ELISA test. The ODs in the positive cats and the negative control group didn't show a significant difference between the effusive and non-effusive forms of FIP. In conclusion, ELISA can be used to diagnose FIP effusive form with high clinical accuracy. It may be helpful to quantify the clinical accuracy of the other tests used to diagnose FIP to develop a more accurate logistic regression model.
- Piracetam as neuroprotective, anticonvulsant and anti-anxiety agent: an in
vivo study on PTZ epileptic rats
Abstract: Recurrent seizures characterize epilepsy, a category of neurological disorder. Epileptic seizures can result in sudden changes in brain electrical activity. Piracetam is a cyclic aminobutyric acid derivative with neuroprotective effects. We aimed to evaluate piracetam's neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, and anti-anxiety effects in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) seizure rat model. To assess piracetam's anticonvulsant properties in the PTZ seizure model, the experimental groups received Piracetam at 30 or 100 mg/kg. The positive control group received diazepam (2 mg/kg), and the negative control group received only PTZ. Elevated plus maze and open field tests evaluated the anti-anxiety effects. The antioxidant effects of Piracetam on brain tissues were also examined. Open field test results revealed that crossing the line increased significantly in the Piracetam (30 and 100 mg/kg) and diazepam groups compared to the negative control group. In the plus maze test, the Piracetam groups showed more time spent in open arms than the control group. Also, diazepam significantly increased the time spent in open arms compared to the negative control group. Histological results showed structural changes in hippocampal neurons. Also, the antioxidant test showed Piracetam's antioxidant properties compared to the negative control group. Piracetam had anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects in PTZ epileptic rats and inhibited or reduced seizures. Also, it had anti-anxiety and sedative effects. Neuroprotective effects of Piracetam may be due to the control of neurotransmitters such as cholinergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and glutamatergic systems. Piracetam might have neuroprotective, anti-epileptic, anti-anxiety, and antioxidant properties in PTZ epileptic rats. However, further studies are needed to confirm these results.
- Protective and Antioxidant Effects of Quercetin Loaded Black Cumin
(Nigella sativa L) Seed Oil-Based Nanoemulsion in
Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: An Experimental
Study
Abstract: Quercetin (Qu) is a type of plant flavonoid that is beneficial in fighting prostate hyperplasia cells. ‎Meanwhile, Nigella sativa seed oil (NSO) has shown promise in relieving benign prostatic ‎hyperplasia (BPH) symptoms. This study aims to assess the effects of Qu combined with NSO-‎based nanoemulsion (Qu-NSO) against a rat model of BPH. The study involved the ‎induction of ‎BPH in rats using testosterone enanthate (5 mg/kg) subcutaneously and ‎administering different ‎treatments, ‎including Qu (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg), NSO, and Qu-NSO (25 mg/kg and 50 ‎mg/kg), with total volume 0.5 ml per oral to assess the effects of ‎Qu-NSO. NSO, coconut oil, ‎Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) were obtained for the ‎self-nano-emulsified drug ‎delivery system. The globule size and zeta potential of formed vesicles were measured. ‎Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic weight and index, oxidant ‎and antioxidant markers, and histopathology were investigated in the rat model. The average ‎globule size for Qu-NSO was ‎171.9 ± 10.9 ‎nm, with ‎a zeta potential value of ‎+17.3 mV. Qu-‎NSO declined prostate weight by 40% and prostate index by 86.71% compared to ‎the ‎testosterone group. Qu-NSO treatment ‎significantly reduced the serum levels of oxidative ‎‎contents (MDA) (p < 0.0001), while antioxidative substances (SOD and GPx activity) were ‎‎significantly more (p < 0.0001). Qu-NSO was superior to the finasteride group in decreasing ‎prostatic weight and antioxidative ‎properties, such as increasing antioxidant enzyme ‎activity.‎ ‎This study revealed that the Qu and NSO in a Qu NSO formula enhanced the Qu efficacy in ‎managing BPH.‎
- Kidney Toxicity Studies in Mice (BALB/c) Recurrently infected with
Plasmodium berghei and treated with either artemether plus lumefantrine
(AL) or artesunate plus amodiaquine (AA)
Abstract: Individuals living in areas where malaria is prevalent are often exposed to the disease and subsequently treated. This frequent exposure to malaria and its treatment could put a strain on the kidneys, which are responsible for eliminating metabolites, possibly leading to oxidative stress, and potentially impairing their function. Hence, this study explored the potential consequences of repeated exposure to malaria parasites and treatment with artemether plus lumefantrine (AL) or artesunate plus amodiaquine (AA) on kidney oxidative stress and functional markers. Three groups of randomly assigned male mice were used: the control group was given distilled water, whereas the other two groups were infected with Plasmodium berghei and treated with either AL or AA for six consecutive periods. Examination of the study parameters was carried out on the blood and kidney tissues after the initial, third, and sixth exposure intervals. Concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the kidneys was significantly higher in mice exposed to P. berghei and treated with either AL (p < 0.001) or AA (p < 0.01) after the first, third, and sixth exposures than in the control group. Activities of kidney glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) increased considerably (p < 0.001) following the third and sixth exposures to P. berghei and AL or AA. Increases in MDA, GPx, SOD, and CAT levels did not follow a consistent upward trend. Moreover, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the levels of plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, and creatinine between the groups exposed to P. berghei and treated with AL or AA and the control group after the sixth exposure. Histological analysis showed evidence of glomerulus oedema in the kidney tissue of mice infected with P. berghei and treated with AL or AA for the first, third, and sixth exposure periods. Mice repeatedly exposed to malarial parasites and AL or AA therapeutic treatment showed higher kidney lipid peroxidation during consecutive exposures, with elevated levels of GPx, SOD, and CAT activity in the kidneys, potentially protecting against lipid peroxidation and preserving renal function. Nevertheless, the observed antioxidant activity proved to be inadequate in preventing glomerular oedema.
- Estimation of Salivary Levels of an Inhibitory Apoptotic Protein Survivin
in Oral leukoplakia and Squamous cell carcinoma
Abstract: Carcinogenesis is set due to excessive proliferation of tumor cells and decrease in rate of apoptosis. Several molecules play a key role in this process, one such molecule that is known to control this process is Survivin. Expression of Survivin is detected in embryonic and adult tissues with demand of high rate of turnover and also in tissue sections of oral precancer and cancer. But data regarding detection of Survivin in saliva is limited. Thus our objective is to estimate and compare salivary Survivin levels (SSL) in normal oral mucosa (NOM), oral Leukoplakia (OL) and Squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to demonstrate it as a predictive biomarker. Whole Saliva samples were collected from all subjects and assessed for Salivary Survivin levels using ELISA technique. Kruskall Wallis test was applied to compare SSL We found that mean SSL in control group was 301.9 ± 180.35 ng/dl and study groups of OL and OSCC was 285 ± 140.4 and 316.5 ± 176.72 ng/dl. In OL group, highest value was noted in severe dysplasia (407.4 ng/dl) and in OSCC group highest value was noted in WDSCC (311.5ng/dl). Due to inconsistency in distribution of sample, our findings were found to be non-significant (p = 0.796). Our study is first of its kind to detect SSL in NOM, we propose that Survivin do have definitive role in maintaining normal homeostasis of oral mucosa. Gradual upregulation and downregulation of SSL in OL and OSCC can predict aggressive nature of malignancy. Hence, Survivin detection in saliva can be used as a predictive marker of disease progression of oral precancer and cancer.
- IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This pandemic has resulted in a major redistribution of health-care resources, with the treatment strategy advocated for oncology patients was to delay elective procedures. We retrospectively reviewed the impact of the COVID-19 on patients with RCC and their treatment protocol.We retrospectively reviewed the inpatient and outpatient records of all patients presenting to us with renal cell carcinoma during the period March 2020 till end of March 2021.During the study period, a total of 26 patients (21 males and 5 females) with a mean age of 55.46±9.44 years, were diagnosed to have an operable renal mass. The mean hospitalization period (15.19±2.28) increased in the patients that needed to undergo surgery. This delay was due to pre-operative testing using RT-PCR, chest HR-CT, fitness from chest physician and preparation. Overall cost of hospitalization increased in these patients compared to pre-COVID-19 period due to prolonged hospitalization, increased complications, pre-operative COVID-19 testing, using of personal protective gears and nursing care. During the same period 3 out of 8 patients who had metastatic disease with positive RT-PCR who are put on targeted therapy and the remaining underwent cytoreductive nephrectomy. The study concludes stating that the patients with RCC seeking treatment during this COVID-19 times face several hurdles in the form of delay in treatment, increased hospitalization, increased testing leading to increased cost of treatment. Long term follow-up is necessary to determine if these factors have affected the outcome in these patients.
- Investigating the effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection
in controlling blood sugar in diabetic patients
Abstract: Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common chronic infections in the world. It is believed that diabetes mellitus increases the incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection, but the related data on the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and the level of blood sugar control (HbA1C) in diabetics are few and contradictory. Therefore, the prese nt study aims to investigate the rooting effect of Helicobacter pylori infection in blood sugar control of diabetic patients was done. In this experimental study, (after-before) 61 type II diabetic patients with or without dyspepsia symptoms in whom Helicobacter pylori infection was proven by anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG serological method; under the treatment of four anti-Helicobacter pylori drug regimen (bismuth + metronidazole) + tetracycline + omeprazole). The amount of HbAlC was measured before starting the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and 2 months after the treatment of the infection, after proving the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection with Urea Breath Test and the average values of HbAlC before and after the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. It was compared using SPSS software and Paired Test-T statistical test. Results indicated that average age of the studied subjects was 52.4 ± 10.4 years, and the number of male patients was 39 (63.9 percent) and the number of female patients was 22 (36.1 percent). The average duration of diabetes at the time of diagnosis in the study subjects was 8.7 ±5.5 years. In this study, Helicobacter pylori infection was eradicated in all the studied patients, which was proved by the urea breath test (UBT). The average HbAlC level before treatment was 8.6 ± 1.2, and this value after treatment was 7.9 ± 1.2, this change is statistically significant (P<0.05). It was Concluded that a positive relationship between the eradication effect of Helicobacter pylori and blood sugar control (reduction of HbAlC) was found; however, more studies in diabetic patients are recommended to obtain more accurate results.
- Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Chitosan film Loaded Arnebia
euchroma Extract through In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Abstract: This study assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of chitosan (CHT) film loaded with Arnebia euchroma extract, both in vitro and in vivo. Arnebia euchroma contains shikonin (SHKN), a naphthoquinone with significant anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. High-quality SHKN extract was standardized and incorporated into CHT films, which were then evaluated for stability, drug release, antibacterial effectiveness, and anti-inflammatory activity.Two concentrations of SHKN were used in CHT film preparations. In vitro studies showed that the optimal CHT film formulation was stable over four weeks at 4°C. A biphasic SHKN release profile from the films was observed, indicative of a sustained drug release mechanism. The films exhibited a strong antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) due to the presence of SHKN, but no such effect against Escherichia coli (E. coli). A synergistic antibacterial effect was noted when CHT was combined with A. euchroma extract against S. aureus.In vivo, CHT film with A. euchroma extract showed anti-inflammatory effects in a mice paw swelling test, comparable to betamethasone (mice were divided into 4 groups of 6) the difference was not statistically significant (p value > 0.05). Histological examination confirmed the reduction of immune cell infiltration in the treatment group. The study concluded that CHT films containing A. euchroma extract exhibit promising anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. They are also suitable for use as wound dressings, having high portability, mechanical strength, and being non-adhesive, making them readily applicable for medical and pharmaceutical use, as well as potential carriers for antimicrobial agents and antioxidants in various industries. In conclusion the use of Chitosan films embedded with Arnebia euchroma extract could offer an accessible and convenient therapeutic application for various wounds and inflammatory conditions.
- Assessment of COVID-19 vaccine knowledge, attitude and practice among the
general population in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A
retrospective cross-sectional study
Abstract: With the global significance of vaccinations, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study delves into unexplored territory by examining the knowledge, attitudes, and practices surrounding COVID-19 vaccines. However, after the availability of COVID-19 vaccines, little information is available on the public knowledge, attitudes and practice towards the COVID-19 vaccines in Kurdistan-Iraq. Specifically conducted in Duhok province, Kurdistan-Iraq, the research aims to contribute valuable insights for informed decision-making, tailored public health interventions, and effective vaccination promotion in the region.In Duhok province, Iraq, a retrospective cross-sectional study from October 1st to December 1st, 2022, included 759 participants aged 18 to 75. Face-to-face interviews used a structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic, knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to the COVID-19 vaccine. The participants, with an average age of 32.95 years (SD±12), included 52.3% males. About 55% had a history of COVID-19, and 25.3% were employed, with 18.3% having chronic diseases. Notably, 99.60% were aware of the COVID-19 vaccine, and 68% considered it safe. Additionally, 74.04% strongly agreed on the vaccine's importance. A significant portion (62.58%) believed in the vaccine's protective efficacy. Remarkably, 86.17% were aware of potential side effects, while 96.31% knew about the multi-dose requirement for vaccination. This study reveals widespread COVID-19 vaccine awareness (99.60%), cautioning against risks from unprofessional opinions on social media. Regional variations emphasize the need for tailored communication strategies. Identifying hesitancy factors, especially among healthcare personnel, is crucial for effective vaccination promotion. Notably, social media, while commonly used in , presents risks due to unprofessional opinions
- The effects of stem cell-conditioned media on malignancy behavior of
breast cancer cells in vitro
Abstract: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. In recent years, there has been growing interest among researchers in exploring alternative therapeutic methods, including stem cell therapy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media (AD-MSCs-CM) on apoptosis induction and migration inhibition of breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) in vitro. Here, malignant breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC) were cultured separately in DMEM F12/FBS15% culture media in standard conditions. Subsequently, the conditioned media derived from AD-MSCs was exposed to the MDA-MB-231 cells. After 24 and 48 hours of exposure, the expression levels of CASP3, KRAS, and MMP9, were assessed using a qRT-PCR assay. Additionally, the proliferation and migration abilities of the cancer cells were evaluated using MTT and wound healing assays, respectively. Also, the protein expression of Caspase-3, K-RAS, and MMP-9 was examined using the western blot assay. Notably, the expression level of MMP9 and KRAS genes significantly decreased following AD-MSCs-CM treatment in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, the expression level of CASP3 gene remarkably increased in the treated groups. Besides, the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with AD-MSCs-CM was strongly reduced by MTT and wound healing assays. Furthermore, the AD-MSCs-CM demonstrated an increase in the activation of Caspase-3 and a decrease in the protein expressions of K-RAS and MMP-9. The findings of this study suggest that the AD-MSCs-CM have the potential to influence apoptosis, proliferation, and migration of breast cancer cells. Thus, it could be considered a promising therapeutic strategy for suppressing breast cancer. However, further testing and research are required to validate these findings and explore the full potential of this approach.
- Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Mandible in Norduz Sheep
Abstract: Norduz sheep are known as a variety of Akkaraman sheep bred in the Norduz region, which is located within the borders of the Gürpınar district of Van province. Norduz sheep are bred only in the Norduz region, adapt to the harsh climate of the Eastern Anatolia region, and show unique performance indicators that distinguish this breed from other breeds. In this study, the mandible of Norduz sheep was examined by geometric morphometric method and analyzed. Principal components in multidimensional data sets were determined by Principal Component Analysis. The differences between the samples were determined by Discriminant Function Analysis. For this purpose, study materials were obtained from slaughterhouses in Van. A total of 20 mandibles (10F/10M) were used since analyzes were made in terms of gender. The mandibles were first dissected from the skull. Later, the overlying muscles were dissected. After boiling, they were kept in hydrogen peroxide for 20-30 minutes and the mandibles were bleached. After drying, the mandibles were photographed from the same distance (20 cm). The left lateral sides of the mandibles were used for photographing. Statistical and formal analyzes of these variances were also performed. As a result of the analyzes made, 16 variances were obtained within the scope of principal component analyses. The first three of the variances obtained explained 58,647 of the shape differences. According to the discriminant function analysis, which gave the best results for gender discrimination, the results were very good and individuals were completely separated from each other. In line with these analyzes, information was obtained about the anatomical features and adaptations of the Norduz sheep mandible, and it became an exemplary study in this field.
- Utilizing Aspergillus Fungi, a Significant Veterinary Pathogen, in Lung
Cancer Treatment: A Novel Approach
Abstract: Cancer stands as an enduring global health challenge, demanding innovative therapeutic approaches for effective intervention. Recent years have witnessed intensive investigations into the potential anti-cancer properties of various filamentous Aspergillus molds. This review endeavors to comprehensively examine the scientific evidence on the potential anti-tumor effects of distinct Aspergillus species and their secondary metabolites in the context of lung cancer. Numerous Aspergillus species, with Aspergillus fumigatus at the forefront, have demonstrated the capability to produce compounds holding substantial promise in anti-cancer therapeutics. Gliotoxin, one such compound, emerges as a notable agent inducing apoptosis in lung cancer cells while impeding tumor growth. Furthermore, Emericellamide A, derived from Aspergillus nidulans, exhibits significant cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells. Serotonin, sourced from Aspergillus terreus, has also been proven to exert cytotoxic effects on lung cancer cells. Cycloopiazonic acid, identified in Aspergillus flavus, has demonstrated cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells, adding to the diverse arsenal of potential anti-cancer agents. The inhibitory effects on cancer cells extend beyond mere cytotoxicity, involving processes such as apoptosis, regulation of angiogenesis, immune modulation, and suppression of proliferation. Despite the promising array of anti-cancer compounds presented by Aspergillus fungi, significant challenges persist in their identification, scalable production, and understanding of their interactions with existing therapeutic modalities. Addressing these challenges necessitates collaborative efforts, fostering synergy among researchers, clinicians, and industry stakeholders. Research into the pharmacological repertoire offered by Aspergillus fungi can only be successful with the concerted efforts of researchers in order to determine the best possible treatment options for lung cancer, leveraging the wide variety of therapeutic options available.
- Neck Muscle Hemorrhage in an Alpine Kid Following Enterotoxemia: a New
Necropsy Finding
Abstract: Enterotoxemia, also known as "Overeating disease" or "Pulpy kidney," is a condition caused by Clostridium perfringens type D, which poses significant economic challenges to the goat industry. The objective of the current report is to document a previously unreported necropsy finding, namely Neck Muscle Hemorrhage, observed in a deceased Alpine kid affected by enterotoxemia. The case involved a three-month-old Alpine kid who displayed clinical signs indicative of acute enterotoxemia. Following the animal's death, a postmortem examination was promptly performed to investigate the underlying cause. Aseptic sampling of the small intestines, specifically the ileum contents, was performed during the postmortem examination. These samples were bacteriologically examined. Additionally, a commercial enterotoxemia ELISA kit was utilized to detect the enterotoxins produced by C. perfringens, including Alpha, Beta, and Epsilon toxins, and to confirm the presence of the bacteria in the obtained samples. During the postmortem examination, no obvious external lesions were observed. However, necropsy findings revealed several remarkable gross lesions, including hemorrhage and hyperemia of the colonic mucosa and small intestine, pulmonary edema, hemothorax, hydro pericardium, and hemorrhage in the neck muscle. The results of the bacteriological investigation and ELISA indicated that the intestinal contents contained alpha and epsilon enterotoxins and confirmed the presence of C. perfringens type D bacteria. These findings provide strong evidence linking the observed lesions to enterotoxemia caused by C. perfringens type D infection in the examined Alpine kid. An unusual gross lesion associated with enterotoxemia in goats, which has not been previously reported, is the presence of hemorrhagic necropsy lesions in the neck muscle. The identification of this unique lesion highlights its Importance as one of the atypical manifestations of enterotoxemia in goats. The documentation of this lesion serves as valuable guidance for clinicians during necropsy examinations, aiding them in recognizing and diagnosing cases of enterotoxemia.
- Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Some Provinces of Iran: 2017-2018
Abstract: Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), a highly contagious mycoplasmal disease, poses a remarkable threat to goat populations due to its rapid spread. Despite the existence of CCPP cases in Iran, less research has been conducted on this disease. To address this knowledge gap, the present cross-sectional study focused on the report and investigation of CCPP cases along with clinical signs and necropsy findings of this disease in Tehran, Kermanshah, and Yazd provinces. CCPP outbreak was investigated among 4,400 goats in six breeding farms. The study encompassed both male and female goats of imported breeds, such as Alpine (1500), Saanen (1700), and Murcia Granada (1200), across various age groups. Clinical signs of the infected animals were carefully observed and recorded, and detailed necropsy observations were documented. Multiple samples were collected for PCR to confirm CCPP, including nasal swabs (35), pleural fluid (65), and lung tissue (83). A total of 516 goats (11.7%) were diagnosed with CCPP, and among them, 287 goats (6.5%) unfortunately succumbed to the disease. The morbidity rates in Tehran, Kermanshah, and Yazd provinces were 11.7%, 12.7%, and 10.5%, respectively, while the corresponding mortality rates were 6.5%, 7.2%, and 5.7%. The main clinical signs included fever (89%), anorexia (68%), nasal discharge (78%), difficulty in breathing (54%), painful coughing (96%), and grunting (84%). During necropsy examinations, lung consolidation and hepatization (98.3%), the presence of extensive straw-colored serous fluid and fibrinous exudate on the pleural surface (94%), alveolar cellular exudate (90.6%), and adhesion of lungs (46%) were the primary post-mortem signs observed. Clinical and necropsy findings were all confirmatory of CCPP (100%). The disease agent's existence was verified in 183 cases (63.7%) based on PCR results. The scarcity of clinical and well-documented studies on CCPP disease in Iran is apparent. However, the findings of this study contribute uniquely to expanding our knowledge of CCPP and raising awareness about its presence among Iranian goats. The study strongly recommends including vaccination as an essential measure for preventing CCPP.
- Prevalence of biofilm and efflux pump genes expression by PCR and
antibiotic resistance pattern in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important pathogens of nosocomial infections. P. aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria that is thought to be a major cause of nosocomial infections because of its plasmid-borne and intrinsic resistance to several drugs. This study looked at the possibility of biofilm formation, the distribution of the pslD, pelF, and algD genes, as well as the expression of the MexAB-OprM efflux pump genes. It also looked at the pattern of antibiotic resistance in multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa isolates that were taken from various clinical samples. 76 P. aeruginosa strains had been collected for this investigation from various clinical specimens. Using the disk agar diffusion method, the isolates' susceptibility to antibiotics was assessed. Lastly, multi-drug resistance (MDR) is based on the resistance pattern. These isolates were assessed for the presence of three key biofilm genes and antimicrobial resistance patterns against ten standard antibiotic disks. Version 25 of the SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the data. Examination of the isolates showed that the most antibiotic sensitivity is related to polymyxin, piperacillin, and ciprofloxacin. Also, the prevalence of biofilm-producing genes pslD, pelF, and algD genes was assessed as 68.4%, 80.3%, and 69.7% respectively. The prevalence of MexAB-OprM efflux genes in the examined isolates, mexA, mexB, and oprM genes were 89.5%, 90.8%, and 90.8%, respectively. The majority of the isolates in this investigation had efflux pump genes, according to the findings. Additionally, a strong correlation was discovered between a few efflux genes and biofilm, or the antibiotics tetracycline, meropenem, amikacin, and polymyxin B.
- Unveiling indirect ELISA test against nucleoprotein of H9N2 comparing with
hemagglutination inhibition test
Abstract: Influenza is an acute and highly contagious respiratory disease caused by an RNA virus belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family. This virus can infect birds and mammals. Avian influenza is an infection or a syndrome caused by type A influenza viruse. Some strains, such as Asian H9N2 cause respiratory diseases in people in Asia. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to diagnose this disease quickly and easily.Developing an indirect ELISA test by using nucleoprotein of the H9N2 A/Chicken/Iran/259/2014 virus with a molecular weight of 60 kilo Daltons, which was separated from the virus by the electroelution method with use of the monoclonal antibody against nucleoprotein as a standard. After that, the results of the indirect ELISA test and the hemagglutination inhibition tests were compared using 300 serum samples of birds.The results of this research demonstrates the relationship between indirect ELISA test and the hemagglutination inhibition when compared. A Spearman's Correlation indicated that there was a significant and strong positive relationship (ρ =0.901, p < .001, N = 300). Our indirect ELISA test showed a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 92%.Since the disease with mild symptoms can make the diagnosis difficult, we need to control and quickly identify the avian influenza virus. Our indirect Elisa test could help detect a wide range of strains by utilizing a conserved antigen as well as being able to be used for screening more serum-suspected samples in a time efficient manner as compared to the golden standard test, hemagglutination inhibition.
- The immunogenic potential of an inactivated vaccine candidate against
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in SPF chickens
Abstract: Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is a gram-negative bacterium causing respiratory infection in chickens and turkeys. Co-infection of ORT with other viral or bacterial pathogens leads to severe clinical symptoms and great economic losses. The percentages of ORT strains resistant to the current antibiotics used in flocks have increased in successive years depending on the source of the isolate. Administration of the inactivated whole-cell vaccine (bacterin) is recommended against multi-drug resistant strains of ORT circulating in poultry farms. In the present study, a formalin-inactivated bacterin formulated with an oil adjuvant was developed based on a local ORT isolate. A prime-boost regimen was applied for the immunization of specific pathogen-free chicken (SPF) groups. Then the immunogenic potency of the vaccine candidate was evaluated by ELISA and compared with a commercial inactivated ORT vaccine. Vaccine safety was studied following inoculation twice the recommended dose of the prepared bacterin. The commercial inactivated ORT vaccine as well as the prepared bacterin induced specific antibodies after three weeks of primary vaccination that were continued to 16 weeks post-vaccination. Immunization of chickens with the commercial vaccine induced a higher level of antibody compared to the experimental vaccine, however, no significant difference (P<0.05) was overall observed between the treated groups. In the safety test, no adverse local or systemic reactions were found in chickens throughout the post-vaccination period. Based on the data, the prepared ORT-inactivated vaccine is safe and can induce adequate and long-lasting immune responses in experimental SPF chickens. Results of field trials are necessary to ensure the effectiveness of this vaccine candidate against ORT infection.
- Phylogeny landscape of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale isolates from
poultry in Iran based on 16S rRNA gene analysis
Abstract: Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is one of the most important bacterial agents of respiratory diseases causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of ORT isolates originating from different geographical areas in Iran have been deposited in the GenBank database from 2011 to now. The present study intended to evaluate the molecular evolution of ORT isolates. For this purpose, a dataset of 16S rRNA gene sequences of 48 field strains derived from outbreaks on poultry farms and one reference strain were investigated phylogenetically and evolutionally using a series of substitution pattern homogeneity, nucleotide diversity, and neutrality assays. The phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene showed a large clade A and a distinct clade B including six sequences from the recent ORT isolates. Most of the isolates were homogeneous and clustered together independent of the geographical origin of the isolation. Evolutionary inference indicated that a molecular divergence influences the genetic diversity of ORT isolates. The Tajima's D statistic value was negative (-1.46), an R-value of 1.399 was obtained in the case of Transition/Transversion bias, and the dN/dS ratio was estimated higher for clade B. These data indicated increasing trends of selection pressure acting on the 16S rRNA gene of recent ORT isolates in Iran. The phylogeny analysis and evolutionary affiliations of the ORT 16S rRNA gene are expected to be effective in the monitoring of the strains for antibiotic resistance and selection pressure. These phylogenic relationships have the potential to be determinative in the selection of the best vaccine candidate strain.
- Comprehensive analysis of Papillomavirus (PV) and its implications in
cancer: Bridging the gap between human and veterinary medicine
Abstract: AbstractPapillomavirus (PV) infections pose a significant risk of cancer development in both humans and domestic animals, underscoring the importance of understanding and addressing this viral threat. Recent research highlights the potential of immunotherapies, remarkably immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), in amplifying the immune response against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor-related neoantigens, thereby aiding in their neutralization by the immune system. Moreover, vaccines tailored to heighten the immune response against PV-infected cells have demonstrated encouraging outcomes by bolstering CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactions, potentially impeding cancer progression. The oncoproteins E6 and E7, notably implicated in malignancy development, exert deleterious effects by disrupting tumor suppressor proteins and facilitating immune evasion and tumor proliferation, particularly in high-risk PV genotypes like HPV-16 and HPV-18. Despite hurdles such as vaccine hesitancy and concerns regarding vaccine toxicity, PV vaccines have revolutionized disease prevention strategies, offering a beacon of hope in the fight against PV-associated cancers. Advancements in precision medicine and immunotherapy hold promise in managing advanced PV-related cancers by pinpointing and exploiting specific molecular vulnerabilities while bolstering immune responses. This transformative approach can potentially treat established cancers and prevent their recurrence and progression. Consequently, immunotherapies, therapeutic vaccines, and precision medicine have garnered substantial attention in scientific discourse due to their capacity to enhance the quality of life and outcomes for individuals afflicted with PV-related cancers. By harnessing the immune system's power and leveraging cutting-edge therapeutic modalities, researchers and clinicians are poised to reshape the landscape of cancer treatment, offering renewed hope and optimism for those affected by PV-associated malignancies. Thus, integrating innovative strategies into clinical practice is pivotal in combating the formidable challenge PV-induced cancers pose. In conclusion, this review illuminates a path forward in combating PV infections and associated malignancies, potentially revolutionizing the landscape of cancer treatment. By leveraging immunotherapies, therapeutic vaccines, and precision medicine, researchers and clinicians are poised to make significant strides in preventing and treating PV-related cancers, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
- Urogenital Myiasis Caused by Psychoda albipennis Larvae (Diptera:
Psychodidae) in Ahvaz, South Western Iran: A Case Report
Abstract: Urogenital myiasis is a rare parasitic infestation caused by larvae Psychoda albipennis. The settlement, feeding, and activity of larvae in urogenital tracts lead to disorders of the urinary and reproductive systems. This study presents a 36-year-old man with the main complaint of dysuria, hematuria, urethral discharge, and abdominal flank pain. He observed some black-grayish-colored mobile particles in his urine three times over eight months period. He was referred to the urology outpatient clinic and received anti-cystitis and/or urethritis treatment. But his symptoms did not improve and observed some larvae in his urine. After investigations of his urine under the light microscope, some alive, stirring, and hairy larvae (approximately 1 cm in length) were identified as the fourth-stage larvae of the moth fly, Psychoda Albipennis based on morphological characteristics. Human urogenital myiasis caused by Psychoda Albipennis is an infrequent infection disease in Iran. It seems that urinating in poor hygiene environments, sleeping without a blanket in traveling to the countryside on the banks of the Dez River, in the north of Khuzestan province, and urination in unsanitary toilets were the main risk factors of urogenital myiasis inrecent case. The use of appropriate antiseptic medication, and drinking plenty of water improved patient complaints following the two-week treatment period. The urogenital myiasis is an uncommon occurrence and comprises only 0.7% of all cases of human myiasis based on a few publication reports in Iran and the world. It`s the first report of urogenital myiasis caused by P. albipennis from Khuzestan province, South Western Iran.
- In-vitro Pharmacological activity of Endophyte Aspergillus austwickii
isolated from leaves of Premna serratifolia
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widely occurring non communicable diseases spreading rapidly worldwide that occurs as a result of non-regulation of glucose in the blood stream or because of improper functioning of the enzymes α- amylase and α-glucosidase. Endophytes are the microorganisms that reside symbiotically inside the living tissues of plants. Endophytic fungi have the ability to synthesize various important bioactive metabolites. The current study was aimed to explore the less reported endophytic fungus Aspergillus austwickii isolated from ethnobotanical medicinal plant Premna serratifolia L. The methanolic extract of the endophytic fungus was subjected to activities like in vitro antioxidant assays, anti-inflammatory assay, antidiabetic assay in addition to exploring their total phenolic and total flavonoid content along with the phytochemicals present. The results revealed that Aspergillus austwickii exhibited phytoconstituents like alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrates. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the fungus was found to be 22.048 µg GAE/g and 18.828 µg GAE/g. The crude extract showed 46.20+0.53% of antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 128.69 µg/mL for radical scavenging by DPPH. It also exhibited 71.86+0.34% of anti-inflammatory activity by protein denaturation assay. Notably, it revealed, antidiabetic activity for both alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase with the percentage of inhibition of 68.22+0.17% and 73.72+0.18% with an IC50 value of 178.10 µg/mL and 166.16µg/mL respectively. The current study shows that the methanolic extract of Aspergillus austwickii possesses considerable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic capabilities. The findings of the current research can be explored for the future research to find out new set of natural drugs which can be used against several disorders.
- Anticancer effect of Phyllanthus reticulatus methanolic leaf extract on
HCT-116 colon cancer cell line using GC-MS, FTIR analysis
Abstract: Phyllanthus reticulatus is a plant species belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. The plant is native to tropical areas of India, Bangladesh, China, and the Malay Islands. The plant is known for its medicinal properties and has been traditionally used as a diuretic, cooling medicine, and remedy for spongy and bleeding gums. Literature revealed the plant's hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, antinociceptive, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial, anticancer properties. A plant species with significant medicinal potential and its leaves have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications in managing diabetes and diarrhea. This study highlights the chemical profile of P. reticulatus methanolic leaf extract by phytochemical and GC-MS analysis, revealing nine major peaks with active chemical components. FTIR analysis showed the presence of six biologically active functional groups. The methanolic leaf extract showed the existence of 93.44 mg/g, a significant amount of phenolic content, and 55.35 mg/g of flavonoid content. The elemental concentration of plant leaf revealed the presence of 12 elements. The DPPH and PM assay showed the antioxidant properties of the leaf extract, as evidenced by its anticancer property of the leaf extract with 28.56 % cell growth inhibition on the HCT-116 colon cancer cell line at 24 h in a dose-dependent manner. This is the first report on Phyllanthus reticulatus, which reports the spectroscopic and anticancer properties of the leaf extract on colon cancer. The study opens avenues for further investigation into the bioactive constituents of Phyllanthus reticulatus leaves and their mechanisms of action, paving the way for future studies and potential drug development.
- Prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV infections and high-risk behaviors among
women referred to drop-in centers of Lorestan province, western Iran.
Abstract: HIV, HBV, and HCV are known as the most common blood-borne viral infections worldwide. Individuals referring to drop-in centers (DICs) are considered as high-risk people exposed to infection with theses blood-borne viruses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV infections among women referred to DICs in the western province of Lorestan, Iran. During the present cross-sectional study, after obtaining informed consent and a questionnaire, two blood samples were collected from 118 women referred to Lorestan DICs to be evaluated for HIV, HBV, and HCV infections. Accordingly, the samples were first screened by using the most common serological methods, and then by Real Time-PCR to detect viral genomes. The results were analyzed using Chi-square statistical test and binary logistic regressions. Out of the studied 118 blood samples, 8 (6.8%), 4 (3.4%), and 10 (8.5%) subjects tested positive for HIV, HBV, and HCV infection, respectively. Furthermore, our study showed that 5 (4.2%) subjects were positive for HCV/HIV coinfection, and 3 (2.5%) cases for HBV/HCV coinfection. Moreover, our data revealed that incarceration and STDs were the most important risk factors for HIV (OR=15.27 (95% CI; 3.74 - 62.89); P value=0.01) and HBV (OR=16 (95% CI; 1.57 - 42.34); P value=0.018) infections, respectively. Our results suggest that women referring to DICs are at risk of infection with blood-borne viruses such as HIV, HBV, and HCV, due to risky behaviors. Thus, precise diagnostic testing and implementation of preventive methods against blood and sexually transmitted infections are urgent in these high-risk groups.
- Survey on canine’s helminthic parasites infection from Mughan plain
in Ardabil province, Iran
Abstract: AbstractDue to the increasing cohabitation of humans with infected animals, such as pets or wildlife, human infection with helminthic parasites has become a significant emerging health concern. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of helminthic parasite infections in canines in the Mughan Plain area of Ardabil Province, Iran.A total of 87 samples were collected from different canines, including stray dogs, foxes, and jackals, in the Mughan Plain area of Ardabil Province, Iran. The organs of the animals were sliced and examined macroscopically for helminth parasitic infections. Isolated helminth species were morphologically identified using a valid identification key. The results revealed that Mesocestoides sp. was the most prevalent helminth species, with a frequency of 30 in canids (34.5%), including 8 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes, 53.33%), 12 jackals (Canis aureus, 48%), and 10 stray dogs (Canis familiaris, 21.3%). Additionally, a high frequency of Toxascaris leonina was observed in 13 canines (14.9%), including 2 foxes (13%), 4 jackals (16%), and 7 wild dogs (14.9%). The prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus was reported in 9 canines (10.3%), including 1 jackal (4%) and 8 wild dogs (17.02%). The results of this study indicate that Mesocestoides sp. is the most prevalent helminth species among canids. Our findings demonstrate that canines in Iran serve as both intermediate and definitive hosts for several harmful parasites, posing a risk to the health of humans and animals. Further research and interventions are needed to better understand the transmission dynamics and develop effective strategies for helminth control in canids.
- Phytochemical Analysis, Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of
Leucas aspera Leaf Extracts.
Abstract: Medicinally, Leucas aspera has been confirmed to comprise broader pharmacological effectiveness viz., antioxidant, insecticide, antipyretic, chronic rheumatism, and cytotoxic activity etc. This plant is traditionally employed in the treatment of common infections viz., sore eyes and nose, fever, cough, skin eruptions, cold, wounds and sore throats. In this study, we intended to screen phytochemical constituents, evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory capacities of different solvent extracts of Leucas aspera leaves. Leucas aspera leaves were collected, shade dried, fine powdered and subjected to phytochemical extraction using methanol, ethanol, water and hydroalcohol. From the extracts, phenol content was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent method followed by antimicrobial activity by Kirby-Bauer and Micro dilution assay with four different pathogenic bacteria. Later, anti-inflammatory activity was performed by various enzymatic assays. Phytochemical screening of Leucas aspera extract confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins. The hydroalcoholic (MIC:12.5 µg/ml; MBC: 25µg/ml) and ethanolic (MIC:6.25 µg/ml; MBC:12.5 µg/ml) extracts presented effective antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutants, and Propionibacterium acne. Amongst in vitro anti-inflammatory assays, hydroalcoholic extracts offered effective albumin denaturation (183.8±31.6µg/ml), heat induced haemolysis (213.4±22.3µg/ml) and considerable hypotonicity induced haemolysis (277.8±29.9µg/ml). The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and statistical interpretation was based on two-sided tests at a p ≤ 0.05 significance level. In this current study, it observed that Leucas aspera holds a variety of valuable secondary metabolites, which embraces strong anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities, however further studies are necessary to assess its therapeutic use. . On the basis of existing experimentations, corresponding outcomes may set the foundation for impending research.
- Investigation the effect of Chamomile flower powder (CFP) on performance
traits, lipid profile and morphology jejunum of Japanese quail from 7 to
35 days of age
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chamomile (Chamomilia Matricaria L.) flower powder on performance, blood parameters and morphological jejunum of Japanese quail from 7 to 35 days of age. A total of 200 7-day-old male Japanese quail were as randomly distributed to 5 treatments, with 4 replicates, and 10 birds in each pen. The experimental treatment included (T1) a control diet (treated only by basal diet), (T2-T5) basal diet supplemented with of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 % of CFP, respectively. Live body weight (LBW) and Feed intake (FI) as weekly were determined, and then feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. At the final of research, from each experimental treatment, 5 birds with an average weight close to the same treatment were selected, blood and intestine (jejunum section) samples were removed at 35 days of age for further analysis. Blood sample were collected from the axillary vein and poured into test tubes without heparin. Blood serum was separated using centrifuge and stored at -20ₒC until the test. Then, the birds were slaughtered and after opening the abdominal cavity, a section (3 cm) from the middle part of the jejunum was separated and kept in 10% formalin (pH=7.2) to investigate the jejunum morphology. Results showed that live body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved (P<0.05) at the birds fed with CFP compared to control. Adding of 1% and 1.5% CFP (T3 and T4) to the basal diet showed the best performance results. The level of HDL had significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the birds fed CFP (T3 and T4) compared to control. Other lipid profile parameters were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by CFP used, although results indicated a numerically trend decreasing compared to control. Villus height and depth crypt of bird jejunum significantly increased (P<0.05) with comparison to control. In conclusion, these results suggest that dietary supplementation with 1% and/or 1.5% CFP has beneficial effect on growth performance, lipid profile and jejunum morphometric of quails.
- Bioinformatics development of a recombinant trivalent synthetic protein
construct using PTXa, Tox and TetX toxins as DTP candidate vaccine
Abstract: Traditionally, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTwP or DTaP) as pediatric vaccines are produced from the corresponding inactivated toxins or whole cell pathogenic bacteria of Corynebacterium diphtheria toxin (Tox), Clostridium tetani toxin (TetX) and Bordetella pertussis. There are major concerns in the classic or acellular DTP (DTaP) vaccine production processes from native live sources of bacteria as it may raise concerns on adverse effects and safety issues, complexity of the purifications for each agent as well as costs. Here, we designated recombinant multi-epitope candidate vaccine by vaccino-informatics study to address mentioned issues and to develop a single trivalent fusion protein as potent recombinant DTP vaccine. To follow these goals, stages of immune-bioinformatics were retrieved by means of proteinaceous toxins sequences, predicting secondary/tertiary structure and transmembrane topology, energy minimization and models validation. Then, conformational and linear B cell epitope prediction by several different servers, mapping consensus linear/discontinuous immunogenic regions and constructing synthetic fusion vaccine candidate in respect to optimal immunogenic, physico-chemical properties and highly expression in prokaryote host were achieved. Finally, reverse translation, codon optimization, addition of cloning tags for pet 28a vector and optimizations of physico-chemical characteristics of synthetic trivalent fusion protein were performed. By different hybrid immune-informatics and structural bioinformatics analysis predicted and experimental epitopes finally, 12 new consensus highly immunogenic linear and discontinuous epitopes in Tox, TetX and PTXa proteins were selected. Peptide sequence of these immunogenic regions were as follow; PTXA (AA34-64, AA184-256 and AA98-116), Tox (AA47-76, AA117-159, AA515-557 and AA245-265) and TetX (AA226-249, AA819-844, AA923-967, AA1009-1067 and AA1225-1315). Moreover, the characteristics of recombinant trivalent fusion construct were; 546 residue length, solvable (Grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) was -0.475), estimated half-life was >10 hours in Escherichia coli, pI 5.94 (a little acidic), stable protein (The instability index (II) 35.58) as well as thermal stable (Aliphatic index (AI) 71.67). The putative antigenic epitopes from different organisms in a single protein, as in the current study, possibly will improve the protective effectiveness as novel potent, safe, cheap and broad-spectrum vaccines for better prevention of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis infections in future.
- Molecular analysis of nucleocapsid gene and 3' untranslated regions of an
Iranian infectious bronchitis virus originated from broilers in Maragheh
Abstract: Avian infectious bronchitis virus, has become one of the most problematic causes of economic losses in poultry farms. To effectively control the virus, monitoring and surveillance of circulating strains of virus in poultry farms is unavoidable.Internal organ samples of broilers with clinical signs of infectious bronchitis and two samples of the commonly used vaccine strains (4/91 and H120) in Iranian poultry flocks were used in amplification of a 1.8 kbp fragment including nucleocapsid (N) gene and 3′ untranslated region (UTR) using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. The amplified fragments were digested using restriction endonuclease enzyme, AluI. Then sequence similarity of the field isolate (Ma1/16 ) with previous isolates and reference strains of IBV was investigated. Also, phylogenetic relationship of Ma1/16 with other regions viruses were determined based on the sequence of two 600 bp partial sequences of N gene using Mega7 software.Seven strains of IBV were classified in two groups based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of the N-3´UTR fragment; all of five field isolates and vaccine strain 4/91 were clustered together. Ma1/16 had the most similarity with two other Iranian IBV isolates, Ur1/09 and MNS-7861-1 (91.7 % and 90 %, respectively) based on the 600 N sequence of 5´ end of the isolate. Nucleotide sequence of the 600 N of 3´ end of the amplified fragment in Ma1/16 isolate had the most similarity to the BJ strain (86.4%). Nucleocapsid gene could be an appropriate candidate in vaccine design strategies to IBV effective control. In addition, monitoring of circulating strains of IBV based on N-3´UTR could be a helpful method in successfully controlling of IB disease in Iran.
- Parasitological and molecular study of Entamoeba gingivalis and
Trichomonas tenax in children from Lorestan province, Iran
Abstract: Oral and dental hygiene plays an important role in the health and well-being of our bodies. Failure to apply basic measures to maintain oral and dental hygiene not only damages the health of teeth and gums but can also greatly increase the risk of heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax are reported as anaerobic parasites detected in the human mouth. These parasites are transmitted across saliva, contaminated food containers, drinking water, and or other tools. Since the observance of personal hygiene and discipline in taking care of oral and dental health is less in children and this affects their performance in school and their success in the future, we aimed to evaluate a parasitological and molecular survey of E. gingivalis and T. tenax among children (2 to 15 years) in Lorestan province, in Western Iran. This descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out from October 2021 to October 2022 on 660 children (aged 2–15 years) referred to health centers of Lorestan province, Iran. The total prevalence of the parasites was 108 (16.4%) and 117 (17.7%) by microscopic and PCR, respectively. No meaningful association was reported among age (P=0.716), gender (P=0.289), parent education (P=0.812), tooth brushing (P=0.170), and prevalence of these parasites in children. Conversely, a significant association was reported among settling in rural districts (P=0.002), mouthwash (P=0.001), and the prevalence of these parasites in children. By multivariate test, settling in rural districts (P=0.007) and mouthwash (P<0.001) were considerably linked with the rate of these parasites. We found a significant prevalence of these parasites in children in Lorestan province, Western Iran, indicating that dentists as well as children's parents should pay special attention to oral health strategies in children.
- Antioxidative potential and activity of potassium polyacrylate and
coenzyme Q10 on rat hepatic mitochondrial permeability transition pores
Abstract: Multiple biological activities of coenzyme Q10 have been demonstrated, opening up opportunities for research and development. The biological action of potassium polyacrylate and its impact on the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pores, however, are both poorly understood. Therefore, this study investigated the in vitro antioxidative potential of potassium polyacrylate (PCK) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and their effects on mitochondrial permeability transition pores. In vitro antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activities were determined using standard procedures, and lipid peroxidation was also determined. Mitochondrial swelling was assessed as the change in absorbance under succinate-energized conditions. Cytochrome c release and mitochondrial ATPase activity were assessed as previously reported. The results showed that PCK and CoQ10 significantly scavenged DPPH and nitric oxide radicals in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited a greater ferric-reducing antioxidant potential. PCK showed a high DPPH radical scavenging ability with the lowest IC50 value of 54.05 µg/mL while CoQ10 exhibited higher reducing power with the IC50 value of 82.14 µg/mL. It was also observed that they both inhibited angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. Moreover, PCK and CoQ10 significantly (p<0.05) prevented lipid peroxidation, modulated the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pores and caused no significant release of cytochrome c. However, CoQ10 showed a mild inductive effect on mPT pores at higher concentrations. PCK and CoQ10 also enhanced mitochondrial ATPase activity. The findings from this study suggest that both PCK and CoQ10 could be useful in the management of diseases in which excessive apoptosis is characterized by excessive tissue degeneration, such as neurodegenerative conditions.
- Can manganese oxide nanoparticles synthesized by green route be used in
Tumor Therapy' A Narrative Review
Abstract: One of the most destructive diseases of the twenty-first century is cancer, which has raised serious concerns among medical professionals and academics. To win the battle against cancer, a variety of therapy modalities are being investigated. Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the leading fields of the science having tremendous application in diverse disciplines (9). It employs knowledge from the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, health sciences, and engineering (10). In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in nanotechnology applications to medicine in order to prevent and treat diseases in the human body (11). In the past two decades, manganese oxide nanomaterials (MONs) and their derivatives have attracted a growing attention for applications in bioimaging, biosensing, drug/gene delivery, and tumor therapy thanks to the tunable structures/morphologies, unique physical/chemical properties and excellent biosecurity. Green synthesis of MnNPs using raw materials, vegetables and fruits, plant extracts, microorganisms and fungi has advantages of non-toxic, environmentally friendly, clean and low-cost. Given the variety of their mechanisms, green produced MnNPs are a prospective source of new anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds. By activating apoptotic signal transduction pathways or inhibiting angiogenic signaling in cancer cells, MnNPs showed anti-proliferative activity against colon, liver, cervical, breast, melanoma, and prostate cancer cells. For the treatment of cancer, metal nanotherapy like MnO NPs are given research consideration. Manganese oxide plays a role as a drug carrier by improving retention and tissue penetration. MnOx NPs have been suggested to possess enzyme-like activities, including oxidase, peroxidase, catalase, SOD, and glutathione peroxidase. The biocompatibility obtained by green synthesis points to its potential usage not just in particular cancer conditions but also in other types of cancer with no risk of these compounds' toxicity. These therapeutic strategies might prove helpful not only in these particular cancer cases but also in other proliferative disorders. Due to the low risk of toxicity of these compounds, the biocompatibility obtained through green synthesis suggests its potential use in various biomedical applications.
- Investigation of the Effects of Curcumin on GLP1-R in Liver Tissue in
Diabetic Rats
Abstract: The study aimed to examine the effect of curcumin, known for its antidiabetic properties, on the immunohistochemical localization and gene expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the liver tissues of rats with experimental diabetic using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For this, 24 Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups—control, sham, diabetic, and diabetic + curcumin groups. No administrations were performed for the control group, and 50 mg/kg streptozotocin was administered to the rats in the diabetic and diabetic + curcumin groups. After diabetes was established, 100 mg/kg curcumin was administered intraperitoneally to the diabetic + curcumin group rats for 21 days. In the sham group, intraperitoneal ethanol and isotonic sodium chloride solution were administered. Tissues sampled at the end of the experiment were examined histologically and immunohistochemically for GLP-1R localization, and RT-PCR was used to determine GLP-1R gene expression levels. In the histological examinations, a normal histological structure was observed in the tissue samples of the control and sham groups, whereas various degenerations such as sinusoidal wall enlargement and vacuolization in the hepatocytes were observed in the diabetic group. Furthermore, these degenerative findings were alleviated in the diabetic + curcumin group. In the immunohistochemical examinations, mostly the hepatocytes around the vena centralis, some endothelial, and some Kupffer cells were found to be positive for GLP-1R. The intensity of immunoreactivity was lower in the diabetic group and higher in the diabetic + curcumin group compared to the diabetes group. With regard to molecular analysis, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of GLP-1R gene expression, but the mean expression level was higher in the diabetic + curcumin group. In conclusion, curcumin was seen to increase GLP-1R expression in the liver of the rats with diabetes. Since GLP-1R is one of the targets of diabetes treatment, curcumin can be used as a therapeutic agent for treating diabetes and alleviating its complications.
- Ameliorating effects of Myrcene, a monoterpene in many plants, on
thioacetamide-induced acute hepatic encephalopathy in rats
Abstract: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a clinical syndrome which can observe because of acute and chronic liver disorders such as hepatitis, liver failure caused by alcohol or drugs, autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases, cirrhosis, types of tumors and infections. We aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of β-myrcene on the improvement of hepatic encephalopathy caused by thioacetamide (TAC) in male rats. In order to induce liver failure and acute damage in the studied animals, thioacetamide was administered to rats with a dose 100 mg/kg of body weight as an intraperitoneal (IP) injection with 24 h intervals and for seven consecutive days. After oral treatment of rats with β-myrcene at doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day for 7 days, the cerebral edema (brain water content, BWC), the serum level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT) and alkaline transferase (ALP), total protein (TP), bilirubin (TB), and ammonia as well as the level oxidant-antioxidant factors of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase enzymes (SOD) were evaluated. β-myrcene dose dependently reduced the BWC in Thioacetamide-induced acute hepatic encephalopathy in rats. Treatment of the TAC rats with β-myrcene especially at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg significantly (p<0.001) moderated the serum level of these liver enzymes and ammonia compared to the untreated TAC mice. The analysis of the obtained data revealed that the treatment of the TAC rats with β-myrcene especially at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg markedly (p<0.001) reduced the oxidative stress of MDA, whereas significantly (p<0.001) increased antioxidant enzymes of SOD, CAT, and GPx. Therefore, we can conclude that the treatment of the TAC rats with β-myrcene especially at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg markedly reduced the oxidative stress of MDA, whereas significantly increased antioxidant enzymes and subsequently improved the thioacetamide-induced acute hepatic encephalopathy in rats.
- Bcl-2 may contribute to evolution of endometrial hyperplasia but not
connected to further carcinogenesis
Abstract: ABSTRACTEndometrial carcinoma is common in the western world and is increasing in frequency in developing countries as well. Endometrial hyperplasia is considered to be a precancerous lesion. Apoptosis plays an important role in the neoplastic transformation of cells, with Bcl-2 being an anti-apoptotic cellular marker. Bcl-2 may have an important contribution to the development of endometrial carcinoma. The aim was to evaluate and compare the expression of markers Bcl-2 through the spectrum of normal endometrium, endometrial hyperplasias and endometrial adenocarcinomas. 50 cases were included in this study, comprising of 10 cases of normal endometrium, 10 cases of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia, 10 cases of atypical endometrial hyperplasia and 20 cases of endometrial adenocarcinomas from January 2017 to June 2018. Immunohistochemical staining with Bcl-2 was performed and the results were analyzed.Bcl-2 staining showed an increase in cases with strong intensity of staining from normal endometrium (20% cases) to cases of endometrial hyperplasia (75% cases). There was, however a decrease in the number of cases with strong intensity Bcl-2 staining as the lesions progressed from endometrial hyperplasia to endometrial carcinoma (30% cases). The results were statistically significant (P =0.00309). However, there was no significant association of staining between atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinomas (p=0.429), as well as the degree of carcinoma (p=0.6903).Bcl-2 expression showed an increase from cases of normal endometrium to endometrial hyperplasia supporting the process of increased anti- apoptotic activity in endometrial hyperplastic lesions. Its decreased expression in endometrioid adenocarcinoma when compared to endometrial hyperplasias could point towards other mechanisms of carcinogenesis other than failure of apoptosis.
- Serum malondialdehyde levels decreased along with the alleviating effects
of Marrubium parviflorum on morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats
Abstract: As a major concern for the clinicians, better treatment of the patients hospitalized to quit opioid abuse has always been a target for the researchers working in this field. On the other hand, therapeutic potentials of medicinal plants are greatly becoming of interest to both researchers and consumers in recent years. Among the plants, we can mention those belonging to the genus Marrubium, which has been reported to exert many therapeutic outcomes. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of Marrubium parviflorum on morphine withdrawal syndrome and the possible relationship with malondialdehyde (MDA), the indicator for lipid peroxidation which is elevated during the syndrome. To perform this study, 48 rats were divided into 6 groups as follows: 1) Saline-Saline 2) Saline-Morphine; 3, 4, 5) Different doses of the extract-Morphine (10, 20 and 40 mg.kg-1); 6) The most effective dose of the extract-Saline. In order to evaluate withdrawal syndrome, the increasing doses of morphine were injected subcutaneously for 9 days followed by a single dose of naloxone (4 mg.kg-1, i.p.). Then the withdrawal symptoms was evaluated and total withdrawal score (TWS) was calculated. On the other hand, in order to confirm the effectiveness biochemically and to investigate the possible relationship between the observed effects and lipid peroxidation, blood samples were collected for malondialdehyde (MDA) measurement. According to the data, administration of the extract (in two higher doses) alleviated the syndrome-related behavioral signs as well as MDA levels significantly. Altogether, based on the results, aerial parts of Marrubium parviflorum seem to be beneficial for coping better with morphine withdrawal syndrome through complex pathways such as suppressing lipid peroxidation, further preclinical and clinical studies are required in this regard though.
- Evaluation of Indigenous latex agglutination assay based on recombinant
pasteurella lipoprotein E (rPlpE) as antigen for detection of anti
Mannheimia haemolytica - IgG Antibodies
Abstract: Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) is an organism causing pneumonia in ruminants. M. haemolytica leads to severe economic losses to the global livestock industry. Different diagnostic methods have been developed such as bacterial culture, bacterial DNA detection and serological assays. Diagnosis of M. haemolytica is based on the bacteriological methods such as isolation of the microorganisms from clinical specimens. Available methods are time-consuming and not easy to perform. Serological tests based on recombinant protein may provide higher sensitivity and specificity than culture tests. There is a need for new diagnostic methods for detection of M.haemolytica specific antibodies. Therefore, it is important to develop an accurate methods for rapid detection of M. haemolytica. In this study, latex agglutination test (LAT) was developed based on recombinant outer membrane pasteurella lipoprotein E (rPlpE) for detecting specific antibodies against M. haemolytica. Recombinant PlpE was constructed using pET26 (b) expression vector in Escherichia coli. Expressed recombinant PlpE was purified and coated with latex particles for a latex agglutination test. The recombinant PlpE was able to detect anti-M. haemolytica IgG in positive sera but did not show any immunoreaction with Pasteurella multocida and negative samples. These results suggest that the rPlpE can be used to detect the specific anti Mannheimia haemolytica - IgG Antibodies. Because the recombinant proteins can be produced efficiently and are cost-effective, their use in diagnostic kits such as LATs as reagents can reduce the cost of them. This rapid and specific anti M. haemolytica antibodies detection method using recombinant proteins can save cost and be widely applied for efficient and practical detection of. M. haemolytica.Keywords: Antibody, Latex agglutination test, Mannheimia haemolytica, PlpE, Recombinant protein
- The effect of chitosan coating enriched with orange peel (Citrus sinensis)
waste extract on extending preservation and chemical and functional
properties of refrigerated beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) fillet
Abstract: Fish is a crucial component of the diet in both developed and developing countries. It is highly digestible and contains a suitable combination of essential amino acids such as lysine and methionine, which are essential for good health and nutrition. The health benefits of essential polyunsaturated lipid acids, including omega-3 and omega-6 fats, have stimulated interest in increasing seafood intake. However, fresh fish is one of the most perishable foods due to the potent action of autolytic enzymes and microbial activity. In this study, chitosan biofilms containing different concentrations of the orange-peel extract (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) were prepared and their physical factors including water vapor permeability (WVP), color, and water solubility (WS) were characterized. Enriching the chitosan-based coatings with orange peel extracts improved physical characteristic factors and WVP, color and WS improved for extending preservation of refrigerated beluga sturgeon so that significant difference in these factors were observed between the enriched coatings and control ones (p<0.05). The fish fillets were analyzed for total lipid (3.33 ± 0.41%), crude protein (14.90 ± 1.04%) and total volatile base nitrogen (10.12 ± 1.15 mg N/100 gr) and then subjected to the three treatments as well as blank coatings with 0.0-1.5% levels of orange peel waste extract for 14 days in 4 ⁰C. The results revealed that the biofilm enriched with 1.5% orange peel waste extract was effective on preserving phenolic compounds and maintaining antioxidant properties of fish fillets during preservation period (p<0.05). The findings of this study revealed that chitosan coating enriched with orange peel extract improved physical factors in the coatings and preserved the antioxidant compounds in the fish fillets and maintained their shelf life through two week refrigerated time.
- Study on the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
infection, antibiotic resistance pattern, biofilms genes, and antibiotic
resistance genes from clinical samples
Abstract: The global health situation is caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains because they are resistant to most antibiotics. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance make the treatment of these infections more complicated. This study aimed to investigate mecA, blaZ, cna, and fnbA genes and the pattern of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus isolates obtained from different clinical samples. In this study, 78 strains of S. aureus were collected from different clinical specimens. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the disk agar diffusion method. The prevalence of mecA, blaZ, cna, and fnbA genes and antimicrobial resistance patterns against 10 conventional antibiotic disks were evaluated in these isolates. Data analysis was performed utilizing SPSS statistical software version 25. Of the 78 collected samples, 63 samples had the mecA gene (62.2%). 63 isolates of S. aureus were examined, in which the blaZ gene is present in 60 (95.2%) isolates, and the fnbA gene is present in 51 (81%) isolates. The frequency of the cna gene was observed in 42 (66.7%). also, a significant relationship was observed between cna and fnbA genes with gentamicin and tetracycline antibiotic resistance with (P<0.05). The results of the antibiotic resistance pattern showed that all the isolates were resistant to oxacillin (100%), penicillin (95.2%), and the least resistant was vancomycin (3.2%), and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (17.5%).Compared with other reports from Iran, our study shows an average rate of MRSA. However, the level of resistance to common antibiotics in these isolates was high. In this situation, it is recommended to monitor antibiotic resistance in these hospitals and medical centers.
- In vitro and in vivo effects of Astragalus ecbatanus extract against
cutaneous leishmaniasis
Abstract: Due to the unique properties of Astragalus in the treatment of diseases and strengthening the immune system, for the first time, this study tried to study the in vitro and in vivo leishmanicidal effects of chloroform extract of A. ecbatanus (AECE) on Leishmania major. The in vitro activity was determined against promastigote and amastigote forms of L. major (MHOM/AF/88/KK27). In addition, the effect of AECE on induction nitric oxide (NO) and the level of macrophage infectivity rate were evaluated. In vivo, antileishmanial effects of topical administration of AECE at 10 and 20 mg/kg were evaluated on cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) index of AECE and amphotericin B for promastigotes were 76.3 and 2.78 μg/mL, respectively. The number of amastigotes dose-dependently decreased after treatment with AECE. The IC50 and 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) for AECE were 39.4 and 408.3 µg/ml, respectively. The extract prompted the NO creation, while, diminished the level of macrophage infection. Followed by four weeks of AECE therapy, lesions of CL were healed in the infected mice. The number of the amastigote forms of Leishmania in the CL lesions was also considerably decreased after AECE therapy of the infected mice (p<0.05). These findings reported the considerable effects of AECE in inhibiting and eliminating Leishmania in vivo and in vitro. Even though we indicated some cellular mechanisms of AECE, e.g. reducing the infectivity rate and induction of NO production against Leishmania parasites, further experiments are essential to identify the specific mechanisms of action, safety, and its ability principally in animals and human subjects.
- Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor Antagonist Impaired Spatial Memory and
Increased the Tau Gene Expression in Animal Model of the Alzheimer's
disease
Abstract: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of two different proteins, β-amyloid and tau. The present study aimed to scrutinize the effects of bilateral administration of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist (AM251) in the hippocampus on spatial memory and tau gene expression in an Alzheimer's disease model. β-amyloid toxin was injected bilaterally into the hippocampus of Wistar male rats to induce Alzheimer's disease, and the rats were then categorized into the control group (receiving distilled water as β-amyloid toxin solvent), lesion group (receiving β-amyloid toxin), β-amyloid + DMSO group (as antagonist solvent of AM251), and AM251 antagonist receiving groups (5, 25, and 100 ng). During the training course of the Morris water maze test, the antagonist of the cannabinoid 1 receptor AM251 was injected bilaterally into the hippocampus for four days at doses of 5, 25, and 100 ng. To assess the spatial memory of the animals, the parameters of the distance traveled by the animals, latency time to reach the hidden platform, velocity of the animals, and tau gene expression in real time were analyzed. The spatial memory indices were impaired after injection of β-amyloid and AM251 cannabinoid antagonist. The mRNA expression of tau protein increased following the injection of β-amyloid toxin, but there was no significant difference between the cannabinoid antagonist and β-amyloid groups.These results indicate the destructive effect of beta-amyloid toxin on spatial memory, as well as the positive role of the cannabinoid system in memory formation and consolidation, although further studies are warranted in this regard.
- Morphometrical and Molecular Identification of Echinococcus granulosus
Genotypes in peri-urban Wild dogs from an endemic focus in Northwest of
Iran
Abstract: Abstract Echinococcus granulosus is a zoonotic parasite responsible for causing cystic echinococcosis in humans and animals. Cystic echinococcosis is recognized as a major public health issue in Iran, with numerous endemic areas spread throughout the country. The primary definitive hosts for E. granulosus, known to play a vital role in the transmission and sustainability of the parasite's life cycle, have been identified as wild dogs (Canis familiaris). Understanding the genetic diversity and distribution of E. granulosus genotypes in these wild dogs is important for effective control and prevention strategies. Between 2019 and 2022, a total of 68 peri-urban wild dogs, consisting of 47 males and 21 females, were captured, with unfortunate fatalities resulting from car accidents or illnesses. The morphological and molecular investigation was performed to establish the presence of E. granulosus. The identification of E. granulosus genotypes was carried out by conducted COX1 and NADH1 gene sequencing. Out of 68 examined peri-urban wild dogs, 8 (11.7%) were positive for E. granulosus by morphological and molecular analysis. By conducting PCR and, it was determined that the peri-urban wild dogs that were infected with E. granulosus carried the sheep strain (G1) genotype. This study successfully identified the presence of E. granulosus in peri-urban wild dogs, specifically with the G1 genotype. This finding highlights the potential risk these dogs pose as carriers of this zoonotic parasite, which can be transmitted to humans and other animals. Further research and surveillance are crucial to better understand the epidemiology of E. granulosus and develop effective strategies for its control and eradication.
- Effect of honey on postprandial hyperglycemia in alloxan-induced diabetic
rats
Abstract: The role of postprandial hyperglycemia (PPH) is implicated in the etiology of diabetes mellitus and its complications. This study investigated the effect of honey on high glucose-induced PPH in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced by administering alloxan [150 mg/kg body weight (BW)] to overnight fasted rats. The diabetic rats were administered drinking water (1 ml/kg BW) or honey (1, 2 or 3 g/kg BW) via oral gavage. Each group comprised 6 rats. Before administration of drinking water or honey, baseline fasting blood glucose (BG) was measured as BG0. BG levels (BG60, BG120 and BG180) were then measured at 60, 120 and 180 minutes, respectively. Estimation of BG parameters [area under the curve (AUC), peak BG (PBG), percentage (%) variation in BG and % change in BG] was performed. The AUC and PBG did not differ in all the diabetic groups (irrespective of administered agents) compared with diabetic control group. Compared with BG0, the BG60 significantly (p < 0.05) increased in diabetic rats that received drinking water or honey (2 or 3 g/kg BW) but not in diabetic rats that received 1 g/kg BW of honey. The diabetic rats that received 1 g/kg BW of honey exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower % change in BG compared with the diabetic control rats. The study showed that administration of honey (irrespective of doses) did not deteriorate high glucose-induced PPH in diabetic rats. The study also indicated that 1 g/kg BW of honey was the most effective dose in suppressing PPH.
- Immunogenicity of inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccine used in
commercial laying pullet in Tehran province
Abstract: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a viral disease caused by some H5 and H7 subtypes of influenza virus type A in most species of birds, especially poultry. HPAI viruses are amongst the most challenging viruses that threaten both human and animal health. Consequently, various strategies such as the use of vaccines have been proposed to control the disease. After a catastrophic pandemic and the failure of conventional methods (elimination and extermination) in Iran, multiple vaccines has been used to control the disease. This study investigates the immunogenicity of two recombinant inactivated commercial vaccines of H5N1 and H5N3 subtypes in laying pullet flocks in Tehran Province, Iran. From 32 halls in 6 breeding units of laying pullets, 3200 sera and 800 tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected. After collecting the samples, Serum neutralisation (SN) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests were conducted on sera to determine the serum titers of H5 specific antibody obtained from vaccine inoculation in three steps: before, after first vaccination and after the second vaccination (booster). SN and HI tests were carried out by the alpha and beta methods on the pooled samples by the vaccine type (as antigen for HI and SN), and the results were compared. The PCR was performed on the tracheal and cloacal swab samples to possibly detect the HA (H5)virus in the studied flocks. The HI test results showed that both vaccines had a Serum antibody titre above 5 (log2) after two vaccination rounds, indicating a desirable immunogenic response. The SN test results also showed a neutralisation index above 104.5 for both vaccines, indicating more than 50% reduction in antigenicity of the virus. The PCR results were negative. This study was the first investigation of immunogenicity following two-time vaccination against H5 subtype vaccines in Iranian poultry flocks, indicated suitable antibody titer against the influenza virus in vaccinated flocks.
- An Investigation into the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminths in
Pigeons from Zabol, Iran
Abstract: A variety of intestinal parasites, including nematodes and cestodes, can be found in pigeons kept for entertainment or competition. Birds, as well as native wildlife and humans, are susceptible to infection by these worms. This study aims to assess pigeon helminth infections in Zabol County, Iran, and develop strategies for prevention and treatment. The gastrointestinal tracts of 220 pigeons were examined between 2021 and 2022. The pigeons were categorized according to gender, breed, age, medication, and feed type. The digestive tract contents were scraped and washed with warm water while collecting intestinal helminths. Various methods were used to isolate, observe, and identify nematodes and cestodes. The parasites around the esophageal tissue were also examined in this study. 96 positive cases of helminth infection (43.63%) were found in 220 samples of pigeon gastrointestinal tracts. In addition, 52 pigeons had exclusive cestode infections, 14 had nematode infections, and 31 had co-infections. Heterakis gallinarum (H. gallinarum), Eulimdana clava (E. clava), Hadjelia truncate (H. truncate), and Ascaridia columbae (A. columbae) were among the nematodes found. Cestode species identified include Raillietina tetragona (R. tetragona), Raillietina echinobothrida (R. echinobothrida), Raillietina cesticillus (R. cesticillus), Raillietina magninumida (R. magninumida), and Cotugnia digonopora (C. digonopora). An analysis of the statistical data revealed a significant correlation between helminth infection and drug consumption (p=0.001). Infection with nematodes and cestodes is also related to pigeon age (p=0.00001). There was a noteworthy prevalence of cestode and nematode infestations in pigeons in Zabol, Iran, despite the hot and dry conditions. A comprehensive control program is essential to prevent parasite transmission to pigeons and the local avian ecosystem.
- The First Report of t8463 and t605 spa Types in Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from ICUs in Rasht, Iran
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is the most important human pathogen, in community and hospital-acquired infections. The colonization rate of this organism is high in medical personnel and devices. Considering the importance of carriers in the transmission of S. aureus infection, this study investigated the origin of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated from Velayat and Poursina Hospitals of Rasht. In eight months, 500 samples were obtained from hospitalized patients, personnel, different surfaces, air, and devices in the intensive care unit (ICU) departments of Velayat and Poursina Hospitals. After the identification of MRSA strains by microbiological and biochemical standard methods, the DNA of the isolates was extracted. The spa typing of MRSA strains was done after determining the sequence of amplified protein A genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. Among 500 samples, 45 (9%) samples were infected with S. aureus and 31 (68.9%) MRSA strains were identified from different ICUs. For the first time, S. aureus was divided into three types with the help of the spa technique in the ICU of Rasht hospitals. Among the examined samples, the t14870 spa type prevailed (95.5%), which had been found in previous studies in different regions of Iran. However, two types, t8463 (2.2%) and t605 (2.2%), were obtained for the first time in Iran, which were MRSA and obtained from the noses of patients. High frequency of S. aureus isolates indicated in ICUs and personnel play a very effective role in the transmission of infection in the hospital, so need for infection control in the hospital is inevitable.
- From Bench to Bedside: A Comprehensive Study on Pardaxin Peptide's
Antimicrobial Effect on Escherichia coli, Including Clinical Isolates
Abstract: Escherichia coli is a common cause of urinary tract infections and it has shown increasing resistance to available antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial peptides, such as Pardaxin, offer a potential alternative to antibiotics due to their ability to disrupt the cell membrane of bacteria through their interaction with the lipid bilayer. This mode of action provides an advantage by reducing the likelihood of resistance development compared to traditional antibiotics that target specific cellular processes. The objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the Pardaxin peptide against both standard and clinical strains of E. coli. E. coli ATCC 25922 was used as the standard strain, and 20 samples of E. coli derived from patients were included in the study. Isolation and identification of E. coli were done by using enrichment media, selective media, and biochemical tests. Bacterial culture was conducted on Mueller-Hinton agar, and the antimicrobial effect of the Pardaxin peptide was assessed using classic disk diffusion tests. During the disk diffusion test, we observed a distinct area of no growth surrounding the Pardaxin material for both the standard and clinical strains. In the microdilution test, the minimum inhibitory concentration of Pardaxin was 390 µg/ml for the clinical strain and 450 µg/ml for the standard strain, which is an acceptable concentration compared to the concentration of 500 µg/ml erythromycin and indicates the antibacterial properties of Pardaxin on E. coli. The results of this study provide evidence for the antimicrobial properties of the Pardaxin peptide against both standard and clinical strains of E. coli.
- Effectiveness of vaccination (Sinopharm) among Covid-19 positive patients
in a tertiary care hospital
Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2, has caused a pandemic of acute respiratory disease, ‘coronavirus disease 2019’ (Covid-19), posed a major threat to health and the international economy during past few years. It is believed that vaccine can stop the rapid spread of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Sinopharm vaccine in terms of mortality and severity of the disease among Covid-19 positive patients.This observational cross-sectional study was done at the Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan/CMH Teaching Hospital (Poonch Medical College), Rawalakot AJK Pakistan from July 2021 to September 2021. Total 350 individuals with greater than or equal to 18 years of age, who were tested positive for Covid-19, were included. Patients who had received two doses of the vaccine at least 28 days apart were considered as vaccinated. The Sinopharm vaccination status was checked among patients. The severity of Covid-19 was categorized as mild, moderate and severe. A log rank regression test was applied to determine significant difference in disease severity and survival rate.The patients age range was 25-60 years (the patients mean age was 55 years). The majority of participants, 69.1% (n=242), were vaccinated by Sinopharm, and 30.9% (n=108) were non-vaccinated. Most patients had mild disease 80% (n=280) followed by moderate disease 9.7% (n=34), and severe disease 6.6% (n=23), and stratification analysis had significant (p ≤ 0.05) association between vaccinated individuals and disease severity. The overall mortality rate was 3.7%. The mortality rate was 8% (n=9) in none vaccinated individuals, whereas 1.65% (n=4) in vaccinated individuals. The Sinopharm vaccine after both doses was found effective in reducing mortality and disease severity by 98.3% and 94.4%.The study concluded that Sinopharm vaccine after two doses at least 28 days apart given to patients, after two weeks of vaccination is highly effective in reducing the mortality, disease severity and hospital admission in Covid-19 positive patients.
- Effects of Thymus daenensis essential oil-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on
BCR1 gene expression in Candida parapsilosis
Abstract: Background & Objective: Candida parapsilosis is a non-albicans species with high prevalence and potential for nosocomial infections. The BCR1 gene is involved in the regulation of virulence factors in this species. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Thymus daenensis essential oil encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (TDNs) on the expression of the BCR1 gene in C. parapsilosis isolates from animal and human sources.Materials & Methods: Sixty C. parapsilosis isolates (30 from human and 30 from veterinary sources) were screened for the presence of the BCR1 gene by PCR. The TDNs were synthesized and characterized by various techniques. The isolates carrying the BCR1 gene were treated with TDNs to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The expression of the BCR1 gene after treatment with sub-MIC concentrations of TDNs was measured by real-time PCR and compared with the control group. The results were statistically analyzed.Results: Five out of 60 isolates (8.33%) were positive for BCR1 gene. The physical properties of TDNs showed that they had a spherical shape, an average size of 92.3 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.129± 0.03, a zeta potential of +48.3 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 88.6 ± 0.2%. The MIC range for TDNs in these isolates was 0.032-1 μg/ml. The treatment with TDNs significantly reduced the expression of the BCR1 gene in all five isolates compared with the control group (p=0.012).Conclusion: TDN has a suitable potential for inhibiting the expression of the BCR1 gene, which is associated with virulence in C. parapsilosis. This may enhance the antifungal activity of TDN and reduce the risk of nosocomial infections caused by this species.
- A concise review of major challenges in the vaccination, diagnosis and
treatment of novel coronavirus disease 2019
Abstract: The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. An efficient strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic includes the rapid recognition of patients and vaccination using accurate and reliable methods. Various diagnostic methods such as CT scan, serology and molecular methods have been applied for the COVID-19 diagnosis. Moreover, various vaccines and antiviral drugs or immunotherapies have been utilized to combat the virus. This is particularly important for COVID-19 patients at high risk of serious consequences. Various challenges in the prognosis, diagnosis, vaccination and treatment of COVID-19 include variability in disease severity, emerging variants, individual factors and immune responses, co-infections and complications, limited long-term data, psychological and social factors, availability and accessibility, tests sensitivity and specificity, variability in symptoms, mild or asymptomatic cases, limited specific antiviral options, clinical heterogeneity, lack of universal treatment protocol, overwhelmed healthcare systems, management of severe cases, long-term effects and post-COVID syndrome, vaccine hesitancy, global cooperation and vaccine production capacity. This article describes the latest challenges and achievements in the prognosis, diagnosis, vaccination and therapy of COVID-19. The consult with reliable sources such as national health authorities and the World Health Organization (WHO) is crucial to obtain the latest information on COVID-19 vaccination, including eligibility, availability, and recommended protocols in any specific region. The treatment options and strategies continue to evolve. Healthcare professionals and researchers are working diligently to address therapy challenges and improve outcomes for individuals affected by COVID-19. Randomized clinical studies designed to identify the most appropriate and proven treatment are essential both to reduce the prevalence of COVID-19 and to prevent the prevalence of any pandemic in the future.
- Computed Tomographic Anatomy and Topography of the Lower Respiratory
System of the Mature Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Abstract: Among various mammals, the laboratory rat is widely used for experimental purposes and belongs to the order Rodents, the family Muridae, and the genus Rattus. The absence of a thorough study of the topography and CT anatomy of the thoracic structures necessitates such a study. This study aims to accurately describe the topography of the lungs, trachea, and heart in rats based on CT scan findings compared with the anatomical findings in this animal. CT scan images were prepared from 10 adult male rats at a distance of 1 mm using a Siemens Somatom Spirit CT Scanner, followed by anatomical studies. Morphometric factors were measured on CT scan images, and then samples were studied anatomically by autopsy. The thorax, lungs, heart, and intrathoracic trachea, as well as the locations of organs, were carefully examined in anatomical studies, and detailed descriptions were obtained from CT scan images and autopsy observations. The tracheal bifurcation was fixed in the fourth and fifth ribs of all samples. The right lung was larger and more voluminous than the left one. The heart was tilted to the left, and the right bronchus was shorter than the left one. According to the obtained results, the right lung was more voluminous than the left one in R. norvegicus, which was confirmed by accurate measurements. It was also longer than the left lung but with the same width and height. It should be noted that the use of CT scans allows the anatomical examination of body structures when being alive and active, and this can be very effective practically. In general, the lungs continue from the second rib to the last rib, but the right lung occupies a little more space from the front and the dorsal. Regarding the lobulation of the lungs, the left lung has one lobe and the right lung has four lobes. It should be noted that the use of CT scans allows the anatomical examination of body structures when being alive and active, and this can be very effective practically.
- Interpretive structural modeling of the role of the Organizational nature
on brand identity in the biological industry(A case study of the Razi
Institute)
Abstract: This research seeks to investigate the factors related to the nature of the organization and its role in brand identity. The research was conducted in the field of biological industry. Razi Institute is the leader of the vaccine industry in terms of a variety of products and production of more than 70% of the country's market needs and is a propitious case for studying this industry. The model from the results of the qualitative method was examined using the structural equation modeling method. Because of the exploratory nature of the model and the non-normal distribution of the variables, variance-based methods were employed to predict the results of the hypotheses. The statistical population consisted of 1,870 individuals including sales representatives, inoculation centers, and veterinarians. A 40-item questionnaire was distributed among 270 participants, with a response rate was 82%. The adequacy of this tool was confirmed using Bartlett's sphericity test. The variables of the model included 8 exogenous latent (independent) variables, 2 endogenous latent (dependent) variables, 2 moderating variables, and 1 mediating variable. A total of 15 hypotheses related to relationships between variables were examined in various internal and external model analysis tests. In the end, the hypotheses were checked through factor loadings and impact factors. The variables of the model with a coefficient of determination of 0.731 could predict the model at a close-to-strong level. The obtained fit (goodness-of-fit=0.593) showed that the model had high reliability and tested the hypotheses with 97% precision. Finally, while confirming the obtained model, relationships were measured in structural equations, and in the results, in addition to examining the hypotheses of its influence, it was also analyzed, and the reasons for its influence and its average were also seen based on each analytical variable.
- Cerebral inhibition of the H3K9 methylation could ameliorate blood-brain
barrier dysfunction and neural damage in vascular dementia
Abstract: Dementia is a broad category of brain diseases denoting various brain diseases with degenerative or vascular components that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember severe enough to affect daily functioning. Literature has indicated that the G9a/GLP enzyme, through upregulating histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2), is a major effector in VD. In such a way that the increase of H3K9 methylation by G9a/GLP during vascular dementia leads to inhibiting the expression of neuroprotective proteins and also reduces the expression of proteins that play a crucial role in the blood brain barrier function.Using a model of permanent common carotid arteries (CCA) occlusion, we investigated the impact of a G9a/GLP inhibitor (BIX01294) on VD. After occlusion of the CCA, BIX01294 (22.5µg.kg-1 ) was given intraperitoneally three times a week for a month. Nissl staining, Evans blue, and brain water content were assessed and western blot analysis was used to evaluate the hippocampal levels of Bax and Bcl2.Using BIX01294 enhanced blood-brain barrier stability (P <0.05) and subsequently reduced brain edema in comparison to the VD group (P <0.05 for both). Neural injury in the CA1 area of the treatment group decreased by BIX01294 injection when compared to the VD group (P<0.05). On the other hand, the Bax/Bcl2 ratio considerably decreased in the treatment group (P <0.0001). To summarize, our research shows that inhibiting H3K9 methylation can prevent the development of vascular dementia by reducing the level of cerebral edema and neural apoptosis in the hippocampus area after ischemic stroke.
- SAFETY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF INACTIVATED FOWL ADENOVIRUS SEROTYPE 8B
ISOLATE FOLLOWING DIFFERENT INACTIVATION TIME INTERVALS IN BROILER
CHICKENS
Abstract: In recent years, much attention has been focused on the development of inactivated fowl aviadenovirus (FAdV) vaccines in the poultry industry against inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) outbreak. It was the objective of this study to determine the safety and immunogenicity of inactivated FAdV vaccine following different inactivation time intervals in commercial broiler chickens. FAdV isolate, UPM1137 was treated with binary ethyleneimine (BEI) at 20 hours (h), 24h, 28h, 32h and 36h. All treated isolates were furthered tested for safety test in specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) followed by safety and immunogenicity trial in SPF chickens. Based on the current findings, it was demonstrated that the isolate treated at 20h, 24h and 28h induce more than 80% mortality in SPF CEE, while, no mortality was recorded for isolate treated at 32h and 36h. In SPF chickens, neither clinical signs, nor gross and histological lesions were recorded throughout the trial after inoculated with isolate treated at 32h and 36h. The isolate treated at 32h and 36h are completely inactivated and safe in commercial broiler chicken. Based on ELISA findings, chickens vaccinated with inactivated FAdV at 32 hours (h) (group B) induce high antibody response compared to that inactivated FAdV at 36h (group A) at day 14 and 28pi. At day 28pi, mean antibody titer for booster groups in group A and B were significantly high (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. It showed that both FAdV vaccine using inactivated inoculum at 32h and 36h are safe and immunogenic in broiler chickens typically at day 28pi following booster vaccination. It was concluded that the optimal period of FAdV inactivation was 32 hours and highly suitable to be used for future vaccine formulation.
- Cell identification, characterization, and documentation for use in the
production of biological products
Abstract: There is always a concern about the quality of cell-based products in terms of the contamination of the cells and their lack of efficiency. Therefore, it is very important to ensure these cells' identity, purity, efficacy, and suitability for the production of biological products and diagnostic uses. So, cells must be identified, evaluated, documented, and stored to be used consistently and efficiently. With these conditions, vaccine manufacturers have a suitable reserve of efficient and valuable cells for the production and quality control of biological products.In this review article, a strategic plan for cell-substrate well-characterization and identification according to scientific principles, the author's work experience, and regulatory guidance for the optimal use of that cell in research and diagnostic studies especially for the biological product production process have been drawn. For this purpose, all aspects of cell identification, cell evaluation, and cell characterization are discussed. Because of the importance of cell identity in the competence of a cell substrate, in the cell identification section, all aspects of cell identification, including general cell information, and specific cell characteristics, especially in terms of cell passage history, cell storage conditions, and cell coding and labeling were studied. In the part of cell evaluation and determination of cell characteristics, all tests necessary to determine cell characteristics from various aspects including determination of cell identity, cell growth conditions, cell quality, and efficiency, and the possibility of cell contamination with adventitious agents, including cellular, viral, bacterial, mycoplasma, and mycobacterial agents were introduced. Due to the importance of endogenous virus contamination, this topic is specially discussed. Also, the stability of the cell both from the aspect of genetic stability and from the aspect of stability of cell efficiency, were discussed.In the end, while reviewing the necessary documents to be under the control of the cell for use in the laboratory, based on the studies conducted, the certificate of the cell has been compiled.Therefore, on this basis, the studied cell can be used for research and diagnostic studies of virology, and especially for the production and quality control of biological products.
- Effect of Beta Vulgaris and Laurus Nobitis on Lipid Profile and Kidney in
Hyperuricemia Rat
Abstract: Abstract Background: Hyperuricemia is considered the main cause of many chronic and metabolic diseases. Hyperuricemia causes hyperlipidemia, increased serum creatinine, hyperglycemia, and weight gain through different pathways and mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Beta vulgaris and Laurus nobilis on reducing the risk of hyperuricemia in developing metabolic disorders and kidney damage in a rat model. Methods: Twenty-four adult male albino rats of about 200–220 g body weight and 8–12 weeks old were kept in the animal house. The hyperuricemia rats, model group were given oxonic acid (250 mg/kg/bw). Treatment groups were administered either Beta vulgaris or Laurus nobilis after induced hyperuricemia. Histopathological examination of kidney tissue and biochemical tests were done for all groups of rats. Results: Except for HDL, all biochemical parameters, including cholesterol (49.00±6.48), triglyceride (47.25±2.22), LDL (34.50±3.11), uric acid (4.90±0.22), urea (46.00±0.82), creatinine (0.35±0.03), blood sugar (193.00±11.20), and weight gain (77.75±2.06), were significantly decreased in the rats administered Laurus nobilis and Beta vulgaris treatments compared to hyperuricemia model rat (P. value ≤0.01). Nephron structure in Beta vulgaris and Laurus nobilis rat was less damaged. Conclusion: This study found hyperuricemia induces kidney damage and several metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, increased serum creatinine and urea, and weight gain in model rats. Beta vulgaris and Laurus nobilis decrease the biochemical parameters, and ameliorate the histopathological effects of hyperuricemia, such as atrophy of glomeruli and hydropic changes in the epithelial lining of proximal convoluted tubules. Laurus nobilis physiologically has a greater effect on lipid profile, blood glucose, serum creatinine, weight, and urea compared to Beta vulgaris.
- Role of Chlorophytum Borivilianum extract against Doxorubicin induced
Myocardial Toxicity in Albino Rats: In-silico and In-vivo studies
Abstract: The anthracycline derivative, doxorubicin is a cytotoxic agent with proven efficacy in various malignancies such as breast cancer, acute leukemia etc. The clinical usefulness has been limited due to its dose dependent cardiac toxicity. Our objective was to evaluate the role of Chlorophytum borivilianum L. on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats and to predict the effect of Chlorophytum borivilianum L. by in-silico and in vivo methods. In-vitro studies were conducted on Chlorophytum borivilianum L. Cardiotoxicity was produced by cumulative administration of x doxorubicin (Dox-15 mg/kg ip.for two weeks). Ethanolic extract and fractions of Chlorophytum borivilianum L. (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o) were administered as pretreatment for two weeks followed by Doxorubicin 2.5 mg/kg i.p. on alternative day for two weeks. The parameters such as body weight, food and water intake, cardiac specific markers like creatine kinase (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cardiac Troponin-I (cTnl), ECG changes, antioxidant parameters like superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) were monitored. Heart histopathological studies were also carried out to evaluate myocardial toxicity. As a result of Dox treatment, cardiomyopathy develops, which is characterised by an increase in cardiac biomarkers and a deficiency in antioxidant enzymes. By lowering the elevated levels of biomarker enzymes like LDH and CK-MB and the absence of cTnI, pretreatment with the EECB (500mg/kg) significantly protected the myocardium from the toxic effects of Dox. Additionally, the EECB increased the reduced levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT while decreasing the elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cardiac tissue.
- Short-term effects of surgical sterilization on urinary pH and specific
gravity, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and urinary protein to
creatinine ratio in sexually intact male and female dogs
Abstract: Surgical sterilization is a widely accepted method for mitigating the birth of unwanted dogs and reducing the incidence of reproductive diseases. However, the sterilization of domestic dogs has sparked debate among veterinarians and owners about its effect on urinary parameters. This study aimed to investigate the short-term impacts of surgical sterilization on urinary parameters in healthy adult sexually intact male and female dogs. Ten healthy adult sexually intact mongrel dogs (5 males and five females) weighing 15 to 20 kg participated in this study. This study only included those who were at least 1-year-old to ensure they had reached sexual maturity. If a dog's urine sample is abnormally colored or turbid, has a pH greater than 7.5, and is confirmed to have a positive bacterial culture, it will be excluded. Physical, CBC, and biochemical examinations such as measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr) concentrations and urinalysis (including to determine urine pH and specific gravity (USG) measurement, calculation of the urinary protein to creatinine (UPC) ratio, and dipstick evaluation) were performed on each dog. After sterilization surgery, the dogs underwent physical, CBC, biochemical examination, and urinalysis at least 15 days later. Urine samples were collected by cystocentesis and stored at 4° C for analysis. After being centrifuged at 3000 g for 5 minutes, the urinalysis was conducted within 4 hours of collection. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the mean BUN and Cr, UPC, USG, and urine pH before and after ovariohysterectomy and castration. The study found castration and ovariohysterectomy did not short-term impact urinary parameters in healthy adult sexually intact male and female dogs. However, it is uncertain how sterilization affects urinalysis results in sexually intact dogs, and more research with larger sample sizes is necessary to determine the impact.
- Novel drug delivery systems for combating H. pylori: A brief review
Abstract: Helicobacter pylori infection stands out as a primary cause of gastritis, with the alarming potential to progress into gastric cancer if left unaddressed. However, the efficacy of conventional treatments is undermined by the escalating challenge of antibiotic resistance and the necessity for complex multi-drug and high-dose therapeutic regimens. Complicating matters further, factors like biofilm formation, efflux pumps, and gene mutations significantly heighten the risk of treatment failure. In light of these formidable obstacles, contemporary drug delivery systems emerge as crucial allies in the battle against H. pylori. These advanced systems offer key advantages, such as enhanced drug protection, controlled release, and targeted delivery to specific tissues. Nanoparticles, in particular, hold promise in combating H. pylori infection through diverse mechanisms, ranging from direct drug delivery into the bacteria to the destruction of bacterial walls and the generation of free radicals. This review navigates through the current therapeutic landscape, shedding light on both existing and evolving treatment options. It delves into the transformative potential of novel drug delivery systems, including micro- and nanoparticles, as instrumental players in the intricate realm of H. pylori infection treatment. By exploring the intricate interplay between infection dynamics and cutting-edge delivery technologies, this review aims to carve a path towards more effective and tailored interventions against this persistent threat. As we learn more about H. pylori infection, new treatments and better ways to deliver drugs offer hope for a more effective and personalized approach to fighting this persistent health problem. This dynamic intersection of microbiology and nanotechnology exemplifies the relentless pursuit of innovative solutions to safeguard against the formidable challenges posed by H. pylori, ultimately offering hope for improved patient outcomes and a healthier future.
- Utilizing Sertoli cell transplantation as a therapeutic technique for
managing neurodegenerative diseases
Abstract: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD), are defined by aberrant protein accumulation, brain atrophy, and gradual decline of neuronal function. Despite the considerable endeavors devoted to discovering treatments for NDs in recent decades, the demand for efficient therapeutic agents persists. Sertoli cells (SCs) play a crucial role in providing a supportive structure and environment for the development of germ cells. SCs, whether transplanted as xenogeneic or allogeneic cells, present a viable choice for enhancing graft persistence via the release of immunomodulatory and trophic factors, including neurturin (NTN), platelet-derived growth factor, Fas (CD95) ligand (FasL), glial-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin 1 (IL1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin 6 (IL6), transforming growth factors, and vascular growth factor, that protect replaced cells and tissues from the immune system. However, there is currently no cohesive evidence regarding the neuroprotective influence of SCs transplantation on NDs. Therefore, the focus of this review is to assess the neuroprotective impact of stem cells on neurodegenerative diseases in preclinical settings and present cohesive information. A comprehensive search was conducted between 2000 and 2022 in Medline, Scopus, and the Web of Science. In the identification stage, after a comprehensive search across databases including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed/Medline, 103 papers were obtained. Our search yielded a total of nine relevant papers on the therapeutic effect of SCs transplantation on NDs. It was found that SCs transplantation exhibits a promising impact on enhancing neurological diseases' symptoms in rats. Our findings highlight the need for multiple standardized preclinical trials to be performed to find reliable information to confirm the utilization of SCs transplantation and the reduction of neurodegenerative disease symptoms.
- Plasmid-mediated colistin and fosfomycin resistance among clinical
isolates of ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in
Northern Iran
Abstract: The development of extensively-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) in the hospitals is associated with hospitalization and uncontrolled use of antibiotics. There is a scarcity in the colistin and fosfomycin resistance encoding genes rate and mechanisms in Iran. Our aim was to determine the rate of biofilm formation and fosfomycin and colistin resistance among K. pneumoniae producing ESBL and carbapenemases by detection of mcr-1, mcr-2 and fosA genes in Tehran, Iran during 2020-2021. After collecting 73 samples, the isolates were identified using biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test was implemented using disk diffusion method. The phenotypic determination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemase enzymes was conducted using combined disk and CARBA-NP tests, respectively. The biofilm formation was performed using microtiter tissue plate assay. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect mcr-1, mcr-2 and fosA genes associated with colistin and fosfomycin resistance, respectively. The highest resistance rate was against ampicillin (97%), chloramphenicol (90%) and ciprofloxacin (87%), respectively, while the lowest resistance rate was against gentamicin (4%), amikacin (10%), and cotrimoxazole (18%). Moreover, 44 and 23 isolates were ESBL and carbapenemase producing K. pneumonia), respectively. Forty-eight isolates were strong biofilm forming K. pneumoniae and one isolate was non-biofilm producer. In the PCR test, four isolates amplified the fosA2 and one mcr-2 genes, respectively, while none of them outlined neither fosA3 nor mcr-1 genes amplification. This study demonstrated that the frequency of K. pneumoniae isolates producing ESBL and carbapenemase and also mcr-1, mcr-2 and fosA genes was low but considering facilitated spread of these genes, proper isolation and control is essential. Moreover, these strains had the ability to form biofilms in vitro which persist infections in the hospital settings.
- Nanoemulsion Formulation of Noni Leaf Extract and Maggot Oil (Hermetia
illucens) as an Alternative of Antibiotic Growth Promoters
Abstract: The extensive use of antibiotics growth promoters leads to residues and bacterial resistances. Alternative herbal from noni leaf extract (NLE) and maggot oil are needed that can boost poultry productivity and health. Secondary metabolite from NLE and fatty acids profile obtained from maggots that can be optimalized in nanoemulsion form. This study was aimed to characterized and determined the optimal formula of NLE and maggot oil (Hermetia illucens) in nanoemulsion form as an alternative of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP). Nanoemulsion formulation were divided into three treatments with three replicates: F1 = 2.5 g/100 mL NLE and 12.5 g/100 mL maggot oil, F2 = 7.5 g/100 mL NLE and 7.5 g/100 mL maggot oil, and F3 = 12.5 g/100 mL NLE and 2.5 g/100 mL maggot oil. Nanoemulsion preparation was carried out by mixing all the component of formula were homogenized by using homogenizer ultra turrax at 12500 rpm for 20 minutes. Particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, transmittance and solubility were calculated to evaluate nanoemulsion formulation. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and formula of nanoemulsion were optimized by using simplex lattice design. The results showed that NLE has the highest phytochemical is steroid. The formula had significant effect (P<0.05) on particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PI), and transmittance with F1 had the lowest particle size and PI and the highest transmittance compared to other formula, while zeta potential were stable compared to standards. Nanoemulsion formulation optimized by using 2.125 g/100 mL NLE and 12.875 g/100 mL maggot oil. Nanoemulsion that physically stable was unable to inhibit E.coli as indicated by the diameter of inhibition zone.
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a crucial factor in the anticancer
effectiveness of Oliveria decumbens extract against the A431 human skin
cell line
Abstract: Globally, skin cancer is a main public health challenge which its incidence is continuously rising. Regarding to limitation of conventional therapies,new research and novel therapies can be promising for reduction of skin cancer morbidity and mortality. Phytochemicals are attractive resources for new therapy design in cancer research due to cost-effectiveness and lower side effects. In the present study, the anti-cancer activity of Oliveria decumbens (O.decumbens) extract on the human skin cancer A431 cell line has been investigated. The aqueous extract of the O.decumbens plant was prepared using the traditional method. After that, IC50 was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay under different concentration of O.decumbens. Cell Apoptosis was investigated by Annexin V-FITC/Propidium Iodide (PI) and flowcytometry. Cell cycle studied by PI staining and flowcytometry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production analyzed with DCFH-DA (2', 7' -dichlorofluorescein-diacetate) staining and flowcytometry.IC50 for cell viability was determined 475g/ml. Cell cycle analyses showed G1 arrest in treated cells compare to control cell. Results also confirmed significant increase of apoptotic cells (8.2%1, P<0.05) under IC50 concentration of the extract in compare to control group (2.50.99%). Significant increase in ROS level was observed in O.decumbens treated cells compare to control cells (738 170 vs 31655 in control group, P<0.05.Overall, the present results indicate that O.decumbens extract can inhibit skin cancer cell proliferation via inhibition of cell cycle and apoptosis. It seems that ROS production plays a critical role in anti-cancer effect of O. decumbens extract. Therefore, its potential option for future treatment of skin cancer should be considered.
- Modeling the time series of Scorpion sting in Southwestern Iran
Abstract: AbstractScorpion stings pose a significant public health concern in Iran, resulting in approximately 45,000-50,000 cases and 19 deaths annually. Scorpions, belonging to the Arachnida class, are venomous arthropods found in all continents except Antarctica. They are of particular concern in tropical and subtropical regions. The Khuzestan and Hormozgan provinces have the highest reported incidence, with an estimated 36,000 cases each year. This study focused on modeling the time series data of scorpion stings specifically in Shoushtar city from 2017 to 2022. Our objective was to investigate the presence of seasonality and long-term trends in the incidence of scorpion stings by utilizing advanced analytical techniques such as the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. We applied the Seasonal ARIMA model to fit a univariate time series of scorpion sting incidence. This study revealed a significant seasonal trend and an overall increase and decrease in scorpion sting cases during the study period. The best-fitting model for the available data was a seasonal ARIMA model in the form of ARIMA (0,0,1) (1,1,1)12. This model can forecast the frequency of scorpion sting cases in Southwestern Iran over the next two years. As a result, Time series analysis can provide valuable insights into the patterns and trends of Scorpion sting incidents, allowing for better planning and allocation of healthcare resources. By understanding the seasonal variations, proactive measures can be implemented to address the growing issue of Scorpion stings in Iran effectively.Keywords: Scorpion stings; Time series analysis; ARIMA modeling; Box Jenkins model; Southwestern Iran
- Response surface methodology for optimization of media components for
production of lipase from Bacillus Subtilis KUBT4
Abstract: Lipases belong to a class of triacylglycerol hydrolases possessing a lot of potential applications due to their various physical properties. Most of the lipase producers are extracellular in nature are produced using solid-state fermentation and submerged fermentation methods. The fungal, mycelial, and the yeast lipases are produced using various solid substrates through solid-state fermentation method. This method is cost effective and hence widely used in industries to produce lipase using fungi. Whereas lipases from bacteria, were produced using submerged fermentation. The optimization of media is a main requirement for increasing the quantitative yield by overproduction of enzymes. The optimization of media is a main requirement for increasing the quantitative yield by overproduction of enzymes. Different parameters such as pH, temperature, agitation speed, inoculum size, incubation time, carbon and nitrogen sources have been of great importance for the researchers to design economical media. The OFAT is a one-dimensional approach that is laborious and time-consuming and does not consider interactions between the factors. The limitations of OFAT method can be reduced by employing techniques such as Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The PBD is a method to screen the variables that influence the production and remove the non-significant factors to attain a lesser and manageable set of factors. Subsequently, the chosen significant factors are optimized by RSM that assists to study the interactions of different factors. The RSM comprises of central composite design (CCD) to fit a second-order polynomial equation. In this study, the effect of temperature, tryptone, inoculum size and incubation time on the lipase production were analysed by Plackett-Burman design screening experiments. The experiments were designed using four variable Central composite design of RSM using Design Expert software. This model predicted optimal activity of lipase of 58.53 U/mL at 1.5% tryptone, 10 mL inoculum size, incubated for 48 hrs at 34℃. This experiment was further validated and optimal activity of lipase of 57.85 U/mL was observed. Thus, RSM model enhanced the production of lipase and can be applied for the maximum yield of lipase.
- Comparative molecular, serological and pathological evaluation of the
combined IB-H120-D274 vaccine and Mass IB-H120 against Variant Avian 2
Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Isolated in Iran
Abstract: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has a variety of serotypes that cause many problems in the poultry industry. Two H120 and H120-D274 live vaccines were evaluated against strain IS/1494/06 (variant 2) infectious bronchitis virus challenge. The study aimed to determine whether it is possible to achieve success in controlling disease symptoms and pathological lesions and reducing virus shedding by combining two types of vaccines against different severities of the Poultry Infectious Bronchitis Virus. After random selection of 100 SPF chickens, four 25 chicks/group experimental groups were arranged in the H120 (IB-H120, Intervet®; Serial No: **** at 1st day + Booster 14th day + Challenged with IS/1494/06- 14 DPV), H120-D274 (Poulvac® IB Primer at 1st day + Booster 14th day + Challenged with IS/1494/06- 14 DPV), Control (No vaccine and No Challenge), and Challenged (No vaccine + Challenge). After euthanasia of the animals on the 42nd day of the research, serum neutralization (days 14, 28, and 42), ELISA (14 days after the booster vaccine and before challenged), Ciliostasis (7 days after the booster vaccine and seven days after challenged) and pathological lesion scores were evaluated on day 14 after being infected with IS/1494/06 type 2 strain (day 42). Also, the virus shedding was monitored by real-time RT-PCR. Infection with the IS/1494/06 variant2 strain showed high to moderate ciliostasis and pathologic scores. All groups that received the IB-H120-D274 vaccine had fewer lesions relatively. The IB-H120-D274 vaccinated groups showed the highest protection rates and high protection scores (70.3) compared to the IB-H120 vaccine groups (24.4). The virus shedding was significantly reduced in groups that received the H120-D274 vaccine compared to those that received the IB-H120 vaccine. In conclusion, the homologous IB-H120-D274 vaccine showed superior results compared to the IB-H120 vaccine.
- Seroprevalence and detection of Toxoplasma gondii, Echinococcus granulosus
in Human by indirect ELISA IgG in Baghdad City
Abstract: The present study was conducted from December 2021 until April 2023 at the College of Health and Medical, Al-Bayan University, Iraq, in Baghdad province, to detect the infection of Toxoplasma gondii in humans and identification by serological methods. Field studies were conducted from 1500 sera samples from hospitals and private medical laboratories. The sera samples were separated and examined by indirect ELISA IgG for the human kit to detect the infection with Toxoplasma gondii serologically. The serological results showed that 62% were positive. The present study recorded a high rate of infection in pregnant women at 70.4% (526/747) and then non-pregnant women at 53.6% (404/753). The serological results in males showed 57%, while the females showed 65.1%. It was noted non-significant difference. According to age groups 30-39 years, the high rate of infection was 90.2% (415/460), whereas the lowest infection among age groups < 20 years was 25.1% (83/330). However, serologically tested sera samples were positive for Echinococcus granuloses; 7.8% of 192 sera samples from humans were tested. Regarding the age group, the rate of infection was 10.2% (5\49) from <20 and >29 years, while from >30 to >39 years was 6.6% (3\45) and >40 years was 14% (7\50) with a high significant difference with Echinococcus. According to gender, the percentage of infestation in males was 5.7% out of (6\104) sera samples, while in females was 10.2% out of (9\88) sera samples with a highly significant difference (P≤0.01). Finally, regarding the months, the peak infection rate was recorded in March.
- Involvement of γ-Aminobutyric acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in
diabetic gastropathy in rats: possible beneficial effect of prolonged
treatment with insulin and magnesium supplement
Abstract: Gastrointestinal dysfunction is a severe and common complication in diabetic patients. Some evidence shows that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate contribute to diabetic gastrointestinal abnormalities. Hence, we examined the impact of prolonged treatment with insulin and magnesium supplement on the expression pattern of GABA type A (GABA-A), GABA-B and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors as well as nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS-1) in the stomach of type 2 diabetic rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomized to 4 groups (6 rats each): 1) control, 2) type 2 diabetes: rats fed with a high fat diet for 3 months + low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg), 3) type 2 diabetes + magnesium, and 4) type 2 diabetes + insulin. The expression of NOS-1 as well as GABA-A, GABA-B, and NMDA receptors was detected using western blotting. NOS-1 expression was substantially diminished (p<0.01) while the expression of GABA-A (p<0.001), GABA-B (p<0.001), and NMDA (p<0.001) receptors was enhanced in the stomach of diabetic rats relative to control. Treatment with magnesium and insulin improved NOS-1 expression in diabetic rats, although this effect was greater in magnesium treatment alone. Magnesium also restored the expression of GABA-A and GABA-B receptors in diabetic rats to control values. Moreover, insulin treatment improved GABA-A receptor expression in diabetic rats (p<0.05). No considerable alterations were detected in NMDA receptor level in the treatment groups. The results suggest a significant role of magnesium and insulin in improving gastric motility and secretory disorders associated with diabetes through modifying the expression of GABAergic receptors.
- Assessment of Serum Levels of Vitamin D and Selected Biochemical and
Hematological Parameters in Rats Post-Immunized with Inactivated COVID-19
Virus
Abstract: Serum levels of vitamin D (VD) are inversely correlated with the incidence or severity of COVID-19. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of inactivated COVID-19 virus (ICoV-19) immunization on vitamin D (VD) levels, as well as biochemical and hematological parameters in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. We randomly divided twenty rats into two groups of ten: the control group (Group I) and the ICoV-19-receiving group (Group II). We administered hydroxide aluminum (HA) and a single dose of ICoV-19 (107 TCID50 of the HB02 strain of COVID-19 virus) subcutaneously to rats in groups I and II, respectively. After three weeks (day 21), we administered booster doses to both groups. Blood samples were collected from the rats of both groups primarily for the experiment and 14 days after the second administration (35th day), and then samples were stored frozen until analysis. We found no significant differences in VD levels between the two groups on day 0, but on day 35, VD levels in group II rats had significantly decreased compared to group I rats (P<0.05). Additionally, group II rats had higher concentrations of fibrinogen, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), and lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) than group I rats (P<0.05). Group II rats also showed a significant increase in neutrophils (N %) and neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (N/L) after 35 days (P<0.05), while lymphocytes (L %) decreased. These findings suggest that vitamin D may play a role in preventing COVID-19 and be a potential candidate for managing and controlling of the disease.
- Absorbents therapy, as a conservative option, can improve kidney function
in chronic kidney disease
Abstract: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), also called chronic kidney failure, is increasingly recognized as a global public health problem in the entire world. It is characterized by slow, progressive and irreversible loss in kidney physiology. Todays, the prevalence of CKD is increasing dramatically. The CKD can affect almost every organ system including cardiovascular system. Many treatment have been attempted for CKD such as renal transplantation, hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). At the end stage of CKD, HD is the most widely used therapy throughout the world. Although, these options can decrease volume expansion and uremic solute retention and also increase patient survival. However, there are certain complications associated with the use of these methods. Previous studies have been reported that the main side effects are headache, muscle cramp, abdominal pain, hypotension, hypertension, vomiting, and constipation. Therefore, the investigation for better and more convenient dialysis technique should continue, as well as the search for a better material to enhance clearance of nitrogenous waste products from the body. The intestine has significant effect in the clearance of nitrogenous waste products from the body. Therefore, it can be an appropriate site for CKD management. The potential mechanism of intestinal dialysis (ID) techniques is that it can absorb excess fluids, uremic toxins and electrolytes within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and exerts them in the feces before they can be absorbed into the blood. In the present review, we will focus on different absorbents, as a conservative treatment, to remove uremic waste metabolites from the GI tract for improvement of kidney function in chronic kidney disease.
- Unveiling of the anti-tumor activity of green synthesized zinc
nanoparticles against Ehrlich solid tumors in mice
Abstract: Cancer as a threat to human life disease is considered by the disturbance of the normal cell cycle, which results in the spontaneous growth of cell growth, the lack of differentiation, and consequently malignant growths. Nowadays, various synthetic agents are applied for cancer therapy; nevertheless, the reports confirmed that these chemical agents are related to various adverse complications. This experimental study was designed to assess the anti-tumor activities of zinc nanoparticles (ZnNP) green synthesized by the Astragalus maximus against the Ehrlich solid tumors (EST) in mice. To induce the EST model, 0.2 ml of cell suspension was intramuscularly injected into the right thigh of the mice. Five-day post-injection, the mice were allocated into five groups (containing 8 mice/each group) including EST mice treated with normal saline, EST mice orally treated ZnNP 10 mg/kg/day, EST mice orally treated ZnNP 25 mg/kg/day, and EST mice orally treated ZnNP 50 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Then, the volume of the tumor, tumor growth inhibition, body weight, the tumor markers, oxidant/antioxidant markers, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha level (TNF-α), were assessed in tested mice. Our results showed that after the treatment of EST mice with CYC and ZnNPs at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg, the volume of tumor and serum amount of tumor markers of AFP and CEA were significantly reduced (p<0.001). We found that ZnNPs at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg markedly declined the oxidative markers and increased the level of antioxidant enzyme of SOD and GPx in comparison with the control group received normal saline (p<0.001). To conclude, we reported the unveiling of the anti-tumor activity of ZnNPs green synthesized by A. maximus extract mainly at the doses 50 mg/kg against Ehrlich solid tumors (EST) in mice; however, further supplementary studies are required to clear all anti-tumor aspects of these nanoparticles.
- The first malaria vaccine RTS,S: A step towards eradication of malaria
Abstract: Malaria is a mosquito-borne life-threatening illness caused by the parasites, Plasmodium. Around 50% of the world’s population is at danger of this infectious disease. Antimalarial drug-Artemisinin, extracted from the plant Artemisia annua and has become a fundamental part of treatment regime for malaria across the world. The use of Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) against uncomplicated malaria has been endorsed by World Health Organization (WHO). As per the latest World malaria report (2022), around 247 million malaria cases were reported in 2021 from 84 malaria endemic nations (including the territory of French Guiana), a considerable upsurge from 245 million reported in the year 2020. One of the foremost reasons for this increase was linked with disturbance to services for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment measures during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. On 6th of October 2021, the WHO suggested RTS,S vaccine, the first malaria vaccine, for its use against Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children residing in areas with moderate to high transmission. In July 2022, WHO granted prequalification support for the RTS,S vaccine. One million plus children living in African countries (mainly Ghana, Kenya and Malawi) have got at least one dose of this groundbreaking malaria vaccine through programmes coordinated by WHO and international and country-level partners. RTS,S is a significant initial footstep in the path to production of other highly protective vaccines/multi-stage vaccines that may become a part of the malaria eradication programs in near future. Several malariologists are working on early clinical development or trial phases of first-generation and next-generation malaria vaccines, such as R21/Matrix-M, and malaria vaccine using mRNA technology.
- Situation and Outcome of Multiple Parasitic Infections in Iran: A
Narrative Review
Abstract: Multiple parasitic infections frequently occur all over the world particularly in the developing countries where environmental and socioeconomic parameters predispose communities to various parasitic agents. This phenomenon complicates the diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasitic diseases in endemic communities, causing significant adverse clinical and epidemiological outcomes. This study aimed to explore different aspects of multi-parasitism of human and tried to present a conceptual outline and a comprehensive outlook on the outcomes of multi-parasitism and missed infections in Iran, where this issue has been under considered. Concomitant parasitic infections present several challenges including misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of human parasitic diseases and are major pitfalls in clinical parasitology labs in Iran. Reliable diagnosis is a key to the proper and effective treatment of parasitic infections, and this could be more complicated in the case of multiple parasitic infections. Poor diagnostic accuracy could be potentially life threatening particularly in immunocompromised people. Moreover, transmission dynamics, distribution pattern and control programs of parasitic diseases are significantly affected by underdiagnosed parasitic infections. Polyparasitism is a common feature of the epidemiology of parasitic infections in Iran, where environmental and sanitary conditions and socioeconomic parameters predispose communities to the infections. Complementary diagnostic methods could detect low-intensity infections that would have otherwise gone undiagnosed in a conventional clinical laboratory. In most laboratories in the endemic countries use of these methods is neither feasible nor cost effective. Successful implementation of national reference labs for the diagnosis of parasitic infections is essential for the reliable diagnosis, effective treatment, and relieving burden of diseases.
- Butea monosperma as a collective phytomedicine, including environmentally
sustainable, conservative and beneficial plant
Abstract: Nature exists as a golden spot and supplies the remedies to treat all diseases of mankind. Plant kingdom stand for plethora of natural compounds, well known for utilized in therapeutic applications and might act the way for expansion of novel mediators having decent efficiency in many pathological disorders in future. In India and throught the world herbs becoming principle and popular medicine. Recognized green medicines are better than synthetic one with less side effects. From ancient periods plants have been intended for their medicinal properties for treating various health ailments because of their lesser side effects, availability of the agent, their cost and potential effectiveness. Medicinal value of plants comes from various vegetative parts of the plant including flowers, fruit, bark, roots, leaves, seeds and its modified parts. The Indian forests are the major repository of remedial and aromatic medicinal plants, which are composed for production of plethora remedies against various diseases. Butea monosperma is one of traditional ayurvedic medicinal plant considered as rich source of ingredients which can be used in drug development as home remedies to treat various diseases such as diarrhea, constipation, hypertension, dehydration, bronchial asthma, leucorrhea, infection, liver, stomach disorders including cancer. The seed powder known for having specific pharmaceutical and insecticidal activities. This study highlights the traditional ayurvedic importance of a eminent medicinal plant Butea monosperma, with its active chemical constituents, pharmacological importance, environmentally sustainable, ecological, and economical importance of the plant. This plant can be planted everywhere to make use of its versatile applications.
- The impact of chitosan nanoparticles coating with Sodium lactate on beef
hamburger quality during storage at 4 °C: oxidative stability, microbial
and sensorial characteristics
Abstract: In this study, the nano chitosan particles were produced by ionotropic gelation between sodium tripolyphosphate and chitosan. The effect of nano chitosan with or without sodium lactate coating was evaluated on physicochemical (pH, TBA, i.e., thiobarbituric acid, total volatile basic nitrogen and peroxide), microbial (total mesophilic and psychrotrophic viable counts, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and molds) and sensorial properties of beef burgers within 24 days of storage at 4 ° C. The solutions of 1% nano chitosan (T1), 2% nano chitosan (T2), 2.5 % sodium lactate (T3), 1% nanochitosan +2.5 % sodium lactate (T4) and 2% nanochitosan+2.5% sodium lactate (T5) were used for the coating. The results showed the increment of microbial growth of all treatments during storage time while the T4 and T5 samples had the lowest microbial counts which shows the synergistic effect of sodium lactate and nano chitosan. The pH of all samples was in acidic to neutral status (5.48 - 7.15) and increased during 24 days of storage and the pH value of T4 and T5 samples increased with a lower slope. On the other side, the evaluation of peroxide and TBARS values exhibited that nano chitosan had more efficient preservative effect than sodium lactate and both of them in alone form had lower antioxidant activity than their combined form. Furthermore, among all treatments, T4 and T5 samples have the best sensorial scores. These results indicated that nano chitosan and sodium lactate have synergistic effect and can be effectively applied to expand the shelf life of beef burgers.
- Newcastle disease vaccination program in broilers using a Apathogenic
heat-resistant vaccine
Abstract: The Newcastle disease (ND) is among the most common and deadly poultry diseases worldwide. Thermostable Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines have been used widely to protect village chickens against Newcastle disease, due to their decreased dependence on cold chain for transport and storage. The Newcastle Disease V4 Heat-Resistant (NDV4HR) vaccine is an Apathogenic heat-resistant live vaccine that can induce immunity in chickens. A total of 60 one-day-old Arain local hybrid broilers divided into three groups of 20. Group A had the usual vaccination program in broiler flocks (7 Days old: B1 type by eye drop+ ND Killed vaccine by IM; 18 and 28 days old: Lasota strain orally), group B did not receive any vaccine, and Group C received orally the NDV4HR vaccine six times from the first day to the 35th day of rearing. All groups were nasally challenged with acute Newcastle virus (genotype VIId) on the 35th rearing day. Regarding HI serum antibody titer of the birds after the challenge, group B had the highest (7.12 ± 1.05), and Group C (6.37 ± 1.31) had a higher titer than Group A (6 ± 1.22). After the challenge with the Newcastle virus, the necropsy findings and clinical symptoms of the disease were almost similar in groups A and C. Group B showed the most signs with higher casualties than other groups. Regarding weight gain, Group C had the most weight at the end of the study (2204 ± 106). On the second day after the challenge, groups A and B had virus shedding through the trachea and cloaca; however, group B shed the virus only through the trachea. Furthermore, on the 7th day after the challenge, group A shed the virus through the cloaca, and group B through the trachea and the cloaca. At the same time, there was no virus shedding in group C. This study showed that V4HR vaccine provokes an antibody response that protects the birds against virulent virus challenge.
- Isolation and molecular identification of Deoxynivalenol and Fumonisin
producing genes from maize feed contaminated with Fusarium fungus in silos
of dairy farms in Fars province-Iran
Abstract: Mycotoxins are the toxins produced by various types of fungi, including Fusarium, which can produce different types of mycotoxins such as Deoxynivalenol (DON), Zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 toxin, and Fumonisins (FUM). Mycotoxins have the potential to reduce the quality of crops and pose health risks to both humans and animals. This can result in reduced animal production and substantial economic consequences on a global scale. Extensive research has been carried out to investigate the high incidence of contamination in grains by Fusarium fungi. In this study, 80 samples of maize from silos of dairy farms in Fars province, Iran were taken and examined for fungal contamination by Fusarium and potential production of DON and FUM. For this purpose, identification using specific primers for different genes was carried out by PCR test and gel electrophoresis with agarose (1%). Among different counties, the silos in Kharameh with 47.05% and Jahrom with 46.15% had the highest contamination rate, and the lowest contamination rate belonged to Kazeroon with 27.27%. Out of the 30 positive samples contaminated by Fusarium, 21 produced FUM, four produced DON, and five produced both toxins. Fusarium species that contaminated the maize samples were also identified, including 13, 10, and 7 samples contaminated by F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, and F. graminearum, respectively. As a conclusion, the findings of the study indicate that 37.5% of the corn samples from dairy farm silos in Fars province were contaminated with the Fusarium fungus, which had the potential to produce the toxic mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and fumonisins.
- Morbidity profile of the patients attending Mobile Medical Unit camps in
Telangana – a record-based study
Abstract: Introduction: Mobile Medical Units (MMUs) were one of the major initiatives under the National Rural Health Mission. These MMUs help in reaching the unreached. It helps people in remote, underserved areas to access healthcare at affordable prices at their doorstep. Objectives: In this study, we aim to assess the morbidity profile of the patients attending Mobile Medical Unit camps in Yadadri-Bhuvanagiri district between April 2022 to December 2022. Methodology: This is a record-based study. MMU is run by department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS, Bibinagar in six selected villages of Yadadri-Bhuvanagiri district. (Fig.1). A register is maintained for recording the details of patients visitingthe MMU camp. Patient’s name, age, gender, place, mobile number, height, weight, blood pressure (BP), glucometer based Random Blood Sugar (GRBS), diagnosis, and details of medication dispensed were entered in the register. Diabetes was diagnosed using the WHO criteria , hypertension using the Eighth Joint National Committee guidelines , obesity using the WHO Asia Pacific guidelines. Mobile Medical Unit camp data is entered into excel database at the end of every month. As it is a record-based analysis, we used data between April 7th 2022 to December 31st, 2022 for analysis. Results: A total of 1494 patients were treated in the MMU camps during this period. Among them 89.4% were adults & 10.6 % were children (less than 18 years). Among 1336 adult patients, majority of the study participants suffered from osteoarthritis followed by non-communicable diseases. The mean systolic BP of the adult population was 131 (±21) mmHg and diastolic BP of the population was 77 (±13) mm Hg. The mean random blood glucose levelof the adult Population was 150 (±74) mg/dl. A total of 158 children were less than 18 years, out of which 78 participants were males and 80 participants were females. Majority suffered from upper respiratory tract infections among males (23.1%) and females (25%) respectively. Conclusion: The study further suggests that NCD epidemic is spreading to rural areas where necessary health infrastructure is insufficient. MMUs can bring a significant change in the public health system, which needs to re-orient its priorities.
- Investigating the Mechanisms Involved in Scopolamine-Induced Memory
Degradation
Abstract: In the present study, the mechanisms involved in scopolamine-induced memory impairment have been investigated. The molecular events that take place during memory mostly include mechanisms that are seen in the acquisition phase. Results show that one of the mechanisms of memory destruction caused by scopolamine, in addition to weakening the cholinergic system, is the indirect effect of scopolamine on other neurotransmitter systems, including the glutamatergic system. Scopolamine injection increases dopamine by inhibiting M2/4 muscarinic auto receptors. These auto receptors are located on dopaminergic presynaptic neurons, and their activation reduces the release of dopamine. Therefore, blocking these auto receptors by scopolamine can increase the release of dopamine. Both D1 and D2 receptors are involved in the process of learning and memory. In general, stimulation of dopamine D1 receptors follows an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve, meaning that both insufficient and excessive amounts of dopamine cause memory impairment. Therefore, one of the mechanisms of scopolamine-induced memory impairment can be an indirect effect on the dopaminergic system. Effect on cell membrane potential, effect on neuron plasticity and interaction with acetylcholine. Serotonin plays a complex role in memory and learning. Serotonin receptors (5-HT2A) also play a role in memory function through their effect on calcium transport. This action is similar to dopamine receptors and other G-protein-coupled receptors, which activate phospholipase C, enter calcium into the cell, and activate calcineurin. Activation of 5-HT2A receptors as well as 5-HT4 receptors by specific agonists of these receptors enhances LTP, which plays a very important role in memory. On the other hand, specific 5-HT3 receptor antagonist improves LTP. 5-HT6 receptor antagonist can improve memory function. Therefore, different serotonin receptors have different roles on memory function, and the interaction between scopolamine and these receptors needs further study. It has been shown that histamine increases the secretion of acetylcholine in the hippocampus and postsynaptic H1 and presynaptic H3 receptors play an important role in memory and learning, but whether scopolamine can cause memory impairment through interaction with histamine receptors, not reviewed.
- USE OF TRANEXAMIC ACID IN SARS-CoV-2: BOON OR A BANE'
Abstract: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic agent commonly used for the treatment or prevention of bleeding. Indications for TXA are diverse, including heavy menstrual bleeding, trauma, postpartum hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and surgical site bleeding. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Most people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. However, some will become seriously ill and require medical attention. Older people and those with underlying medical conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. Anyone can get sick with COVID-19 and become seriously ill or die at any age. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2 or COVID-19) originated in Wuhan, China has spread at an alarming pace throughout the world and declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The air droplet spread of SARS-CoV2 which is potentially fatal is of great global health concern. Various drugs and treatment modalities have been tried to date but none has been found to be definitive. Tranexamic acid commonly used in pigmentary disorders in Dermatology due to its ability to reduce the melanocyte tyrosinase activity also possesses anti-fibrinolytic and anti-inflammatory properties which have been observed to suppress the cytokine storm and modulate coagulopathy in patients suffering from COVID19. Tranexamic acid when administered early has been effective in decreasing the severity of symptoms in patients of COVID-19 but on the contrary, has also been associated with life-threatening thrombosis if given as a single drug.
- Linalool, Cineole, and β-Bourbonene Coupled with Aerobic Training
improved the PSEN1/APP/IL1β/CASP3 networks, oxidative capacity and
miRNA-210 in mice with Alzheimer's disease.
Abstract: Alzheimer's is an advanced nervous disorder related to aging. This research aims to determine the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and linalool, cineole, and β-Bourbonene on preventing and improving Alzheimer's disease. Mice randomly divided into 8 groups: Control group, Mice induced Alzheimer's disease treating with β-amyloid (Alzheimer group), Alzheimer's mice were treated with bioactive compounds of herbal medicine (Linalool with a concentration of 25 mg/kg, Cineol with a concentration of 100 mg/kg, β-Bourbonene with a concentration of 0.20 μg by gavage for 8 weeks, Alzheimer+Biocompounds group), Alzheimer's mice treated with aerobic exercise with a moderate intensity treadmill for 8 weeks (Alzheimer's+Training group), Alzheimer's mice treated with bioactive compounds of herbal medicine and aerobic exercise for 8 weeks (Alzheimer+Biocompounds+Training group), Healthy mice were first treated with the bioactive compounds of the herbal medicine, and then were induced with Alzheimer's (Biocompounds+Alzheimer group), Healthy mice were first treated with aerobic exercise using a treadmill with moderate intensity for 8 weeks and then induced Alzheimer's disease (Training+Alzheimer group), Healthy mice were first treated with the bioactive compounds of the herbal medicine and aerobic exercise for 8 weeks and then induced Alzheimer's disease (Biocompounds+Training+Alzheimer group). Compared to other groups, the IL1β/CASP3/PSEN1/APP level improved in mice first treated with aerobic exercise and biocompounds. Oxidative capacity was improved by exercise training and bioactive compounds. In addition, exercise training and bioactive compounds regulated the miRNA-210 in the hippocampus of the mice with Alzheimer's. We could conclude that consuming biocompounds and aerobic training can manage and prevent Alzheimer's.
- Prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in Birds of Iran and its Pathological
Findings: A Review study
Abstract: Trichomonas gallinae is a flagellated protozoan parasite that affects numerous avian species worldwide, causing a range of diseases collectively termed trichomonosis. This review study aimed to present a comprehensive analysis of the prevalence of T. gallinae in birds of Iran, along with an exploration of its associated pathological findings. Through an extensive search of published studies, scientific databases, and relevant literature, we identified several studies conducted in Iran that focused on the prevalence of T. gallinae in different bird populations as well as their pathological effect. These studies utilized a variety of techniques, including direct microscopic examination, culture methods, and molecular tools to detect and identify the presence of this parasite. This review study indicates that T. gallinae infections are prevalent among various bird species in Iran, including Domestic pigeons, Zebra Finches and Turkey. The prevalence rates reported showed significant differences among various regions and bird species, ranging from as low as 2.5% in zebra finches to as high as 70% in pigeons. The clinical signs of infected birds varied from no clinical signs to visible yellowish-white masses of caseous necrotic material, hyperplasia of mucous cells and significant congestion of lung. These findings underline the importance of T. gallinae as a significant pathogen affecting avian populations in Iran. Using at least two techniques such as culture or PCR in addition to direct smear is recommended for better diagnosis of infection. The study highlights the need for further epidemiological studies to better understand the risk factors associated with T. gallinae transmission and to develop effective prevention and control strategies.
- Wound healing activity of green synthesized copper nanoparticles through
cell proliferation-migration, antimicrobial effects, and nitric oxide
triggering
Abstract: The present experimental study was designed to evaluate the in vitro wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) green synthesized by the methanol extract Ferula macrecolea Boiss, as a plant with various pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects in traditional and modern medicine. The precipitation approach was used to green synthesis of CuNPs through mixing the methanol and copper sulfate solution. Cell viability and fibroblast proliferation assay were performed by MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay. The migration abilities of fibroblasts cells were evaluated using a cell scratch in vitro wound healing assay. Effects of CuNPs on iNOS expression genes were also performed by Real-time PCR. In vitro antibacterial susceptibility test of CuNPs was carried out according to the standards protocol of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). The analysis of SEM revealed that the green synthesized CNP exhibited a globular shape with a size ranging from 15-90 nm; while their majority were at 40-60 nm. The results of the MTT assay showed that the calculated CC50 value of green synthesized CuNPs was 236.3 μg/mL. The optimum concentrations of the CuNPs which were selected based on the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) value; whereas dose-dependently increased the proliferation of fibroblast cells. The CuNPs dose-dependently increased the rate of wound closure after 16 and 24 h. The results of the Real-Time PCR showed that CuNPs causes an upregulation in expression level of gene of nitric oxide synthesis (iNOS) in RAW 264.7 cells. CuNPs showed the promising antimicrobial effects against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and Ps. aeruginosa. The present study showed the high potency of CuNPs green synthesized by F. macrecolea for wound healing through their antimicrobial, proliferation of fibroblast cells, and provoking iNOS.
- Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Ferula elaeochytris
Korovin methanolic extract in rat model
Abstract: Today, the current chemical agents for pain control have relatively many complications. They are associated with the occurrence of disorders in the digestive system, kidney damage, or addiction, which has caused people to find newer drugs that, in addition to removing side effects, are cheap and available. The present in vivo survey aimed to assess the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of Ferula elaeochytris Korovin methanolic extract (FEME) in male Swiss mice. After obtaining the methanolic extract through the maceration process, the antinociceptive efficacy of FEME at doses of 25 to 100 mg/kg was assessed by the tail-flick, hot-plate, and formalin tests. In addition, anti-inflammatory evaluation was performed by the Carrageenan-induced paw edema model. We found that in the tail-flick and hot plate test, FEME mainly at the dose of 100 mg/kg significantly reduced the latency time as well as better the time of the observance of licking or jumping in comparison with normal saline (P<0.001). We reported that FEME at 50, and 100 mg/kg considerably declined the pain behaviors in the acute and chronic phase in comparison with normal saline (p<0.001). FEME markedly (p < 0.05) declined paw edema in a dose- and time-dependent response, so a significant difference was observed in paw edema followed by treatment with FEME at 50 and 100 mg/kg (p<0.001). To conclude, this study reported the potent analgesic and inflammatory effects of F. elaeochytris methanolic extract to control peripheral and central pain. However, additional experiments are mandatory to clear the accurate mechanisms of action of this plant.
- The emergence potential of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia felis as
zoonotic agents causing eye and respiratory infections in humans and
animals
Abstract: Abstract Members of the Chlamydiaceae are obligate Gram-negative intracellular pathogens causing panoply of infectious diseases. As a zoonotic pathogen, Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) has been associated with a wide spectrum of infections in both wild and domestic animals, particularly birds. In humans, C. psittaci generates influenza-like symptoms, pneumonia, endocarditis, fever, chills, myalgia and headache. Similar to other Chlamydia species, virulence factors of C. psittaci mainly involve Type III secretory system, type IV system effectors (TARP), CopN, HctA and HctB, OmcA, OmcB, OmpA, major outer membrane protein (MOMP), PorB and Euo. In particular, C. psittaci may predispose patients to other respiratory pathogens. Direct contact and inhalation of contaminated air droplets from birds is a risk factor of infection transmission. Other risk factors are pregnancy, dense population, intensive agriculture, bird litter, and close contact with cats and dogs. Therefore, more care should be taken concerning close contact with these pet animals. Fortunately, these infections have been treated more effectively thanks to the development of novel drug delivery systems over the past decades. Considering highly contagious potential of C. psittaci and C. felis alongside wide host range and available risk factors, proper control strategies are essential to prevent their dissemination. خلاصهاعضای Chlamydiaceae پاتوژن های درون سلولی گرم منفی اجباری هستند که باعث ایجاد بیماری های عفونی می شوند. به عنوان یک پاتوژن مشترک بین انسان و دام، کلامیدیا پسیتاسی (C. psittaci) با طیف گسترده ای از عفونت ها در حیوانات وحشی و اهلی، به ویژه پرندگان مرتبط است. در انسان، C. psittaci علائمی شبیه آنفولانزا، ذات الریه، اندوکاردیت، تب، لرز، میالژی و سردرد ایجاد می کند. مانند سایر گونه های کلامیدیا، فاکتورهای حدت C. psittaci عمدتاً شامل سیستم ترشحی نوع III، تأثیرگذارهای سیستم نوع IV (TARP)، CopN، HctA و HctB، OmcA، OmcB، OmpA، پروتئین غشای خارجی اصلی (MOMP)، PorB و Euo است. . به طور خاص، C. psittaci ممکن
- Molecular characterization of Strongyloides stercoralis in Mazandaran
Province, North of Iran
Abstract: Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasitic nematode that lives in the mucosa of the small intestine and causes strongyloidiasis in humans. Mazandaran is one of the endemic areas of this parasite in Iran. For detecting S. stercoralis larvae in stool samples various types of techniques such as PCR technique have been used. The present study was conducted to determine the molecular characteristics of S. stercoralis collected from residents of Mazandaran, northern Iran. From April to September 2017, a number of 2195 samples of human feces were collected from different regions of Mazandaran province. First, all stool samples were tested using the formalin-ether method. Then, S. stercoralis positive stool samples and 300 random samples were selected for molecular study. A set of primer pairs for conventional PCR was used in a PCR reaction to amplify the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1) gene. To confirm the results of PCR, positive samples were sent for sequencing. The sequence was compared with reference sequences from GenBank. Phylogenetic relationships of the Cox1 gene of S. stercoralis inferred by the maximum likelihood algorithm. According to our results, in the stool test with the formal ether method, 21 stool samples (0.95%) were found to be positive for S. stercoralis and 162 samples (38.7%) were positive for other parasites . All 21 positive samples were confirmed as S. stercoralis by PCR method. The sequence of the samples overlapped 99% with S. stercoralis in the Genbank. Our results showed that conventional PCR could detect all samples that were microscopically positive.
- Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoan Parasites among Children attending the
Hevi Pediatric Hospital in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Abstract: AbstractThis study aims to determine the prevalence rate of intestinal protozoan infection among children, in Duhok Province, North of Iraq, during the period between October 2022 to May 2023. A cross-sectional study was done among 740 children attending Hevi Pediatric Hospital, Duhok Province, Iraq. First, all collected stool samples were examined directly by preparing a wet stool smear for detection of the vegetative stage (Trophozoite) of both E. histolytica and G. lamblia. Then, all stool samples were preserved at - 22°C till used for identification of cysts of protozoa and oocysts of C. parvaum by the Telmman concentration stool method. The average child’s age was between 1-14 years in the current study. Out of the 740 stool samples collected, 205 (27.7%) were positive for intestinal protozoan infections, as follows: 160 children (78.0%) tested positive for E. histolytica, 35 children (17.1%) were positive for C. parvum, and only 10 (4.9%) were positive for G. lamblia. However, the results indicate a statistically significant difference between the prevalence of E. histolytica, C.parvum, and G. lamblia infections across different age groups. This result is significant at a P value < 0.05. The highest infection rates of intestinal protozoa, including E.histolytica, C. parvum, and G.lamblia, were reported in age groups between 5-9 years (53.75%, 25.0%, and 60.0%) respectively, then followed by age groups between 1-4 years (28.75%,20.0% and 30.0%) respectively, and finally followed by age group between 10-14 years (17.55, 8.6%, and 10.0%) respectively. The prevalence of amoebaisis and cryptosporidiosis was reported higher than in the other studies done in Iraq, while the prevalence of giardiasis was reported at a lower rate than the rate reported before in Iraq and Duhok mainly. These infections continue to pose a difficult public health issue and necessitate the implementation of stronger and more effective preventative measures.
- Effect of Ultrasound on the Physical, Biochemical, Anti-oxidant, and
Antimicrobial Properties of Industrial Iranian Honey
Abstract: Honey is a sweet and nutritious product of Apis mellifera bees. It contains glucose, fructose, water, minerals, vitamins, organic acids, phenolic compounds, and enzymes . Honey has various functional properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, prebiotic, and anticancer, which are essential for human health [4]. Because of its unique properties, honey is known not only as a nutritious spice but also as a medicine with healing properties. Honey is a high-dense sugar solution; it can produce coarse crystals by changing the conditions (such as glucose level, humidity, temperature, impurity, and ecology) and lead to quality loss . This study aimed to determine the effect of ultrasound at two different frequencies of 30 and 42 kHz on the physical, biochemical, anti-oxidant, and antimicrobial properties of industrial Iranian honey. All samples (except control) were treated using ultrasound at 30 or 42 kHz for 1, 5, or 10 minutes at 20 or 45 °C. Then the following parameters were measured: HMF content, pH, acidity, proline, total count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, diastase, moisture, sucrose, fructose, glucose, the ratio of fructose to glucose, ABTS, osmophiles, phenol, reducing sugars and total sugars on days 1, 30, 90, and 180. In both treatment groups exposed to ultrasound, there were changes in these parameters. The group treated with 42 kHz ultrasound showed a decrease in moisture, pH, acidity, fructose-to-glucose ratio, total sugars, clostridium, total microbial count, mold, osmophiles, HMF, and an increase in diastase, proline, and phenol. The changes were more significant on days 90 and 180. Ultrasound at 42 kHz for 10 minutes at 45 °C could lead to an increase in the quality and shelf life of industrial honey. In conclusion, this technique can be used in the food industry to provide a higher quality product as well as a more successful export.
- Epidemiological study of Intestinal protozoan Infections: A
Cross-sectional study in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq during
2018-2022
Abstract: Background and aims: Intestinal protozoan parasitic infections are considered one of the most frequent types of infection caused by these parasites and remain a major health problem for communities. This study aims to detect the frequency of intestinal protozoan infections infection among Zakho general population from October 2018 to June 2022. Methods: This study was performed as a cross-sectional study among 2118 patients referring to private medical diagnostic laboratories in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Samples of faecal matter were collected and subjected to analysis using two different techniques: direct observation under the microscope (wet mount) and formalin-ether concentration methods. Morphological characteristics of trophozoites and cysts were used to identify E. histolytica using microscopical examination.Results: Out of 2118 recruited samples, 1155 (54.53%) were male and 963 (45.47%) were female. The mean age of participants was 20.41 (±19.12) with ages ranging from 1-63 years. The overall prevalence of protozoan infections was 395/2118 (18.65%). Out of these, Entamoeba histolytica was the predominant pathogenic protozoa infection 271 (68.61%), followed by Giardia lamblia 100 (25.31%). A significant association was seen between Entamoeba histolytica and age groups (p=0.003) and gender (p=0.004). The highest infection rate was reported among the age group <15 years (55.72%). We also found a higher rate of Giardia infection among age group <15 years (46%) with significant differences (p=0.002) and a higher rate of Giardia seen in females (55%) with significant association (p=0.014). Conclusion: The frequency of Giardia lamblia and E. histolytica infections in our study was higher than other studies reported in Iraq and other countries, and these infections continue to pose a difficult public health issue and necessitate the implementation of stronger and more effective preventative measures.
- Involvement of the orexin 1 and 2 receptors in nucleus incertus (NI) on
modulation of spatial reference memory in the Morris water maze
Abstract: The nucleus incertus (NI) is a distinct area within the brainstem near the posterior part of the tegmentum. This part of the brain consists of some heterogeneous neurons that play roles in different functions, including response to stress, arousal, learning, and modulating hippocampal theta rhythm. Orexin neuropeptides also have widespread distributions and overlapping actions within the NI. However, the actions of the orexin receptors in the NI are not well characterized. In the present study, the effect of post-training and pre-probe of trial intra-NI administration of SB-33486-A (OX1R antagonist) (12 μg/0.5μl) and TCS-OX2-29 (OX2R antagonist) (10 μg/0.5 μl) on consolidation and retrieval in Morris Water Maze (MWM) task was examined. In the experiment 1, rats were trained in MWM and immediately after every training received injections of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (control group), SB-334867-A, and TCS-OX2-29 into NI. Experiment 2 was similar to experiment 1 except rats received DMSO, SB-33486-A, and TCS-OX2-29, 15 minutes before the probe test. In subsequent experiments, probe and visible tests were performed after the last training and distance moved, escape latency, and velocity were recorded. In experiment 3, rats trained in experiments 1 and 2 immediately after the probe test were given trials for visuomotor coordination assessment on the visible platform. The results showed that the spatial reference memory consolidation phase was significantly impaired by SB-334867-A or TCS-OX2-29 (P < 0.05), while the retrieval phase was not affected (P > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the orexinergic system in the NI has a key role in consolidation in rats through both OX1 and OX2 receptors.
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