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- Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Ricinus communis Linn.:
Evidence from Pharmacology to Clinical Studies-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Ricinus communis Linn. is a rapidly growing perennial herb (aka Eranda or castor plant) that has long been used to cure a range of ailments in traditional medicine. An extensive search on its ethnomedicinal, phytochemistry, and pharmacotherapeutic potential is completed by meticulously examining information retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Embase, and Infrastructure databases. Recent Findings The plant has yielded beneficial chemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, sterols, and fatty acids. Several reports are available on the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antiasthmatic, antifertility, antihistaminic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, free radical scavenging activities, antioxidant, and various other biological roles of the crude herb and its metabolites. This review comprehensively discusses the biopotential of R. communis in pain and inflammation, as evident from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data, as well as safety and toxicity concerns, various market formulations, and drug-drug interactions. R. communis shows potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity possibly by NF-kB, Nrf2, RAF/ERK, Fas receptor, and caspase-mediate apoptosis and Wnt signalling pathways. Summary R. communis is widely distributed globally and is rich in bioactive phytoconstituents with multifaceted therapeutic roles. It modulates numerous inflammatory and biochemical markers and highlights its potential in the management of nociception and inflammation. These findings could pave the way for the identification and developing more effective strategies to combat nociception and inflammatory disorders. Graphical 
PubDate: 2023-12-02
- Time-Dependent Pharmacokinetics of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and their
Implications and Considerations for Exposure–Response Analysis-
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Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of recent studies characterizing the pharmacokinetics of newly approved immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) monoclonal antibodies and highlight the latest finding and advancements in understanding time-dependent PK, wherein their clearance changes with time. Additionally, the article will discuss key considerations and implications when conducting exposure–response analysis. Recent Findings The majority of papers documenting time-varying PK are fairly recent as ICIs as a class of drugs have emerged as successful anti-cancer agents in the last 10 years or so. The review paper is split in two, somewhat connected, parts. The first one is focused on the association of time-varying PK and disease state. In order to provide a comprehensive context, the review paper starts with the cases of nivolumab and pembrolizumab, and then look at publications documenting that phenomenon for other therapies, such as cemiplimab, retifanlimab, atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, ipilimumab, tremelimumab, and relatlimab. The second part discusses the implication of varying PK for the exposure response of efficacy. Building upon the strong correlation between drug clearance over time and the overall survival highlighted above, this part of the paper studies how the potential for this interaction between treatment response and PK leads to biased E-R (exposure–response) relationships, especially for efficacy. Special emphasis is placed on a recent white paper with authors from industry, academia, and government (Ruiz-Garcia et al. JPKPD 50:147-172, 2023) that highlights the various challenges and some possible solutions for conducting and interpreting ER-efficacy analyses in oncology. Summary Recognizing and accounting for the dynamic PK characteristics are crucial for optimizing dosing strategies, predicting drug exposure, and understanding the association between drug exposure and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing checkpoint inhibitor therapy. This paper provides a succinct summary of relevant publications and some practical considerations.
PubDate: 2023-11-03
- Insights into the Therapeutic Potential of Phytoconstituents as an
Epigenetic Modulators in Diabetic Nephropathy-
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Abstract: Abstract Chronic diabetes is commonly associated with the development of nephropathy, which is a prevalent complication. Hyperglycemia is believed to initiate various biochemical abnormalities and modify gene expression patterns that are linked to the regulation of metabolic balance. It has also been shown to induce inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. Elevated concentrations of glucose can elicit epigenetic alterations that bring about changes in gene expression while leaving the DNA sequence unaltered. Epigenetic alterations can be reversed and possess the ability to mitigate adverse consequences provided that optimal glycaemic regulation is established at the onset of diabetes. Numerous therapeutic interventions and pharmacological agents have been employed to mitigate epigenetic alterations and oxidative stress, thereby alleviating diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, synthetic drugs are associated with various adverse effects such as elevated body mass and impaired renal function. Phytoconstituents are being recognized as potential alternatives for treating nephropathy, with several having already been utilized for alleviating diabetic nephropathy. Somehow, it is imperative to conduct a thorough assessment of phytoconstituents that can modulate epigenetic mechanisms and exhibit the capacity to impede the advancement of these perilous ailments. This review article examines the potential of phytoconstituents in the treatment of DN and has shed light on the importance of epigenetic alterations in DN progression. Additionally, the review has focused on the therapeutic efficacy of certain phytoconstituents in mitigating DN by modulating the epigenetic machinery.
PubDate: 2023-10-26
- Exploration of the Growing Therapeutic Potentials of Quercetin in Ovarian
Cancer Management-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This review aims to offer a comprehensive insight and a recent update into the etiology and pathophysiology of ovarian cancer, a recent update on the usage of quercetin for ovarian cancer management. Recent Findings Over the last few decades, an alarming increase in global rates of ovarian cancer has been observed, resulting in increased pressure on the healthcare system. In order to effectively address the situation, there is a need to explore alternatives to currently dominant treatment regimes. The usage of phytoconstituents, such as polyphenols as anti-cancer agents, has emerged as a promising alternative. Quercetin, a widely distributed dietary flavonol, possesses potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties, and has been used in the amelioration of a variety of metabolic disorders. In addition to effectively managing various types of cancer, it has been seen to pose lowered side effects and improve the overall quality of life of patients. Summary Literature search of quercetin showed remarkable properties like antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and bioavailability-enhancing abilities that fit its appropriate use in pathological conditions. However, being a product of natural origin, bioavailability and optimal delivery may prove to be challenging to achieving the desired therapeutic efficacy. This review, in turn, furthers our understanding of the applications of quercetin in cancer management and the identification of challenges and future perspectives, to enable the maximization of therapeutic efficacy.
PubDate: 2023-10-13
- Prostate Cancer, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Phytochemicals: A Brief
Review-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This paper aimed to examine the biological mechanism of oxidative stress in prostate cancer (PCa) progression and review the potential of antioxidant phytochemicals as chemoprevention or chemotherapy for PCa. Recent Findings There is growing concern about the health benefits of eating fruits and vegetables, especially for preventing and treating chronic diseases, such as PCa. Epidemiological studies and clinical trials have shown that these health benefits are closely related to antioxidant phytochemicals. Experimental and clinical evidence showed that oxidative stress is one of the important factors in the pathogenesis of PCa. The balance between oxidative and antioxidant components and the regulatory mechanisms appear to play an important role in the development of malignant states of the prostate. Antioxidant phytochemicals have the potential for cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. Moreover, lower or higher concentrations of antioxidant phytochemicals have different effects, possibly due to different intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to different cellular stress responses. At low concentrations, antioxidant phytochemicals appear to inhibit ROS formation, while at high concentrations, they selectively kill cells, possibly by promoting ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction. Summary The antioxidant phytochemicals show strong potential for chemoprevention and chemotherapy in human PCa, possibly through the regulation of ROS. Targeting oxidative stress with antioxidant phytochemicals during the development of PCa will provide important approaches for designing single or combined cancer treatment strategies.
PubDate: 2023-10-13
- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Neonatal Fc Receptor
(FcRn)-Targeting Therapeutic Proteins: a Systemic Review-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Various therapeutic strategies have been utilized to optimize the function of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), facilitating the binding of FcRn and IgG to adjust serum half-life or blocking the binding to enhance IgG degradation. This article reviewed the FcRn-targeting agents currently in clinical development, focusing on their pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) behaviors, along with the modeling approaches used to assess their PK and PK/PD relationship(s). Recent Findings Many autoimmune diseases are mediated by autoimmune antibodies. Interfering with FcRn-mediated recycling has the potential to increase the elimination of IgG antibodies and diminish the levels of pathogenic IgGs. Currently, 4 clinical-stage anti-FcRn agents are in development for a variety of autoimmune disorders, with efgartigimod being the first approved for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis. These agents possess unique pharmacological properties such as pH-independent FcRn binding, non-linear PK, rapid and sustained FcRn occupancy, and dose-dependent IgG reduction. Furthermore, these agents exhibit a longer PD effect relative to their short PK half-life. Various modeling techniques, including population PK and physiologically based PK, are being used to comprehend the FcRn-mediated recycling and the interaction between IgG-based therapeutics and the FcRn receptor and to guide the dose selection and drug interaction assessment of anti-FcRns. Summary Understanding the PK and PD of anti-FcRn agents and their effect on modulating FcRn-IgG interaction is critical for their clinical development. Improved knowledge of biological functions of FcRn will advance the diversity of indications and treatment options associated with the FcRn inhibition.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
- Neutrophil-Derived S100A8/A9 in Cardiovascular Disease and Beyond
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Increase in neutrophil counts that are associated with cardiovascular risk factors including myocardial infarction (MI) and early development of heart attack is a major concern among all age groups in recent years. Neutrophil production in response to heart failure is mediated by various ways including recruitment of immune cells at the site of injury, release inflammatory molecules, and continuous supply of leucocytes. Recent Findings Recent evidences proved the importance of neutrophil-derived alarmin molecule S100A8/A9 in provoking inflammation after MI. Besides, clinical trials with increases in serum level of circulating calgranulins and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in MI subjects were demonstrated which implicated that targeting neutrophils or their inflammatory alarmins could be effective in reducing heart attack. On the other hand, neutrophils also found to involved in the regression of inflammation and atherosclerotic plaques. Summary In this review, we discuss the overview of S100 protein family in various metabolic diseases with a main focus on cardiac inflammation. We also discuss the recent evidences on neutrophil-derived S100A/A9 which triggers inflammation and improves cardiac function after MI. We also insist that neutrophils could be a better biomarker and therapeutic targets for various inflammatory diseases including cardiovascular disease.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
- Bladder Cancer Prevention: Potential Molecular Targets and Their
Clinically Relevant Agents-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This review summarizes the druggable targets within the critical signaling pathways and the promising clinically relevant drugs emerging as potential chemopreventive agents against bladder cancer. Recent Findings Despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment, the prevalence of bladder cancer continues to rise in both developing and developed countries. Tobacco smoking, exposure to pesticides and arsenic, and urinary tract infections all increase the risk of developing bladder cancer. While men are more likely to develop this cancer, women are more often diagnosed with advanced disease. Although most patients are diagnosed with non-invasive tumors, frequent recurrence and lack of response to current therapies result in their progression to invasive disease and metastasis, which are associated with high mortality. The lack of preventive agents, the need for long-term surveillance, and the limited treatment options for bladder cancer highlight the need to develop novel agents to manage this disease effectively. Summary In recent years, the understanding of bladder cancer pathogenesis at the molecular level has evolved rapidly, identifying promising signaling pathways that contribute to disease development and, thus, enabling the exploration of novel agents for intercepting its progression. Here, we summarized promising agents against potential targets, particularly the clinically advanced agents that can be repositioned for bladder cancer management.
PubDate: 2023-10-01
- Antimicrobial Peptides
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Abstract: Purpose of Review The review provides deep understanding on antimicrobial peptides, properties, mechanisms, role in treating diseases, computational drug design, and database updates. Recent Findings Recent research has highlighted the growing concern of antibiotic resistance, and has prompted the search for alternative treatments. In response, advances in technology have led to the discovery of novel antimicrobial peptides from a variety of organisms. These peptides are being investigated as potential therapeutics for communicable diseases in humans, animals, and plants. However, a major challenge is to ensure that the effectiveness of these peptides in treating infections is not compromised by the development of resistance. Currently, there is ongoing research to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these novel AMPs in clinical trials, and to determine their potential role in the drug market. Summary Microbes, including COVID-19, biofilm-related infections, and antimicrobial resistance, are significant threats to human health. AMPs have potential as effective treatments due to their broad-spectrum activity and specific modes of action. However, developing AMPs as drugs may be limited by factors such as toxicity, protease susceptibility and high production costs.
PubDate: 2023-09-23
- Guillain Barre Syndrome as a Complication of Infections Including
COVID-19: a Review-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review The purpose was to analyze scientific findings on Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) related to COVID-19 and emphasize its relationship with GBS. In this article, besides COVID-19, we explained various causative agents associated with GBS, their mechanism of action, diagnosis, and treatment. Recent Findings GBS is an acute inflammatory immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy. Patients with infections linked to GBS frequently produce antibodies against the gangliosides of the human peripheral nerves. This results in the entry of viruses or bacteria, like COVID-19 and Zika, into the body, generating antibodies against viruses or bacteria. Due to molecular mimicry, these antibodies target various lipo-oligosaccharides in microbes and structurally similar gangliosides in the brain. Target on gangliosides by the antibodies leads to demyelination of neurons, leading to loss of neurons that leads to GBS. Even though the relationship between GBS and COVID-19 has recently been the subject of numerous case reports, the degree of this relationship and the characteristics of GBS in this instance remain largely unknown. Guillain–Barre syndrome connected with COVID-19 has shown more severe symptoms. Summary We establish a significant correlation between the two diseases (COVID-19 and GBS) and the mechanism of action of other causative agents responsible for GBS, its diagnosis, and treatment. We explained the different types of GBS and the differences in how the disease appears. Graphical 
PubDate: 2023-09-22
- Cross Talk on P2X4 Purinergic Receptors and Neuropathic Pain
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Considerable interest has been paid to purinergic receptors, a group of cell surface receptors that react to extracellular purines like adenosine and ATP, as possible biomarkers in a variety of physiological and pathological states. The P2X purinoreceptor 4 protein, which is encoded by the P2X4 gene, controls the microglial immune response and is linked to various aspects of brain illness. In the past ten years, P2X4 receptors have become known as possible therapeutic targets for CNS diseases. Recent Findings Purines can be synthesized with the salvage or de novo pathways and are crucial for cellular metabolism. For synaptic plasticity and signal transmission, the P2X4 receptor must be expressed at low levels in the central nervous system. Exocytosis, which secretes ATP-rich synaptic vesicles, causes an accumulation of ATP in the neuronal terminal, which activates P2X2 and P2X2/3 on the pre-synaptic side and P2X2, P2X4, and P2X6 on the post-synaptic side. When triggered with ATP, P2X4-mediated neuropathic pain is increased and produces brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In vitro research on the P2X4 receptor is scant; however, it has been linked to neuropathic pain, inflammation, and alcohol use disease (AUD). Research from mouse models have suggested that an increase of P2X4 surface receptor in the hippocampus results in synaptic deficits and altered long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) recognized as a plasticity indicator. Interaction of both P2X4R and ATP also causes a massive release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and in macrophages, it has a link with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release. Summary Ionotropic P2XR and metabotropic P2YR interact with each other to form complex signaling. In different cases of pathogenesis and in different tissues, ATP is found to be the key player, whose stimulation is found to activate the downstream signaling and transmission, and P2X4R is responsible for early inflammatory response. P2X receptors of different subunits are considered as promising targets for neuropathic pain because of their widespread availability/ expression in different tissues.
PubDate: 2023-09-19
- Wnt Signaling and Therapeutic Resistance in Castration-Resistant Prostate
Cancer-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a lethal form of prostate cancer (PCa) due to the development of resistance to androgen deprivation therapy and anti-androgens. Here, we review the emerging role of Wnt signaling in therapeutic resistance of CRPC. Recent Findings Convincing evidence have accumulated that Wnt signaling is aberrantly activated through genomic alterations and autocrine and paracrine augmentations. Wnt signaling plays a critical role in a subset of CRPC and in resistance to anti-androgen therapies. Wnt signaling navigates CRPC through PCa heterogeneity, neuroendocrine differentiation, DNA repair, PCa stem cell maintenance, epithelial-mesenchymal-transition and metastasis, and immune evasion. Summary Components of Wnt signaling can be harnessed for inhibiting PCa growth and metastasis and for developing novel therapeutic strategies to manage metastatic CRPC. There are many Wnt pathway-based potential drugs in different stages of pre-clinical development and clinical trials but so far, no Wnt signaling-specific drug has been approved by FDA for clinical use in CRPC.
PubDate: 2023-09-19
- Pharmacological Applications of Plant-Mediated Synthesized Nanomaterials
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This article provides a clue for the anticancer and antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant use of Ag, Au, and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) highlighting their biological activities, potential applications, and protection. Recent Findings Remedy from the menace of bacterial resistance against antibiotic drugs seems to be the plant-mediated biosynthesized NPs. They are cost-effective, greatly biocompatible, and eco-friendly with varieties of potential applications such as antimicrobials, antifungal, antiobesity, and wound healing. Ag, Au, and ZnO NPs with no adverse effects have been considered for the purpose as disinfectant and antimicrobial fabrics. SEM equipped with EDX study confirmed the incorporation of the NPs on the fabrics. The HRTEM study realizes the attachment of NPs in spherical shapes. Summary The effect of the antimicrobial application and wound healing potential of the nanoparticles and nanofabrics is explored on the various pathogenic microbes.
PubDate: 2023-09-18
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-023-00340-0
- Anti-cancer Efficacy of Metformin: Recent Updates on Breast and Other
Cancers-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Metformin is widely used for the management of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In recent times, metformin has also been the focus of intensive research in the field of cancer prevention because various preclinical and clinical study outcomes have associated its intake with a decrease in cancer incidence and anti-cancer benefits. Notably, the cancer-preventive and anti-cancer effects of metformin have been attributed to its potential to target metabolic syndrome-associated physiological aberrations, such as its capacity to lower blood insulin and glucose levels, particularly in malignancies that have been associated with hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. Whether these cancer-protective benefits can also be extended to patients not afflicted with metabolic syndrome or non-T2D cohorts is still not clear. Thus, the role of metformin in cancer prevention and intervention across the molecular, genetic, epigenetic, and translational spectrum must be elucidated in depth to address apprehensions about its use as a pan-cancer intervention agent. This review will assist in recognizing the established benefits as well as the limitations related to the advancement of metformin as an effective anti-cancer drug. Recent Findings This review summarizes recent advances in metformin-centered pre-clinical and clinical research in an effort to delve into these unanswered questions and present an unbiased, focused perspective on the anti-cancer benefits of metformin in different cancers (with a focus on breast cancer). Summary The evidence of metformin’s cancer benefits cannot be overlooked and indicates its high pleiotropic potential to be an effective cancer prevention/intervention drug against breast cancer.
PubDate: 2023-09-18
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-023-00336-w
- The Use of Touchscreen-Based Methods to Characterize Effects of
Psychoactive Drugs on Executive Function in Nonhuman Primates-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This review describes studies that assessed the acute and chronic effects of commonly consumed drugs on executive function, with a focus on cognitive flexibility and working memory. Recent Findings Long-term substance use can be associated with cognitive dysfunction, although the extent and duration of these effects can vary. Nonhuman primates have proven invaluable in studying cognition in the laboratory. Techniques have evolved to measure the consequences of substance use on cognition in monkeys. Progress has been accelerated by the development of touchscreen technology. Twenty-seven published studies were identified that examined the effects of stimulants, opioids, alcohol, cannabinoids, or other drugs on performance of cognitive behavioral tasks, including stimulus discrimination and reversal, attentional set shifting and delayed match- and nonmatch-to-sample tasks. Drug administration typically had a disruptive albeit temporary effect on performance. Summary The diversity of approaches highlighted here illustrates the tremendous potential of touchscreen testing to provide translationally relevant information. It also highlights the need for standardization to enhance concordance across laboratories, to enhance translation, and to facilitate a better understanding of the conditions under which drug use produces cognitive changes. This knowledge will ultimately aid progress toward effective pharmacotherapeutic and behavioral treatment strategies for remediating negative substance-associated cognitive effects.
PubDate: 2023-09-09
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-023-00337-9
- Role of Plant-Based Anticancer Compounds in Treatment of Breast Cancer
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignant disease occurring in women globally. The most common treatment options include chemotherapy, surgery, hormone therapy, radiation therapy, and biological therapy. The main problem with chemotherapy and radiotherapy is that they have side effects and are quite costly for patients in developing nations. This raises the need to discover and develop better therapeutic alternatives that are less harmful and more cost-effective. Identification of phytochemicals with potent anticancer activity and formulation of plant-based anticancer drugs could be an important step in this direction. This review is intended to provide detailed information about potent anticancer phytochemicals, their sources, and molecular mechanism of their action that have been identified till now. Recent Findings Phytochemicals play an important role for treatment and prevention of various types of diseases. Examples of the phytochemicals that possess anti-tumor activities are flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, carotenoids, etc. Every medicinal plant has a different level of anti-cancerous potential, and not all of them cure the disease completely. These natural compounds can be used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs to enhance their effectiveness and minimize their side effects as well as toxicity. Several recent findings have identified molecules involved in various signaling pathways as specific targets of these active phytochemicals exhibiting anticancer activity. Summary There are ample studies available claiming the phytochemicals as potential candidates for the development of anticancer drugs. But the clinical studies involving phytochemicals are still very limited. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the mechanistic role of these bioactive compounds coupled with drug development processes and to test their potential at clinical levels.
PubDate: 2023-09-08
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-023-00335-x
- Histone Modifying Potential of Dietary Phytochemicals: Implications
in Treating Breast Cancer-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Breast cancer is a metastatic carcinoma that is recognized as a leading cause of death in women worldwide and is still an unanswered medical challenge. Epigenetics involve reversible changes in the gene expression, without variations in the gene sequence, and mainly include histone post-translational modifications and DNA methylation. The central therapeutics used for cancer, like surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and immunotherapy, have several side effects that raise questions about their use. This suggests that there is an imperative need to seek a safer alternative that has fewer or minimal side effects, and naturally occurring phytochemicals emerge as a potential candidate for cancer treatment by exhibiting anti-neoplastic properties by acting on post-translational histone modifications. In this review article, we discussed the beneficial effects of phytochemicals (isolated or mixed) on breast cancer–associated post-translational histone modifications involved in changing chromatin structure and regulating the transcriptional activity of specific oncogenes which are crucial for causing breast cancer. Recent Findings Preclinical studies have shown that the use of natural phytochemicals causes cell cycle arrest, inhibits signal transduction, and exhibits anti-cancer properties. Furthermore, the phytochemicals studied in this review article were found to modulate the expression and epigenetic activity of histone acetyltransferases, Histone deacetylases (HDACs), and methyltransferases. Summary The results obtained from published in vitro and in vivo models of breast cancer help scientists to develop novel therapeutic drugs to target signaling pathways and reduce the mortality index worldwide. However, there is still a need to conduct more clinical trials using naturally occurring phytochemicals to explore their potential in regulating epigenetic events in cancer. Graphical Beneficial effects of dietary phytochemicals in regulating histone modifications and treating BC: the figure highlights the role of phytochemicals in regulating histone post-translational modifications by regulating activities of histone-modifying enzymes and thus preventing alteration in gene expression and breast cancer progression. 
PubDate: 2023-09-08
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-023-00338-8
- Augmented Dark Chocolate with Probiotics: A Lifestyle Approach to Address
Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review This article provides a brief overview of the mechanism of action of dark chocolates and probiotics in combating the severe symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease (PD), the commercially available products that have been tested for the same, and the clinical data that has been formulated. Recent Findings PD is found mainly in the elderly and is a result of loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra of the brain. Decreased levels of dopamine are a hallmark feature of PD. The drug used to treat the disease — L-dopa, has many side effects. L-dopa is a precursor to dopamine. This article mainly looks into the alternative form of L-dopa that can address the symptoms of PD, eventually reducing its side effects. The components of dark chocolate, especially methylxanthines, a potential flavonoid, can act as a precursor to dopamine. Controlled intake of dark chocolates can replace L-dopa. Research has detected a link between the gut microbiota composition and the brain’s functioning, with gut dysbiosis as a significant PD symptom. Even though PD is a neurological disorder, it can be traced even to the gut. Adequate intake of probiotics can solve the dysbiosis of the gut and restore the intestinal flora, thereby indirectly curing the symptoms of PD. Summary Recent studies have shown that dark chocolates and probiotics can reduce the severity of the symptoms. Dark chocolates are also an effective medium to carry probiotics into the intestines. Through the augmentation of dark chocolates with probiotics, this paper also gives an alternative treatment method for curing PD.
PubDate: 2023-09-07
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-023-00331-1
- Therapeutic Application of Berberine: a Consolidated Review
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Abstract: Abstract Berberine (BBR) is a naturally occurring alkaloid compound found in various plant parts linked to numerous health benefits. Its use in traditional Ayurvedic health practices dates back to ancient civilizations. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current studies that examine the development and increased potency of BBR’s therapeutic effects. This review highlights the potential therapeutic properties of this phytochemical compound and its potential use as an alternative to conventional treatment for chronic ailments such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Both animal and clinical researches have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of BBR on these diseases, and studies on its toxicity are also included. According to the studies reviewed, BBR has a positive effect on several physiological processes, including glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function. It can also inhibit tumor growth and promote apoptosis in cancer cells. Furthermore, BBR has exhibited the capacity to ameliorate cardiac performance, diminish arterial blood pressure and serum cholesterol concentrations, and augment insulin responsiveness. Collectively, the extant body of knowledge posits that BBR holds therapeutic promise across a spectrum of pathological conditions. Nevertheless, an augmented investigation effort is requisite to ascertain its optimally efficacious dosage, administration modality, and potential untoward reactions. Moreover, extended examinations are imperative to appraise its enduring safety profile and efficaciousness, particularly when employed concomitantly with other pharmacotherapies. Despite a predominantly affirmative outcome within prevailing investigations, it remains imperative to conduct further exhaustive scrutiny, particularly via clinical trials, in order to substantiate its therapeutic security and efficacy in the management of ailments.
PubDate: 2023-08-26
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-023-00330-2
- An Overview on the Ethnopharmacological, Nutritional, and Phytochemical
Perspectives of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume-
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Abstract: Purpose of Review Medicinal plants are considered as a major source of natural remedies and constitute a basis of alternative system of medicine. Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume (E. floribundus) is an evergreen plant, mostly found in tropical areas of South and East Asian countries. It is regionally used to combat common illnesses like gum inflammation, dysentery, diarrhea, ulcer, and insect bites. Based on the ethnopharmacological credence, this review is aimed at providing a comprehensive overview on E. floribundus species with a highlight on ethnobotanical and pharmacological potentials. Recent Findings E. floribundus commonly known as Indian olive belongs to the family Elaeocarpaceae which consists of about 350 species. Various parts of the plant like leaves, fruits, seeds, and stem bark are medicinally important. They comprise different bioactive constituents in the form of secondary metabolites, mainly alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, phytosterol, and carotenoids. Besides the nutritional content, the Indian olive has been widely studied for its pharmacological properties like antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer, and neuroprotective agent by various in vitro methods. Crude extracts of leaf and fruit are much explored for their antimicrobial effects against Gram positive and Gram negative clinical pathogens, in particular methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Summary Though E. floribundus is known for its traditional use, only limited investigations have been focused on isolation and identification of phytoconstituents. Literature report and ethnobotanical history suggest that it is a potential source of active compounds with biological response that could be applied in food and pharmaceutical industry. Indeed, further research is necessary to unveil its therapeutic efficiency against infectious and inflammatory diseases. This review recaps the current knowledge on E. floribundus species pertaining to ethnobotanical, nutritional, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties.
PubDate: 2023-08-03
DOI: 10.1007/s40495-023-00329-9
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