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- Vaccine apartheid: the separation of the world’s poorest and most
vulnerable and the birth of Omicron-
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Authors: Sakshi Prasad, Abia Shahid, Edzel Lorraine F. Co, Govinda Khatri, Huzaifa Ahmad Cheema, Ian Christopher N. Rocha, Mainak Bardhan, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
Abstract: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy, Volume 10, Issue , January-December 2022.
Citation: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy
PubDate: 2022-07-06T05:37:43Z
DOI: 10.1177/25151355221107975
Issue No: Vol. 10 (2022)
- The involvement of microRNAs in HCV and HIV infection
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Authors: Nicky Joshi, Madhuri Chandane Tak, Anupam Mukherjee
Abstract: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy, Volume 10, Issue , January-December 2022.
Approximately 2.3 million people are suffering from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection worldwide. Faster disease progression and increased mortality rates during the HIV/HCV co-infection have become global health concerns. Effective therapeutics against co-infection and complete infection eradication has become a mandatory requirement. The study of small non-coding RNAs in cellular processes and viral infection has so far been beneficial in various terms. Currently, microRNAs are an influential candidate for disease diagnosis and treatment. Dysregulation in miRNA expression can lead to unfavorable outcomes; hence, this exact inevitable nature has made various studies a focal point. A considerable improvement in comprehending HIV and HCV mono-infection pathogenesis is seen using miRNAs. The prominent reason behind HIV/HCV co-infection is seen to be their standard route of transmission, while some pieces of evidence also suspect viral interplay between having a role in increased viral infection. This review highlights the involvement of microRNAs in HIV/HCV co-infection, along with their contribution in HIV mono- and HCV mono-infection. We also discuss miRNAs that carry the potentiality of becoming a biomarker for viral infection and early disease progression.
Citation: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy
PubDate: 2022-07-06T05:32:57Z
DOI: 10.1177/25151355221106104
Issue No: Vol. 10 (2022)
- Current advancements and future prospects of COVID-19 vaccines and
therapeutics: a narrative review-
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Authors: Adekunle Sanyaolu, Chuku Okorie, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Martina Williams, Nafees Haider, Jasmine Mangat, Zaheeda Hosein, Vyshnavy Balendra, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Priyank Desai, Isha Jain, Stephen Utulor, Amos Abioye
Abstract: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy, Volume 10, Issue , January-December 2022.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a global impact on the daily lives of humanity, devastating health systems, and cataclysmically affecting the world’s economy. Currently, the Standard Public Health Protective practices consist of but are not limited to wearing masks, social distancing, isolating sick and exposed people, and contact tracing. Scientists around the globe undertook swift scientific efforts to develop safe and effective therapeutics and vaccines to combat COVID-19. Presently, as of mid-March 2022, 57.05% of the world population have been fully vaccinated, and 65.3% of the United States of America’s (USA) total population have been fully vaccinated while 76.7% have received at least one dose of the vaccine. This article explores the various vaccines created through modern science and technology, including their safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action. Although the vaccines produced are up to 95.0% efficacious, their efficacy wanes over time, underscoring the need for booster doses. Also, vaccination has not been able to prevent “breakthrough” infections. The limitations of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines indicate that further measures are required to ensure a firm control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the use of certain therapeutic agents because they have shown remarkable clinical outcomes. Several therapeutic agents for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 include Gilead’s remdesivir, Regeneron’s casirivimab and imdevimab combination, Eli Lilly’s baricitinib and remdesivir combination, Pfizer’s co-packaged nirmatrelvir tablets and ritonavir tablets, and Merck’s molnupiravir capsules. Hence concerted efforts in early and accurate diagnosis, education on the COVID-19 virulence, transmission and preventive measures, global vaccination, and therapeutic agents could bring this COVID-19 pandemic under control across the globe.
Citation: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy
PubDate: 2022-05-31T06:30:29Z
DOI: 10.1177/25151355221097559
Issue No: Vol. 10 (2022)
- Predicting epitopes for vaccine development using bioinformatics tools
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Authors: Valentina Yurina, Oktavia Rahayu Adianingsih
Abstract: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy, Volume 10, Issue , January-December 2022.
Epitope-based DNA vaccine development is one application of bioinformatics or in silico studies, that is, computational methods, including mathematical, chemical, and biological approaches, which are widely used in drug development. Many in silico studies have been conducted to analyze the efficacy, safety, toxicity effects, and interactions of drugs. In the vaccine design process, in silico studies are performed to predict epitopes that could trigger T-cell and B-cell reactions that would produce both cellular and humoral immune responses. Immunoinformatics is the branch of bioinformatics used to study the relationship between immune responses and predicted epitopes. Progress in immunoinformatics has been rapid and has led to the development of a variety of tools that are used for the prediction of epitopes recognized by B cells or T cells as well as the antigenic responses. However, the in silico approach to vaccine design is still relatively new; thus, this review is aimed at increasing understanding of the importance of in silico studies in the design of vaccines and thereby facilitating future research in this field.
Citation: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy
PubDate: 2022-05-21T08:35:14Z
DOI: 10.1177/25151355221100218
Issue No: Vol. 10 (2022)
- Monitoring the safety of influenza A/H1N1 pandemic and seasonal vaccines
in Morocco-
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Authors: Amina Tebaa, Raja Benkirane, Loubna Alj, Imad Cherkaoui, Rachida Soulaymani-Bencheikh
Abstract: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy, Volume 10, Issue , January-December 2022.
Background:A vaccination campaign against pandemic influenza A/H1N1 was implemented in Morocco between November 2009 and April 2010. Overall, 705,883 subjects were vaccinated by Pandemrix, Arepanrix, and Panenza. The adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) data comparison was made with the 2014/2015 seasonal influenza vaccination campaign that was specifically investigated.Aim:To evaluate the safety of the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 vaccine and to compare it to that of 2014 seasonal influenza vaccine.Methods:During the pandemic vaccination campaign, the Morocco Pharmacovigilance Centre reinforced passive AEFI surveillance with an active and prospective monitoring programme of 1000 immunized people over 6 months at 10 randomly selected vaccination centres. For the 2014/2015 seasonal vaccination campaign, AEFI data were collected from spontaneous notifications.Results:Active monitoring of 2009 pandemic collected 771 AEFI reports, corresponding to an AEFI incidence rate of 77.1% with vaccination by either Pandemrix or Arepanrix vaccine in 95% of cases. Reported AEFI were most frequently local (37.7%), general (29.5%), and neurological reactions (20.3%). Most of the AEFI (95.5%) were observed during the first 48 hours after vaccination, and the remainder within 2 weeks. None of the reported AEFI were serious case. The highest rate of notification was documented for health professionals, followed by patients with diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases. Concerning passive surveillance, the AEFI notification rate was significantly higher for the 2009/2010 pandemic vaccine (3.1 vs 1.2 per 10,000). However, there was no significant difference between pandemic and seasonal vaccination with regards to the serious adverse events (SAE) notification rate (0.3 vs 0.2 per 10,000).Conclusion:Data analysis indicates that the vaccines used against 2009 pandemic influenza in Morocco have a satisfactory safety profile, similar to the seasonal influenza vaccine with the exception of local reactions as observed previously in other countries.
Citation: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy
PubDate: 2022-03-29T09:50:35Z
DOI: 10.1177/25151355221088157
Issue No: Vol. 10 (2022)
- Low rate of COVID-19 vaccination in Africa: a cause for concern
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Authors: Mohammed Al-Kassim Hassan, Auwal Adam Bala, Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau
Abstract: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy, Volume 10, Issue , January-December 2022.
Citation: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy
PubDate: 2022-03-24T01:11:34Z
DOI: 10.1177/25151355221088159
Issue No: Vol. 10 (2022)
- Global herpes zoster incidence, burden of disease, and vaccine
availability: a narrative review-
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Authors: Catherina X. Pan, Michelle S. Lee, Vinod E. Nambudiri
Abstract: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy, Volume 10, Issue , January-December 2022.
Herpes zoster (HZ) is a neurocutaneous disease that causes significant morbidity worldwide. The disease is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which leads to the development of a painful, vesicular rash and can cause complications such as post-herpetic neuralgia and vision loss. Globally, the incidence of HZ is increasing, and it incurs billions in cost annually to the healthcare system and to society through loss of productivity. With the advent of effective vaccines such as the live attenuated vaccine, Zostavax®, in 2006, and more recently the adjuvant recombinant subunit vaccine, Shingrix®, in 2017, HZ has become a preventable disease. However, access to the vaccines remains mostly limited to countries with developed economies, such as the United States and Canada. Even among countries with developed economies that license the vaccine, few have implemented HZ vaccination into their national immunization schedules due to cost-effectiveness considerations. In this review, we discuss the currently available HZ vaccines, landscape of HZ vaccine guidelines, and economic burden of disease in countries with developed and developing economies, as well as barriers and considerations in HZ vaccine access on a global scale.
Citation: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy
PubDate: 2022-03-21T11:58:00Z
DOI: 10.1177/25151355221084535
Issue No: Vol. 10 (2022)
- Identifying higher risk subgroups of health care workers for priority
vaccination against COVID-19-
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Authors: Mohsina Haq, Asif Rehman, Momina Haq, Hala Haq, Hala Rajab, Junaid Ahmad, Jawad Ahmed, Saeed Anwar, Sajjad Ahmad, Najib Ul Haq
Abstract: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy, Volume 10, Issue , January-December 2022.
Background:Health care workers (HCWs) are exposed to high risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection due to close contact with infected patients in hospital. The objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence and to identify the exposure risk of various subgroups among HCWs to prioritize them for early vaccination.Methods:This was a multicentre cross-sectional study conducted between 15 and 29 June 2020. A total of 987 HCWs were recruited randomly from two major tertiary-care hospitals of Peshawar city, Pakistan. The HCWs included doctors, nurses, paramedics and hospital support staff. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved kit was used for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.Results:Overall, 310 (31.4%) HCWs were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (95% confidence interval, CI: 28.5–34.4). Seroprevalence was higher in males (33.5%) and in age group 51–60 years (40.9%). Seropositivity increased with increasing age from 8.3% in age group ⩽20 to 40.9% in 51–60 years of age group (p
Citation: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy
PubDate: 2022-03-10T12:46:30Z
DOI: 10.1177/25151355221080724
Issue No: Vol. 10 (2022)
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Pakistan struggles to vaccinate its way out of
the pandemic-
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Authors: Qasim Mehmood, Irfan Ullah, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan, Syeda Kanza Kazmi, Attaullah Ahmadi, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno
Abstract: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy, Volume 10, Issue , January-December 2022.
Citation: Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy
PubDate: 2022-02-10T08:05:10Z
DOI: 10.1177/25151355221077658
Issue No: Vol. 10 (2022)
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