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- Editorial: Should we study plant extracts or pure compounds'
Authors: Dennis S.B. Ongarora
Pages: 90 - 91
Abstract: No Abstract.
PubDate: 2022-11-03
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 3 (2022)
- Identification of antimalarial compounds from Leucas calostachys, using
High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Electrospray Ionization Mass
Spectrometry
Authors: Nillian A. Mukungu, Faith A. Okalbo, Kennedy O. Abuga, Julius O. Oyugi, Lucy Ochola, Maiko Tanabe, Marie Ohta, Julius W. Mwangi
Pages: 103 - 110
Abstract: Leucas calostachys is widely used in traditional medicine in Kenya for management of various ailments including malaria. Bio-assay guided fractionation of Leucas calostachys extracts was carried out using in-vitro antiplasmodial and β-hematin inhibition assays with semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The active methanol fraction was subjected to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to identify constituent compounds. A total of twenty compounds consisting of eight flavonoids and 12 phenylethanoids were identified from this fraction. The flavonoids included, isorhamnetin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-4′-O-glucoside, luteolin diglucoside, apigenin-O-glucoside, genistein-O-glucoside, chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside, and chrysoeriol-7-O-glucuronide. Seven of the phenylethanoids were identified as acteoside, isoactoeside, hydroxyacteoside, forthsoside B, samioside, alyssonoside and leucoseptoside A. The antimalarial activity of Leucas calostachys could be linked to presence of flavonoids and phenylethanoids.
PubDate: 2022-11-03
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 3 (2022)
- Hepatoprotective and Anticancer Potentials ofMoringa oleifera and Musa
sapientum> Extracts against Cadmium Chloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in
Rats
Authors: Adelaja Akinlolu, Mubarak Ameen, Gabriel Ebito, Nnaemeka Asogwa, Raheem Akindele, Bamidele Fagbohunka, Zainab Arowolo, Taofeeq Garuba
Pages: 103– - 103–
Abstract: Anticancer potential of MO11 (fractionated from Moringa oleifera leaves) and MS06 (fractionated from Musa sapientum suckers) against cadmium chloride induced hepatotoxicity, demyelination, carcinogenesis, and metastasis is reported. The activity was evaluated for 17 days in 24 adult male Wistar rats randomly divided into six groups (n=4). The baseline control Group 1 received normal saline only for the entire study period. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 6 received single CdCl-dose on Day 1. Group 2 (negative control) received no further treatment, while Groups 3, 4 and 6 were treated with plant extracts MO11, MO11+MS06, and doxorubicin (positive control), respectively, on Days 1-17. Group 5 received olive oil vehicle only for the 17 days. Levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine and glutamate), and biomarkers of myelination (myelin basic protein, MBP), drug metabolism and carcinogenesis (cytochrome p450), apoptosis (caspase-3 and p53), and angiogenesis (soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, sVEGFR) in liver homogenates were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were statistically analysed using Mann-Whitney U test with p ≤ 0.05. The MO11, MO11+MS06, and doxorubicin upregulated dopamine, glutamate, and cytochrome p450, but downregulated MBP, caspase-3, p53 and sVEGFR in Groups 3, 4 and 6, compared with Group 2, implying the hepatoprotective, re-myelination, and anticancer potential of the studied plant fractions.
PubDate: 2022-11-03
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 3 (2022)
- Formulation Development and Evaluation of Hydroxyurea Dry Syrup for the
Management of Pediatric Patients with Sickle Cell Disease in Tanzania
Authors: Juma A. Mohamedi, Betty Maganda, Silas Shemdoe, Wei Wang, Emmanuel Balandya, Veronica Mugoyela, Eliangiringa Kaale
Pages: 111 - 120
Abstract: Hydroxyurea (HU) is the drug of choice for the management of sickle cell disease but the available dosage form exists as a 500 mg capsule, which is not appropriate for pediatrics whose dosing requirements are 20 mg/kg. The current practice of compounding is prone to dose errors and contamination. Also, shortage of compounding laboratories in hospitals in the developing countries is a major issue. This study aimed at investigating the stability of HU in aqueous solution followed by formulation and evaluation of its dry syrup. Stability of HU aqueous solution was investigated and subsequently dry syrups formulated. They were evaluated for flowability, assay, dissolution, moisture content, rheology and pH. The formulated dry syrups complied with the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) specifications for stability, angle of repose (24-25°), assay (90-110%), dissolution (more than 85% in the first 30 minutes), shear thinning and pH (7.3). HU dry syrup was successfully developed, optimized and found to comply with USP specifications.
PubDate: 2022-11-03
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 3 (2022)
- Pharmacists’ Activities in Improving Treatment Outcomes among Adult
Hypertensive Patients visiting Health Facilities in Nigeria
Authors: Winfred A. Ojieabu, Yetunde T. Awosile, Christabel E. Ojieabu, Lionel O. Okunye
Pages: 121 - 130
Abstract: Adherence is key to improving patient outcomes especially in those with chronic disease states. We assessed activities of pharmacists to improve adherence in hypertensive patients. A hard copy data collection instrument was used to collect information from 402 patients. Information included demographics, medication adherence, pharmacists’ activities in improving adherence and clinical outcomes. Google forms were used to collect data on demographics and activities done to improve patients’ treatment outcome among 152 pharmacists. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23 and variables whose P≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. The mean age of patients was 53.71±0.12 years. Majority felt they were taking too many medications (281, 69.9%) or they were taking too many doses (293, 72.9%). Pharmacists never asked 257 (63.9%) questions about their drugs. Many (244, 60.7%) forgot to take their medications routinely. The mean age of pharmacists was 27.72 ± 0.49 years and 132 (86.8%) had a B. Pharm Degree as their highest level of education, 69 (45.4%) had no updated information on patients’ health, while 128 (84.2%) provided pharmaceutical patient care. Adherence to medications was poor especially among elderly patients. Patients agreed that pharmacists educated them on how their drugs work and on the right way to take their medicines. The main problem identified among pharmacists was their failure to update their clinical knowledge.
PubDate: 2022-11-03
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 3 (2022)
- Quality of Metronidazole Benzoate Suspension Products Marketed in Nairobi
County, Kenya
Authors: Alan O. Odoyo, Kennedy O. Abuga, Hannington N. Mugo , Joyce S. Mang’oi
Pages: 131 - 135
Abstract: Metronidazole benzoate is an ester derivative of metronidazole utilized in the formulation of oral suspensions owing to its palatability. The drug is liable to hydrolytic degradation during shelf life which could lower assay values and increase free metronidazole content. A medicine quality survey study was carried out in Nairobi County whereby 32 metronidazole benzoate samples representing 13 brands were collected from retail pharmacies. The samples were subjected to British Pharmacopoeia specifications for pH, free metronidazole content and assay. From the results obtained, only nine samples (28.1%) passed all the quality tests performed while five (15.6%), seven (21.9%) and 18 (56.3%) did not comply with pH, metronidazole content and assay specifications respectively. The results obtained demonstrate the existence of substandard metronidazole benzoate products in the market. This underscores the need for regular post market surveillance surveys and execution of appropriate regulatory actions.
PubDate: 2022-11-03
Issue No: Vol. 24, No. 3 (2022)
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