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- Novel and Green Method for Synthesis of Fluorescent ZnS Quantum Dots from
Latex of Plant Calotropis gigantea-
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Abstract: Abstract A novel and facile biogenic method has been developed to synthesize small sized and highly fluorescent zinc sulfide (ZnS) quantum dots (QDs) from the latex of plant Calotropis gigantea. Extraction of milky white latex was done during the early morning hours by cutting the green stems. Quantum dots prepared by this one step method were found to be water soluble and highly stable. The optical properties of ZnS QDs were analyzed by UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of ZnS QDs as sharp peak is observed at 693 cm−1 that corresponds to the Zn–S stretching. Size of ZnS QDs was found in the range of 2–3 nm in diameter, and they were spherical in shape. This was further confirmed by the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) as well as by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) studies. Also, sharp and strong diffraction peaks of XRD indicated the excellent crystallinity of the ZnS QDs. The results signify that the proposed ZnS quantum dots could be exploited for bio-sensor, bio-imaging, and drug delivery applications.
PubDate: 2023-01-13
- Utilization of Drug Decision Support Strategies Including Drug
Characteristics to Reduce the Risk of Iatrogenesis in Advanced Age-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review The goal of this review is to examine currently available risk drug decision support strategies including medication characteristics in reducing the risk of medication-related iatrogenesis in the older adult. Older adults are at a significantly increased risk of medication-related iatrogenesis due to a myriad of factors: polypharmacy, multiple prescribers, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of aging, disease burden, and more. With a still-increasing proportion of Medicaid-aged patients in the US healthcare system, it is imperative to direct limited healthcare resources to have the highest impact on risk reduction. Recent Findings Recent research shows many strategies are available to identify the risk of medication-related iatrogenesis in the older adult, but there is a dearth of literature supporting strategies to reduce risk thereafter. Such strategies include medication class-specific risk scores, tools to identify potentially inappropriate medications, risk stratification tools, prescribing cascade identification, and preemptive pharmacogenomic testing. Summary There is currently not enough literature to achieve consensus on the best strategy to reduce the risk of medication-related iatrogenesis in this population. There are innumerable tools to identify high-risk patients and most are only able to address one or two facets of this complex problem. Risk mitigation studies are extremely heterogenous in their choice of outcomes and method of risk reduction; future research will need to become more standardized and study larger populations of older adults.
PubDate: 2023-01-09
- Molecular Mechanisms of Bismuth-containing Drugs Against Helicobacter
pylori: a Further Update-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections cause various gastric diseases in humans, such as gastritis, peptic ulcerations, and even gastric cancer. Bismuth-based triple or quadruple therapies have been commonly recommended for the treatment of H. pylori infections. Up to now, the molecular mechanisms by which bismuth inhibits the growth of H. pylori are far from fully clear. Recent Findings The present concise review intends to cover the most recent reports and discoveries, especially in the past 10 years ever since our previous review on the inhibitory mechanism of bismuth-containing drugs against H. pylori. The proteome work and in vitro studies all supported that enzyme inhibition, attenuated ROS defense, disruption of the intracellular iron metabolism, and reduced bacterium-host cell adhesion are the principal mechanisms underlying the actions of bismuth against H. pylori. Summary The review presented here will help us to understand further the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of metal-based drugs and stimulate further development of effective anti-bacterial drugs.
PubDate: 2022-12-31
- Promising Molecular Targets and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in
Neuroblastoma-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This article provides a brief and up-to-date overview of promising molecular targets and novel therapeutic approaches in neuroblastoma (NB). Recent Findings High-risk NB is hard to manage with existing treatment modalities, so more than half of those cases are unable to achieve long-term survival. With a deep understanding of molecular pathogenesis, numerous therapeutic targets have been discovered, offering a wide range of novel strategies to treat high-risk NB. Several molecular targets or pathways of NB are well studied, such as GD2, MYCN, ALK, p53/MDM2, PI3K/Akt/mTOR/, and RAS/MAPK signaling. Novel targeted drugs and combined therapies are being developed and investigated for treating high-risk NB in preclinical and clinical trials. Considering different NB patients respond to molecular-guided therapy and conventional therapy differently, how to design an effective personalized therapy remains a big challenge. Summary Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies have been approved to treat high-risk NB. Inhibitors targeting MYCN, ALK, p53/MDM2, RAS/MAPK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR are being tested in phase I/II clinical trials. However, most research on molecularly targeted therapy stays at the preclinical level. More valuable targets need to be identified, and more efficient therapies need to be developed. Further, exploration of new combinations using inhibitors targeting multiple targets and conventional therapy is still the most important research direction in future, which would advance treatment regimens, improve outcomes, and prolong survival in children with high-risk NB.
PubDate: 2022-12-31
- Interaction Between Natural Products and Gut Microbiota
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This paper presents a brief overview of the potential interaction and interaction mechanisms between natural products and gut microbiota. Recent Findings Natural products are often described as small molecules and/or secondary metabolites produced by living organisms. They have been important parts of traditional medicine since ancient times and they can show various promising pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial cardioprotective and anticarcinogenic effects. Moreover, it has been recently discovered that natural products and their bioactive compounds can change the composition-diversity and the metabolites of the gut microbiota, and intestinal tight junction protein structure, mucosal immunology, and gut homeostasis which may affect the development and prognosis of certain diseases, and this microbiota-natural product interaction is bidirectional. Besides, natural products can regulate dysbiosis and promote systemic inflammation caused by endotoxemia by various biological mechanisms. However, the unique chemical structure of each natural product differentiates their effects on gut microbiota modulation and indirectly affects health and disease outcomes. Summary In this paper, we have briefly reviewed about the interaction between gut microbiota and most popular natural products as phytochemicals origin of medicinal herbal and dietary products, lipid and lipid derivatives as dietary fat and oils, bioactive lipids, plant-derived essential oils and sterols, and biotics as prebiotics and probiotics.
PubDate: 2022-12-31
- Correction to: Lefamulin: a New Hope in the Field of Community-Acquired
Bacterial Pneumonia-
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PubDate: 2022-11-02
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00308-6
- Nano-mediated Strategies for Metal Ion–Induced Neurodegenerative
Disorders: Focus on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review What accounts for the low success rate of the treatment against neurodegenerative disorders (ND) is the inability of the neurons to replenish again after cell death. Neuronal cell death and axon degenerations are common as we age. The etiology of the ND holds multiple reasons, among which the accumulation of metal ions is the common cause. Recent Findings Metals are the necessary elements to maintain homeostasis and participate in the regulation of other metabolic activities. The presence and concentration of specific metals at specific locations are required to perform specific functions. The concentration of the metals should be maintained on a scale to avoid unfavorable actions. Deficiency or accumulation of metals results in neuron dysfunction or death. Issues occurring due to this need to be addressed by appropriate imaging techniques to cure the condition. Proper diagnostic methods to locate the cell death and provide better therapy are still lacking in the case of ND. This is due to the physiological barrier, the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which provides less or no access to the foreign bodies into the brain. The only approach to avail access to the brain through BBB as a theranostic appeal to treat ND is to implement nanoassisted methods. Summary Bioengineered nanostructures can easily gain entry to the brain due to their tiny architectures. Several deep research investigations provide confidence in developing nanomaterials to assist the physician in curing the diseased condition and restoring normal metabolism. We have discussed several pieces of research evidence proving that nanotechnology has a substantial role as a theranostic platform for ND. This manuscript is believed to provide a better understanding of the disease and the recent findings in the field.
PubDate: 2022-09-19
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00307-7
- Green Synthesis–Mediated Nanoparticles and Their Curative Character
Against Post COVID-19 Skin Diseases-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This article provides the explanatory manuscript regarding the SARS-Corona virus 2. Sub-titled as the history of single-stranded RNA, internal characters of COVID-19, resource, the life cycle of COVID-19, reservoir of the disease, secondary infections of COVID-19 and nano herbal remedy. Recent Findings The skin is not the main target of the SARS-corona virus 2 infections but somehow directly or indirectly, it causes exacerbating eruptions on the skin. Recent research shows that curcumin–mediated synthesized AgNPs show its potential character in the entry of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), blocks interaction with the viral surface, and damages the viral protein. In modern days, molecular docking studies fabricated copper iodide flower extract (CuI-FE) which shows tough inhibitory action against COVID-19. Many articles show green synthesis–mediated nanoparticles like silver, gold, zinc, copper, iron, titanium dioxide, selenium, and cadmium which possess high anti-viricidal activity. Summary The anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-hive rich plant–mediated nanoparticle synthesis might be an alternative betterment, cost-effective, and eco-friendly medication for the skin disease caused by SARS-corona virus 2 (the viral clinical signs are itchy, hives, rashes, papules, psoriasis, and inflammation) and (non-viral clinical signs-pressure urticaria, contact dermatitis, and acne) that occurred as the result of COVID-19.
PubDate: 2022-09-09
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00303-x
- Pathophysiological and Genetic Basis of Tenofovir-Induced Acute Renal
Dysfunction: Strategies and Recent Developments for Better Clinical
Outcomes-
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Abstract: Purpose of the Review Several clinical studies have suggested that higher doses of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), at dose of 300 mg or higher, are associated with an increased risk of acute renal failure (ARF) by decreasing outflow through the human organic anion transporter (hOAT). TDF can potentially be associated with more renal and bone toxicities with increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol levels in HIV patients. In this review, we have critically appraised the pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms, and the genetic variability associated with TDF-induced ARF (TDF-I-ARF). This article also highlights the strategies and recent developments to overcome the TDF-induced ARF. Recent Findings TDF-I-ARF has a complex pathophysiological map, which has been associated with cellular accumulation and efflux, mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation. Summary Despite many pharmaceutical interventions, and clinical trials, a concordant pharmacological treatment option to reduce ARF in HIV patients receiving TDF remains far from known. This has been predominantly linked to the incomplete understanding of TDF-I-ARF molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology involved. The altered activity of human renal organic anion transporter 1 (hOAT1)-expressing proximal tubule epithelial cells cause renal toxicity which actively uptake this drug.
PubDate: 2022-08-30
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00304-w
- An Update on Advancements in Treatment Options for Managing Klebsiella
pneumoniae Infections-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, which causes a variety of infectious diseases, including bacteremia, urinary tract infections, liver abscesses, and pneumonia. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae was recognized in 2017 by the World Health Organization as a critical public health threat. It poses a grave public health menace as the multiple drug resistance limits the efficient treatment options for such infections. Here, we discussed the recent findings about the new strategies for the possible treatment of infections caused by K. pneumoniae. Recent Findings Recently, meropenem/vaborbactam is approved by the US FDA for the treatment of cUTIs, particularly for K. pneumoniae infections. Ongoing clinical trials have also proved its enhancement in clinical cure and potential of improved tolerability comparative to other standard therapies. Ceftazidime/avibactam also represents a major step forward in the treatment of these UTIs in view of choosing the most appropriate treatment. Imipenem/relebactam, plazomicin, eravacycline, cefiderocol, and aztreonam-avibactam are recently reported to be active against carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae. Summary We retrospectively analyzed published data on the use and outcomes of antimicrobial therapy for K. pneumoniae infections. We discussed plazomicin, eravacycline, fosfomycin, tigecycline, and polymyxin as prevalent therapeutic options. Ceftazidime/avibactam and meropenem/vaborbactam stand out as new combination therapeutic options for infections caused by carbapenemase-producing K. pneumonia. Recently approved cefiderocol possesses an extended antibacterial spectrum, including KPC and MBL producers.
PubDate: 2022-08-18
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00302-y
- Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Ashtanga Ghrita: an
Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulation for Neurological Disorders-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Ayurveda is an ancient Indian medical system with unique approaches for the treatment of various brain disorders. Ashtanga Ghrita, a cow Ghrita-based polyherbal classical formulation, has been well defined in ancient Ayurvedic texts Ashtanga Hridya to enhance speech, intellect, and memory. The formulation contains eight potent neuroprotective herbs along with clarified cow butter and milk. The review is aimed to come up with comprehensive scientific evidence regarding the plant ingredients of Ashtanga Ghrita so that it can be used for further clinical studies as well as to treat a variety of neurological diseases. Recent Findings The plant ingredients have been practiced since ancient times for various disorders in India as well as worldwide. The plants contain various phytochemicals including terpenes, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, amino acids, fatty acids, aryl esters, and carbohydrates. The collected pharmacological evidence suggests that all the plant ingredients have neuroprotective, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, sedative, antiproliferative, and anticonvulsant activity. Summary Based on the collected evidence, Ashtanga Ghrita may prove to be an effective neuroprotective drug and might be useful in various neurological disorders. Further, well-designed multicentric clinical trials are required to elucidate and comprehend the therapeutic potential of the formulation.
PubDate: 2022-08-10
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00300-0
- Nutritional Aspects of People Living with HIV (PLHIV) Amidst COVID-19
Pandemic: an Insight-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This review elaborates the role of malnutrition in PLHIV (people living with HIV) in the context of COVID-19 and emphasis the need of supplementation, dietary intervention, and nutritional counselling in the post-COVID era. One of the most critical challenges among HIV/AIDS patients is malnutrition since it weakens the immune system and increases risk to opportunistic infections. In HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection, weight loss is prevalent due to reduced nutritional consumption, malabsorption, abnormal metabolism, and antiretroviral therapy. Sufficient nutrition is required for optimal immune function, as a result, food therapy is now considered an important adjuvant in the treatment of HIV patients. Recent Findings Nutritional intervention, such as the use of dietary supplements, can help to prevent nutrient deficiency, lowering the death risk among malnourished HIV population. Immunocompromised individuals are at very high risk for COVID-19 and malnutrition increases the risk of infection by multiple folds. Interventions, such as nutrition education and counselling are important, to improve the condition of HIV Patients by optimising their nutritional status. Summary A balanced diet should be one of the most important priorities in preventing PLHIV against the potentially deadly consequences of COVID-19. It is to be ensured that HIV-positive persons continue to get enough and appropriate assistance, such as nutrition and psychological counselling, in the context of COVID-19 infection. The use of telemedicine to maintain nutritional intervention can be beneficial. To meet their nutritional needs and minimise future difficulties, PLHIV infected with COVID-19 should get specialised nutritional education and counselling. Graphical abstract 
PubDate: 2022-08-06
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00301-z
- Lefamulin: a New Hope in the Field of Community-Acquired Bacterial
Pneumonia-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) continues to be a worldwide health concern since it is the major cause of mortality and hospitalisation worldwide. Increased macrolide resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae and other infections has resulted in a significantly larger illness burden, which has been exacerbated by evolving demography and a higher prevalence of comorbid disorders. Owing to such circumstances, the creation of new antibiotic classes is critical. Recent Findings Lefamulin, also referred to as BC-3781, is the primary pleuromutilin antibiotic which has been permitted for both intravenous and oral use in humans for the remedy of bacterial infections. It has shown activity against gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant strains as well as atypical organisms which as often implicated in CABP. It has a completely unique mechanism of action that inhibits protein synthesis via way of means of stopping the binding of tRNA for peptide transfer. The C(14) side chain is responsible for its pharmacodynamic and antimicrobial properties, together with supporting in overcoming bacterial ribosomal resistance and mutations improvement amplifying the number of hydrogen bonds to the target site. Summary This review aims to highlight the pre-existing treatment options and specific purposes to shed some light upon the development of a new drug lefamulin and its specifications and explore this novel drug’s superior efficacy to already existing treatment strategies.
PubDate: 2022-07-06
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00297-6
- Impact of COVID-19 on Antimicrobial Resistance in Paediatric Population: a
Narrative Review-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Irrational use of antimicrobials has been reported in paediatric population during the COVID-19 time period. This may lead to potential development of antimicrobial resistance and increased morbidity and mortality among this vulnerable population. The purpose of this review is to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on antimicrobial resistance among paediatrics and the possible strategies to minimize the menace of antimicrobial resistance. Recent Findings Recent findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has direct as well as indirect impact on the development of antimicrobial resistance among paediatric population. Summary This review article shows the impact of COVID-19 on the development of antimicrobial resistance and strategies to prevent it with special reference to antimicrobial stewardship programmes among paediatric population.
PubDate: 2022-06-28
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00298-5
- The Potential Role of Bioactive Plant-Based Polyphenolic Compounds and
Their Delivery Systems—as a Promising Opportunity for a New Therapeutic
Solution for Acute and Chronic Wound Healing-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Plant-based polyphenolic compounds are natural by-products known as plant secondary metabolites, which have significant utilities in the plant host system. Besides, plant polyphenol’s pharmaceutical and medicinal potential positively promote human health. Recent evidence suggested that humans could benefit from plant-based polyphenolic compounds through foodstuff or skin application. However, the therapeutic effects of plant-polyphenolic compounds permit them to act as an effective and alternative agent to treat various diseases and damages related to the skin as they protect and attenuate the progress of many skin disorders, including non-healing cutaneous wounds. Recent Findings The mode of polyphenol application is the reason for concern due to decreased stability and performance around the wound area. The use of natural and synthetic polymer-based biomaterials acts as a protection and carrier system for polyphenolic compounds, which improve the stability and effects on the wound area by acting as a promising agent for tissue regeneration. Polyphenols like morin, quercetin, apigenin, curcumin, gallic acid, chrysin, puerarin, and hesperidin are potent anti-oxidants and anti-inflammatory anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer agents. These compounds also have skin protective applications, curing stress, skin aging, age-related diseases, and boosting the innate immune system. Plant-based polyphenolic compounds provide anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties to wound dressing, further contributing to vascularization, re-epithelization, collagen synthesis, and wound contraction. Summary The present paper reviews the recent information on the potential therapy of normal and diabetic wounds through treatment with phenolic compounds with the combination of polymer-based biomaterial that plays an essential role in the healing process.
PubDate: 2022-06-28
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00296-7
- Understanding the Clinical Link Between Fasting and Response to Cancer
Therapy-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Fasting can be defined as stress on the cell due to nutrient deprivation which modulates metabolic regulation and influences several gene expressions. During fasting, nutrient (majorly glucose) limitation forces different organs to shift their energy sources. Ketosis starts at a faster rate in absence of glucose. The cancer cells have higher dependence on glucose for their fast cell division rate. Fasting limits the adaptability of the cancer cells and increases the therapeutic efficacy of the chemotherapeutics. The main purpose of this review is to focus on the clinical result and plausible mechanism of fasting or caloric restriction on the prevention, suppression, treatment of cancer, and chemotherapy-induced toxicity reduction. Recent Findings Fasting has been implicated as it promotes autophagy and plays a key role as tumor inhibitory action during fasting. In addition, transcription factor p53 also gets upregulated during fasting and regulates pro-apoptotic function in tumor cells. Also, p53 transactivates different genes for ketogenesis process. Earlier reports have suggested that prolonged fasting in some of the cancer patients is considered to be safe and more capable of minimizing chemotherapy-mediated tumor growth and toxicity. Summary Fasting has established a critical link between minimal level of glucose and elevated ketosis, thereby possess challenging environment for cancer cell survival. Cross talk between p53 gene and ketosis shows considerable episodes of energy metabolism pathway and upregulates the tumor suppression. The level of glucose drops during fasting stage which sensitizes the cancer cells due to energy deprivation and increases the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents.
PubDate: 2022-06-08
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00293-w
- Marine Natural Products — a Vital Source of Novel Biotherapeutics
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Abstract: Purpose of Review The ocean is a complex environment, encompassing 75% of living organisms from 36 phyla. The marine natural products (MNPs) are entirely different in their specificity and structure. Hence, the MNPs could be potential candidates for the discovery of novel drugs and lead molecules. The current article is focused to review and discuss the MNPs and their utilization as lead molecules and in drug discovery. Recent Findings The utilization of marine organisms has widened in the recent years which has caused the isolation of 28,000 MNPs. The timeline of MNPs entering the pharma market started with the commercialization of kainic acid in 1900 for use as anthelmintic and as insecticide followed by spongothymidine and spongouridine in 1950. FDA and EU have approved MNps including cytrabine (1969), vidrabine (1976), ziconitide (2004), omega 3 fatty acid ethyl ester, trabectidin (2007), EribulinMesylate (2010), Brentunimabvedotin (2011), and iota-carrageenan. Summary MNPs have been isolated from various resources have demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological properties including antibacterial, antiviral, analgesic, anticancer, apoptotic, angiogenic, and antioxidant properties. Some MNPs are approved for the treatment of various diseases and still some are in the pipeline for utilization. With the advent of novel technologies and recent scientific advancements, more new entities are expected to be discovered from the marine origin.
PubDate: 2022-06-08
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00295-8
- The Effectiveness of Various Chemotherapeutic Agents in Cancer Treatment
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Cancer is one of the most life-threatening disease worldwide. It affects people of all age groups. Various escape mechanisms are utilized by cancer cells and helps in its progression. Commonly used cancer therapeutic is chemotherapy. It uses chemical compounds for attacking particular target. It can be administered orally, intravenously, and subcutaneously. There are many classes of chemotherapeutic drugs available. Some of them are alkylating agents, steroids, monoclonal antibodies, antibiotics and hormonal agents. Each follow specified mechanism for attacking cancer cells. Though there are numerous drugs available and are still being synthesized, cure for cancer has not yet been found. Chemotherapeutic drugs were found to have many side effects, importantly being cytotoxic to nearby normal cells. On the other hand, polyphenols and other natural compounds have potential effects on cancer cells without any side effects. They have greater bioavailability, ability to reciprocate and suppress multidrug resistance, increase chemosensitivity. The hypothesis is a combinational use of natural compounds and chemotherapeutic agents. Recent Findings It has been reported that certain chemotherapeutic agents and natural compounds work synergistically, lowering the toxic side effects and thus improving the drug’s effectiveness. Administering lower dosage of chemotherapeutic agent with higher dosage of natural compounds was found to have greater anticancer effect. Summary This paper reviews the various natural products that have been effectively used in combination with chemotherapy for effective treatment of cancer.
PubDate: 2022-05-23
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00289-6
- Targeting Soluble Factors Involved in Inflammatory Cancer Microenvironment
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Abstract: Purpose of Review The immune system plays a major role in recognizing and eliminating any threat that may cause cancer. To maintain the physiological balance, the immune system has various mechanisms for both inflammation and its resolution. Cancer is a disease which, when undiagnosed leads to poor outcome. In the early stages, the innate and adaptive cells infiltrate the microenvironment which resembles an inflammatory state. These immunokilling cells eliminate the abnormal cells, but the tumor cells use the immune mechanism for their growth and development. They tend to manipulate and make the microenvironment immunosuppressive. Tumor microenvironment not only aid in tumor development but also makes them treatment resistant. By finding the expression of various immune cells and soluble factors involved at particular time in the tumor microenvironment (TME), an effective immunotherapy can be developed. Recent Findings The major drawback of conventional chemotherapy is its adverse side effects, and by combining the conventional therapy with immune mediators, there is a high chance for successful treatment with fewer side effects. Summary This paper reviews the various immune cells and soluble factors involved in TME and previous studies on cytokines and matrix metalloproteases (MMP) as targets.
PubDate: 2022-05-23
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00291-y
- Foresight on Phytoconstituents and Associated Pharmacological Activities
of Traditional Medicinal Plant: Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipschitz-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review The plant species Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch (S. costus) belongs to the Asteraceae family and is well noticed for its wide range of therapeutic applications. This species is classified as critically endangered, and hence, efforts have been made to delve deep into the empirical investigation of its phytoconstitutents and a wide range of pharmacological potentials of the plant. Recent Findings Extraction and fractionation of this medicinal plant emphasized the presence of lignans, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, lactones, etc. Other constituents include linoleic, palmitic, costic acids, and β-sitosterol. Sesquiterpenes are the major phytoconstituents which includes costunolide, α-cyclocostunolide, β-cyclocostunolide, iso-zaluzanin-C, dehydrocostuslactone, isodehydrocostus lactone, alantolactone, isoalantolactone, guaianolide, etc. Earlier studies on different extracts demonstrated that S. costus have different pharmacological activities. Researchers highlighted sesquiterpenes from S. costus are responsible for its anticancer activity against breast, liver, colon, prostatic, ovarian, leukemias, gastric, bladder, and lung. Summary Our present review has summarized its specific phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities like anticancer, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-rheumatism, and to make awareness about its therapeutic importance. Future investigations on isolation and characterization of the active compounds can provide a remarkable lead in herbal drug medicine as a convincing solution, also as a powerful alternative choice of drug in near future for mankind. In addition, strong policies and research are required to protect from the threshold of destruction.
PubDate: 2022-04-25
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-022-00287-8
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