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- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 681: Correction: Narongpun et al. Whole-Genome
Investigation of Zoonotic Transmission of Livestock-Associated
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 Isolated
from Pigs and Humans in Thailand. Antibiotics 2023, 12, 1745
Authors: Pawarut Narongpun, Pattrarat Chanchaithong, Junya Yamagishi, Jeewan Thapa, Chie Nakajima, Yasuhiko Suzuki
First page: 681
Abstract: In the published publication [...]
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-23
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080681
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 682: Plasmid-Mediated Spread of Carbapenem
Resistance in Enterobacterales: A Three-Year Genome-Based Survey
Authors: Yancheng Yao, Can Imirzalioglu, Linda Falgenhauer, Jane Falgenhauer, Petra Heinmüller, Eugen Domann, Trinad Chakraborty
First page: 682
Abstract: The worldwide emergence and dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) is a challenging problem of antimicrobial resistance today. Outbreaks with CRGNB have severe consequences for both the affected healthcare settings as well as the patients with infection. Thus, bloodstream infections caused by metallo-ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales can often have clinical implications, resulting in high mortality rates due to delays in administering effective treatment and the limited availability of treatment options. The overall threat of CRGNB is substantial because carbapenems are used to treat infections caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacterales which also exist with high frequency within the same geographical regions. A genome-based surveillance of 589 CRGNB from 61 hospitals across the federal state Hesse in Germany was implemented using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to obtain a high-resolution landscape of carbapenem-resistant isolates over a three-year period (2017–2019). The study examined all reportable CRGNB isolates submitted by participating hospitals. This included isolates carrying known carbapenemases (435) together with carbapenem-resistant non-carbapenemase producers (154). Predominant carbapenemase producers included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii and Acinetobacter baumannii. Over 80% of 375 carbapenem-resistant determinants including KPC-, NDM-, VIM- and OXA-48-like ones detected in 520 Enterobacterales were plasmid-encoded, and half of these were dominated by a few incompatibility (Inc) types, viz., IncN, IncL/M, IncFII and IncF(K). Our results revealed that plasmids play an extraordinary role in the dissemination of carbapenem resistance in the heterogeneous CRGNB population. The plasmids were also associated with several multispecies dissemination events and local outbreaks throughout the study period, indicating the substantial role of horizontal gene transfer in carbapenemase spread. Furthermore, due to vertical and horizontal plasmid transfer, this can have an impact on implant-associated infections and is therefore important for antibiotic-loaded bone cement and drug-containing devices in orthopedic surgery. Future genomic surveillance projects should increase their focus on plasmid characterization.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-23
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080682
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 683: Activity of Synthetic Peptide KP and Its
Derivatives against Biofilm-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Resistant
to Cephalosporins
Authors: Lorenza Artesani, Tecla Ciociola, Alice Vismarra, Cristina Bacci, Stefania Conti, Laura Giovati
First page: 683
Abstract: Bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, particularly new generation cephalosporins, is a major public health concern. In Escherichia coli, resistance to these antibiotics is mainly mediated by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), which complicates a range of health-threatening infections. These infections may also be biofilm-related, making them more difficult to treat because of the higher tolerance to conventional antibiotics and the host immune response. In this study, we tested as potential new drug candidates against biofilm-forming ESBL-producing E. coli four antimicrobial peptides previously shown to have antifungal properties. The peptides proved to be active in vitro at micromolar concentrations against both sensitive and ESBL-producing E. coli strains, effectively killing planktonic cells and inhibiting biofilm formation. Quantitative fluorescence intensity analysis of three-dimensional reconstructed confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of mature biofilm treated with the most active peptide showed significant eradication and a reduction in viable bacteria, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed gross morphological alterations in treated bacteria. The screening of the investigated peptides for antibacterial and antibiofilm activity led to the selection of a leading candidate to be further studied for developing new antimicrobial drugs as an alternative treatment against microbial infections, primarily associated with biofilms.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-24
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080683
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 684: General Characteristics and Current State
of Antibiotic Resistance in Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection—A
Single Center Experience
Authors: Raluca Isac, Gabriela Doros, Cristiana-Alexandra Stolojanu, Ruxandra Maria Steflea, Ramona Florina Stroescu, Ioana-Cristina Olariu, Andrada-Mara Micsescu-Olah, Mihai Gafencu
First page: 684
Abstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) represents one of the most common bacterial infections in children, mainly caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Empirical antibiotic treatment is based on international and national guidelines for treating UTIs in children and is individualized with local antibiotic resistance patterns. The aim of this study is to bring a clear view of present-day particularities of UTIs in children. Methods: We analyzed 210 positive urine cultures identified in 141 pediatric patients admitted to the hospital over a 6-month period. Results: The majority of patients were females (57%) with a median age of 5 years (IQR 12), while male patients revealed a median age of 2 (IQR 7). Most patients originated from urban areas (53%). Only 18 patients (12.76%) were identified with underlying Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT). Escherichia Coli was the most frequent pathogen. Increased antibiotic resistance was found in commonly-used antibiotics Ampicillin and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, and in the case of patients with CAKUT. Suitable antibiotics for treating a Gram-negative UTI are aminoglycosides, Meropenem, third-generation Cephalosporins, and Nitrofurantoin. Vancomycin upholds efficacy in treating a Gram-positive pediatric UTI. Conclusion: Periodical analysis needs to be performed in order to constantly update clinicians on uropathogenic antibiotic resistance and optimal empirical treatment options.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-24
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080684
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 685: Long-Term Outcomes of Multidrug-Resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriuria: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Chisook Moon, Jin Suk Kang, Seok Jun Mun, Si-Ho Kim, Yu Mi Wi
First page: 685
Abstract: The relationship between bacteriuria and subsequent symptomatic infections, particularly bacteraemia, has been a subject of ongoing research. We aim to investigate the clinical characteristics, long-term outcomes, and factors associated with subsequent symptomatic infection following an initial multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRP) bacteriuria episode. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among patients with MDRP bacteriuria who were hospitalized at a tertiary care hospital from 2009 to 2018, with a 12-month follow-up period for each patient. The primary endpoint was the incidence of subsequent symptomatic MDRP infections at any site, and the secondary endpoint was the overall mortality rate. A total of 260 patients with MDRP bacteriuria were included in the analysis, of whom 155 patients (59.6%) had asymptomatic bacteriuria. Subsequent symptomatic MDRP infections were documented in 79 patients (30.3%) within 12 months of the initial bacteriuria episode: UTI (n = 47, 18.1%), pneumonia (n = 21, 8.1%), bacteraemia (n = 9, 3.5%), soft tissue infection (n = 7, 2.7%), and bone and joint infection (n = 4, 1.5%). Intensive care unit (ICU) acquisition and recurrent bacteriuria were independent risk factors of subsequent symptomatic infections in patients with MDRP bacteriuria. The overall mortality rate was 16.9%, with 31.8% of deaths estimated to be associated with MDRP infection. Solid tumours, cardiovascular diseases, chronic liver disease, chronic lung disease, ICU acquisition, absence of pyuria, and concurrent MDRP bacteraemia were independent predictors of mortality. MDRP bacteriuria has the potential for progression to symptomatic infection and associated mortality. Targeted interventions and prevention strategies were crucial to reduce subsequent infections in patients with MDRP bacteriuria, especially in high-risk patients.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-24
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080685
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 686: Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle
Authors: Yoo-Na Jeon, Su-Ji Ryu, Ha-Yeon Lee, Jang-Oh Kim, Jong-Suep Baek
First page: 686
Abstract: Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts has been proposed as a more advantageous and environmentally friendly alternative compared to existing physical/chemical methods. In this study, AgNPs were synthesized from silver nitrate using black mulberry (BM) extract. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized through an UV-visible spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, BM-AgNPs were subjected to antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. AgNPs biosynthesized from BM extract were dark brown in color and showed a strong peak at 437 nm, confirming that AgNPs were successfully synthesized. The size of AgNPs was 170.17 ± 12.65 nm, the polydispersity index was 0.281 ± 0.07, and the zeta potential value was −56.6 ± 0.56 mV, indicating that the particles were stable. The higher total phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content of BM-AgNPs compared to BM extract indicates that the particles contain multiple active substances due to the formation of AgNPs. The DPPH and ABTS assays showed decreased IC50 values compared to BM extract, demonstrating improved antioxidant activity. AgNPs inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli at 600 μg/mL, with minimum bactericidal concentrations determined to be 1000 and 1200 μg/mL, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity was 64.28% at a BM-AgNPs concentration of 250 μg/mL. As the concentration increased, the difference from the standard decreased, indicating the inhibitory effect of AgNPs on bovine serum albumin denaturation. The viability of MCF-7 cells treated with BM-AgNPs was found to be significantly lower than that of cells treated with BM extract. The IC50 value of BM-AgNPs was determined to be 96.9 μg/mL. This study showed that BM-AgNPs have the potential to be used in the pharmaceutical industry as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agents.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-24
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080686
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 687: Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic
Resistance Profiles in Carbapenemase-Producing Gram-Negative Rods—A
Comparative Analysis between Screening and Pathological Isolates
Authors: Camelia Vintilă, Răzvan Lucian Coșeriu, Anca Delia Mare, Cristina Nicoleta Ciurea, Radu Ovidiu Togănel, Anastasia Simion, Anca Cighir, Adrian Man
First page: 687
Abstract: (1) Background: Carbapenem-resistant (CR) bacteria pose a significant global public health challenge due to their ability to evade treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems. This study investigates the biofilm-forming capabilities of CR clinical bacterial isolates and examines the impact of serum on biofilm formation. Additionally, the study evaluates the resistance profiles and genetic markers for carbapenemase production. (2) Methods: Bacterial isolates were collected from the microbiology laboratory of Mures County Clinical Hospital between October 2022 and September 2023. Pharyngeal and rectal swabs were screened for carbapenem-resistant bacteria using selective media. Lower respiratory tract samples were also analyzed for CR Gram-negative bacteria. The isolates were tested for their ability to form biofilms in the presence and absence of fetal bovine serum at 24 and 48 h. Carbapenemase production was detected phenotypically and confirmed via PCR for relevant genes. (3) Results: Out of 846 screened samples, 4.25% from pharyngeal swabs and 6.38% from rectal swabs tested positive for CR bacteria. Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most common species isolated. Biofilm formation varied significantly between clinical isolates and standard strains, with clinical isolates generally showing higher biofilm production. The presence of serum had no significant effect on biofilm formation in Klebsiella spp., but stimulated biofilm formation for Acinetobacter spp. Carbapenemase genes blaKPC, blaOXA-48-like, and blaNDM were detected in various isolates, predominantly in Klebsiella spp., but were not the main determinants of carbapenem resistance, at least in screening isolates. (4) Conclusions: This study highlights the variability in biofilm formation among CR clinical isolates and underscores the differences between the bacteria found as carriage versus infection. Both bacterial species and environmental factors variably influence biofilm formation. These insights are crucial for the development of effective treatment and infection control strategies in clinical settings.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-24
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080687
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 688: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Lifecycle:
Involvement of Mechanical Constraints and Timeline of Matrix Production
Authors: Audrey David, Ali Tahrioui, Anne-Sophie Tareau, Adrien Forge, Mathieu Gonzalez, Emeline Bouffartigues, Olivier Lesouhaitier, Sylvie Chevalier
First page: 688
Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causing acute and chronic infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Its remarkable adaptability and resistance to various antimicrobial treatments make it difficult to eradicate. Its persistence is enabled by its ability to form a biofilm. Biofilm is a community of sessile micro-organisms in a self-produced extracellular matrix, which forms a scaffold facilitating cohesion, cell attachment, and micro- and macro-colony formation. This lifestyle provides protection against environmental stresses, the immune system, and antimicrobial treatments, and confers the capacity for colonization and long-term persistence, often characterizing chronic infections. In this review, we retrace the events of the life cycle of P. aeruginosa biofilm, from surface perception/contact to cell spreading. We focus on the importance of extracellular appendages, mechanical constraints, and the kinetics of matrix component production in each step of the biofilm life cycle.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-24
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080688
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 689: Anti-Biofilm Action of Cineole and
Hypericum perforatum to Combat Pneumonia-Causing Drug-Resistant P.
aeruginosa
Authors: Sourav Chakraborty, Piyush Baindara, Pralay Sharma, Austin Jose T, Kumaravel V, Raja Manoharan, Santi M. Mandal
First page: 689
Abstract: Hospital-acquired antibiotic-resistant pneumonia is one of the major causes of mortality around the world that pose a catastrophic threat. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most significant opportunistic pathogens responsible for hospital-acquired pneumonia and gained resistance to the majority of conventional antibiotics. There is an urgent need for antibiotic alternatives to control drug-resistant pneumonia and other related respiratory infections. In the present study, we explored the antibacterial potential of cineole in combination with homeopathic medicines against biofilm-forming drug-resistant P. aeruginosa. Out of 26 selected and screened homeopathic medicines, Hypericum Perforatum (HyPer) was found to eradicate biofilm-forming drug-resistant P. aeruginosa most effectively when used in combination with cineole. Interestingly, the synergistic action of HyPer and cineole was also found to be similarly effective against planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa. Further, the potential synergistic killing mechanisms of cineole and HyPer were determined by analyzing zeta membrane potential, outer membrane permeability, and DNA release from P. aeruginosa cells upon treatment with cineole and HyPer. Additionally, molecular docking analysis revealed strong binding affinities of hypericin (an active ingredient of HyPer) with the PqsA (a quorum sensing protein) of P. aeruginosa. Overall, our findings revealed the potential synergistic action of cineole and HyPer against biofilm-forming drug-resistant P. aeruginosa. Cineole and HyPer could be used in combination with other bronchodilators as inhalers to control the biofilm-forming drug-resistant P. aeruginosa.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-24
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080689
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 690: Peri-Implant Microbial Signature Shifts
in Titanium, Zirconia and Ceria-Stabilized Zirconia Reinforced with
Alumina Sites Subjected to Experimental Peri-Implantitis: A Preclinical
Study in Dogs
Authors: Roberto López-Píriz, David Sevillano, Manuel Fernández Domínguez, Luis Alou, Natalia González, Lidia Goyos-Ball, Belén Cabal, José Serafín Moya, María Luisa Gómez-Lus, Ramón Torrecillas
First page: 690
Abstract: This study evaluates the dynamic shift in the microbiota at the peri-implant site of titanium (Ti) and zirconia (Zr) implants subjected to experimental peri-implantitis (PI) and, for the first time, of implants made of ceria-stabilized alumina-reinforced zirconia (Ce-TZP/Al), a revolutionary zirconia that is set to play a key role in modern implant dentistry. One- and two-piece (TP) implants, including Ce-TZP/AL TP/G3 glass, were placed bilaterally (six implants/side) in five beagle dogs to mimic a natural vs. ligature-induced PI following a split-mouth design. The experiment spanned 30 weeks from tooth extraction. Both PI models promoted plaque deposition at peri-implant sites. Comparatively, the PI induced by ligatures favored the deposition of anaerobes (p = 0.047 vs. natural). Regardless of the model, the plaque deposition pattern was entirely dependent on the implanted material. Ligated Ti and Zr implant sites accumulated up to 2.14 log CFU/mL unit anaerobic load (p ≤ 0.033 vs. non-ligated implant sites), predominantly comprising obligate anaerobes. Naturally occurring PI induced the deposition of co-occurring networks of obligate anaerobes and less oxygen-dependent bacteria. PI induction favored the enrichment of Ti and Zr sites with bacterial taxa belonging to the orange and red complexes (up to 28% increase naturally and up to 71% in the ligated hemiarch). Anaerobic deposition was significantly lower in ligated Ce-TZP/Al implant sites (p ≤ 0.014 vs. TI and Zr) and independent of the induction model (0.63–1 log units of increase). Facultative bacteria prevailed at Ce-TZP/AL sites. The abundance was lower in the Ce-TZP/AL TP implant. Unlike Ti and Zr sites, taxa from the orange and red complexes were negligible. Biofilms configured at the Ti and Zr sites after ligation-induced PI resemble those found in severe IP. We hypothesize that, although surface properties (surface energy and surface roughness) and physicochemical properties of the substrate play an important role in bacterial adhesion and subsequent plaque formation, Ce-TZP/Al modulates several biological activities that preserve the integrity of the gingival seal by limiting PI progression. In conclusion, biofilm progression differs in peri-implant sites according to the specific properties of the material. Ce-TZP/A, unlike titanium or zirconia, prevents dysbiosis in sites subjected to experimental PI and preserves the microbial signature of emergent obligate anaerobes related to PI development.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-24
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080690
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 691: Antimicrobial Resistance and
Antimicrobial Therapy of Clinically Relevant Bacteria
Authors: Georgios Meletis, Lemonia Skoura, Efthymia Protonotariou
First page: 691
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health problem, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has warned that the current antibiotic armamentarium is not sufficient to face future challenges [...]
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-25
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080691
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 692: Development of a Galleria mellonella
Infection Model to Evaluate the Efficacy of Antibiotic-Loaded Polymethyl
Methacrylate (PMMA) Bone Cement
Authors: You Zhao, Gopala Krishna Mannala, Raphaëlle Youf, Markus Rupp, Volker Alt, Martijn Riool
First page: 692
Abstract: Prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) can have disastrous consequences for patient health, including removal of the device, and placement of cemented implants is often required during surgery to eradicate PJIs. In translational research, in vivo models are widely used to assess the biocompatibility and antimicrobial efficacy of antimicrobial coatings and compounds. Here, we aim to utilize Galleria mellonella implant infection models to assess the antimicrobial activity of antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ALBC) implants. Therefore, we used commercially available bone cement loaded with either gentamicin alone (PALACOS R+G) or with a combination of gentamicin and vancomycin (COPAL G+V), compared to bone cement without antibiotics (PALACOS R). Firstly, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ALBC was determined against Staphylococcus aureus. Next, the efficacy of ALBC implants was analyzed in both the G. mellonella hematogenous and early-stage biofilm implant infection model, by monitoring the survival of larvae over time. After 24 h, the number of bacteria on the implant surface and in the tissue was determined. Larvae receiving dual-loaded COPAL G+V implants showed higher survival rates compared to implants loaded with only gentamicin (PALACOS R+G) and the control implants without antibiotics (PALACOS R). In conclusion, G. mellonella larvae infection models with antibiotic-loaded bone cements are an excellent option to study (novel) antimicrobial approaches.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-25
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080692
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 693: Biomarker-Based Analysis of Pain in
Authors: Kunal Garg, Abbie Thoma, Gordana Avramovic, Leona Gilbert, Marc Shawky, Minha Rajput Ray, John Shearer Lambert
First page: 693
Abstract: Tick-borne illnesses (TBIs), especially those caused by Borrelia, are increasingly prevalent worldwide. These diseases progress through stages of initial localization, early spread, and late dissemination. The final stage often leads to post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) or chronic Lyme disease (CLD), characterized by persistent and non-specific multisystem symptoms affecting multiple systems, lasting over six months after antibiotic therapy. PTLDS significantly reduces functional ability, with 82–96% of patients experiencing pain, including arthritis, arthralgia, and myalgia. Inflammatory markers like CRP and TNF-alpha indicate ongoing inflammation, but the link between chronic pain and other biomarkers is underexplored. This study examined the relationship between pain and biomarkers in TBI patients from an Irish hospital and their response to antibiotic treatment. Pain ratings significantly decreased after antibiotic treatment, with median pain scores dropping from 7 to 5 (U = 27215.50, p < 0.001). This suggests a persistent infection responsive to antibiotics. Age and gender did not influence pain ratings before and after treatment. The study found correlations between pain ratings and biomarkers such as transferrin, CD4%, platelets, and neutrophils. However, variations in these biomarkers did not significantly predict pain changes when considering biomarkers outside the study. These findings imply that included biomarkers do not directly predict pain changes, possibly indicating allostatic load in symptom variability among long-term TBI patients. The study emphasizes the need for appropriate antibiotic treatment for TBIs, highlighting human rights issues related to withholding pain relief.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-25
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080693
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 694: Randomized, Double-Blind,
Placebo-Controlled Study of Anti-Mycobacterial Therapy (RHB-104) in Active
Crohn’s Disease
Authors: David Y. Graham, Saleh A. Naser, Thomas Borody, Zbigniew Hebzda, Harry Sarles, Scott Levenson, Robert Hardi, Tomasz Arłukowicz, Petar Svorcan, Reza Fathi, Aida Bibliowicz, Patricia Anderson, Patrick McLean, Clara Fehrmann, M. Scott Harris, Shuhong Zhao, Ira N. Kalfus
First page: 694
Abstract: This study, conducted between 4 October 2013, and 30 November 2018, tested the hypothesis that triple antimicrobial therapy, targeting Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), long considered a putative cause, would favorably affect Crohn’s disease. A double-blind multicenter study of adults with active Crohn’s disease, (i.e., Crohn’s Disease Activity Index [CDAI] 220–450 plus C-reactive protein ≥ 1.0 mg/dL, fecal calprotectin (FCP) >162.9 µg/g stool, or recent endoscopic or radiographic confirmation of active disease) receiving concomitant standard-of-care Crohn’s disease treatment (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01951326) were stratified by anti-tumor necrosis factor use and randomized (1:1) to anti-MAP RHB-104 (clarithromycin 95 mg, rifabutin 45 mg, and clofazimine 10 mg per capsule) (n = 166), resulting in clarithromycin 950 mg/day, rifabutin 450 mg/day, and clofazimine 100 mg/day, or placebo (n = 165) for up to 52 weeks. A greater proportion of RHB-104 versus placebo-treated patients met the primary endpoint—remission (i.e., CDAI < 150)—at week 26 (36.7% [61/166] vs. 22.4% [37/165], respectively; 95% CI for difference: 4.6, 24.0, p = 0.0048; chi-square test). Clinical response (reduction of CDAI by ≥100 points from baseline) at week 26 (first secondary endpoint) was also higher among the patients treated with RHB-104 (73/166 [44.0%]) compared with placebo (50/165 [30.3%]; 95% CI for difference: 3.4, 24.0, p = 0.0116), and it remained higher at week 52 among the patients treated with RHB-104 (59/166 [35.5%] vs. (35/165 [21.2%] for placebo; 95% CI for difference: 4.7, 23.9, p = 0.0042). A statistically significantly greater decline in FCP (another prospective efficacy endpoint) was also observed in RHB-104-treated patients, compared with placebo, at weeks 12, 26, and 52. The rates of serious adverse events were similar between groups (RHB-104: 18.7%; placebo: 18.8%). No patient died during the study. Antimicrobial therapy directed against MAP resulted in significantly greater improvement in clinical and laboratory (FCP) measures of active Crohn’s disease.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-25
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080694
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 695: Prescribing Antibiotics for Children with
Acute Conditions in Public Primary Care Clinics in Singapore: A
Retrospective Cohort Database Study
Authors: Vivien Min Er Lee, Si Hui Low, Sky Wei Chee Koh, Anna Szuecs, Victor Weng Keong Loh, Meena Sundram, José M. Valderas, Li Yang Hsu
First page: 695
Abstract: Data on primary care antibiotic prescription practices for children in Singapore, which are essential for health care policy, are lacking. We aimed to address this gap and to benchmark prescription practices against international standards. A retrospective cohort database study on antibiotic prescriptions for children (aged < 18 years) who visited six public primary care clinics in Singapore between 2018 and 2021 was conducted. Data were categorised according to the World Health Organization’s Access, Watch, Reserve (WHO AWaRe) classification. Quality indicators from the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Network (ESAC-Net) and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines were used as a measure of appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing at the individual and overall patient level. In 831,669 polyclinic visits by children between 2018 and 2021, there was a significant reduction in mean antibiotics prescribed per month during pandemic years (2020–2021) compared to pre-pandemic (2018–2019) (MD 458.3, 95% CI 365.9–550.7). Most prescriptions (95.8%) for acute conditions fell within the WHO AWaRe “Access” group. Antibiotic prescription significantly exceeded (55.2%) the relevant quality indicator for otitis media (0–20%). The proportion of children receiving appropriate antibiotics for acute respiratory infections (n = 4506, 51.3%) and otitis media (n = 174, 49.4%) was low compared to the quality indicator (80–100%). There is a need to develop local evidence-based primary care antibiotic guidelines, as well as to support the development of stewardship programmes.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-25
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080695
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 696: Adverse Events Comparison of Double
Beta-Lactam Combinations for Bloodstream Infections: Ampicillin plus
Ceftriaxone and Ampicillin/Cloxacillin
Authors: Kazuhiro Ishikawa, Daiki Kobayashi, Nobuyoshi Mori
First page: 696
Abstract: In Japan, only ampicillin/cloxacillin (ABPC/MCIPC) is available as an anti-staphylococcal penicillin-based treatment for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. However, the incidence of adverse events associated with double beta-lactam administration remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the adverse events of double beta-lactam administration in patients with bacteremia. Adult patients (≥18 years) with bacteremia treated with ABPC, ABPC + ceftriaxone (CTRX), or ABPC/MCIPC were retrospectively analyzed. The primary outcome of this study was the incidence of adverse events such as acute kidney injury, liver dysfunction, and myelosuppression. Chi-square tests and t-tests were used for bivariate analysis. Propensity score (PS) matching was conducted to adjust for confounding factors. We included 277 ABPC-, 57 ABPC + CTRX-, and 43 ABPC/MCIPC-treated patients. Significant differences were noted in age, number of male patients, proportion of patients with qSOFA score ≥2, incidence of chronic kidney disease, treatment duration, mechanical ventilation use, vasopressor use, and proportion of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) KDIGO grade ≥2. Further, a significant difference was observed between ABPC and ABPC/MCIPC, with a hazard ratio of 1.83 in AKI. In the PS-matched cohort, AKI incidence associated with ABPC/MCIPC was significantly higher than that associated with ABPC. ABPC + CTRX may be safe, whereas ABPC/MCIPC presents a higher risk of AKI and may not be suitable.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-25
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080696
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 697: Vitis vinifera L. Leaf Extract, a
Microbiota Green Ally against Infectious and Inflammatory Skin and Scalp
Diseases: An In-Depth Update
Authors: Marta Armari, Elisa Zavattaro, Cesar Francisco Trejo, Alice Galeazzi, Alessia Grossetti, Federica Veronese, Paola Savoia, Barbara Azzimonti
First page: 697
Abstract: The skin microbiota, with its millions of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, plays a key role in balancing the health of the skin and scalp. Its continuous exposure to potentially harmful stressors can lead to abnormalities such as local dysbiosis, altered barrier function, pathobiont overabundance, and infections often sustained by multidrug-resistant bacteria. These factors contribute to skin impairment, deregulation of immune response, and chronic inflammation, with local and systemic consequences. In this scenario, according to the needs of the bio-circular-green economy model, novel harmless strategies, both for regulating the diverse epidermal infectious and inflammatory processes and for preserving or restoring the host skin eubiosis and barrier selectivity, are requested. Vitis vinifera L. leaves and their derived extracts are rich in plant secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties that can be further exploited through microbe-driven fermentation processes. On this premise, this literature review aims to provide an informative summary of the most updated evidence on their interactions with skin commensals and pathogens and on their ability to manage inflammatory conditions and restore microbial biodiversity. The emerging research showcases the potential novel beneficial ingredients for addressing various skincare concerns and advancing the cosmeceutics field as well.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-26
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080697
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 698: The Roles of a Multidrug-Resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae High-Risk Clone and Its Resistance Plasmids on the
Gastrointestinal Colonization and Host-Defense Effectors in the Gut
Authors: Balazs Stercz, Judit Domokos, Zsuzsanna A. Dunai, Nora Makra, Janos Juhasz, Eszter Ostorhazi, Bela Kocsis, Dora Szabo
First page: 698
Abstract: The asymptomatic gastrointestinal colonization of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria can lead to difficult-to-treat infections. We investigated the role of host factors influencing colonization in an orogastrical murine infection model using a CTX-M-15- and OXA-162-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST15 (MDR-KP) strain, as well as Escherichia coli J53 (EC) and E. coli transconjugants with an IncFII(K) plasmid carrying CTX-M-15 (EC-CTXM), and with an IncL plasmid carrying OXA-162 (EC-OXA) genes. The fecal bacterial count in colony-forming unit/gram stool (CFU/g) was determined by cultivation, IgA and defensin levels by ELISA, and gut microbiota by 16S rRNA analysis. The CFU was the lowest in EC, followed by EC-OXA and EC-CTXM, and the highest in the MDR-KP group. The IgA level in feces increased in MDR-KP, EC-CTXM, and EC-OXA, and did not change in EC. The beta-defensin 3 level markedly increased in all groups, with the highest values in MDR-KP and EC-CTXM. Alpha-defensin-5 increased in all groups especially in EC. In microbiota, the Bacteroidota phylum was dominant in MDR-KP, EC-CTXM, and EC-OXA, whereas Proteobacteria was dominant in EC. The Muribaculaceae family was significantly more common in the MDR-KP and EC-OXA groups, while the Lachnospiraceae family was dominant in the EC group. While fecal IgA levels positively correlated with colonizing bacterial CFU, the alpha-defensin 5 levels inversely correlated with CFUs and IgA levels. The presence of the IncFII(K) plasmid induced beta-defensin 3 production. The amounts of the Muribaculaceae family members exhibited a correlation with the IncL plasmid. The detected amounts of the Lachnospiraceae family indicated the protective role against the high-risk clone and the resistance plasmids’ dissemination. Our results suggest that not only the MDR-KP clone itself but also the resistance plasmids play a primary role in the colonization rate in the gastrointestinal tract. Both the MDR-KP clone as well as the IncFII(K) and IncL resistance plasmids provide survival and colonization benefits in the gut.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-26
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080698
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 699: Clinical Outcomes of
Ceftazidime–Avibactam versus Ceftolozane–Tazobactam in
Managing Pseudomonal Infections in Patients Undergoing Renal Replacement
Therapy
Authors: Wasim S. El Nekidy, Mooza Al Ali, Emna Abidi, Rania El Lababidi, Diaa Alrahmany, Islam M. Ghazi, Mohamad Mooty, Fadi Hijazi, Muriel Ghosn, Jihad Mallat
First page: 699
Abstract: The optimal doses of ceftazidime–avibactam (CZA) and ceftolozane–tazobactam (C/T) for treating multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA) in patients utilizing renal replacement therapy (RRT) are not well established. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes associated with the suggested doses of CZA and C/T in patients with PSA infection utilizing RRT. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted at our hospital between September 2018 and March 2022. Clinical cure was the primary endpoint, while microbiologic cure, 30-day recurrence, and 30-day mortality were the secondary endpoints. Results: In total, 45 subjects met the inclusion criteria, with 25 receiving CZA and 20 receiving C/T. The median age was 69 (52–81) and 69 (61.5–83) years, respectively, while the median weight was 70 (55.5–81.5) and 66 (57–79) kg, respectively. Clinical cure was achieved in 12 (48%) subjects in the CZA group and 12 (60%) in the C/T group (p = 0.432). Of the 36 subjects who had repeated cultures, a microbiologic cure was achieved in 14/23 (60%) subjects and 10/13 (76.9%) subjects (p = 0.273). Thirty-day recurrence was reported in 3 (12%) cases in the CZA group and 6 (30%) in the C/T group (p = 0.082). The 30-day mortality was 13 (52%) subjects in the CZA group and 10 (50%) in the C/T group (p = 0.894). The median maintenance dose of CZA was 1.88 (0.94–3.75) g and 2.25 (1.5–2.25) g for C/T. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that both drugs did not differ significantly in clinical cure. Bloodstream infection (BSI) (OR = 25, 95% CI: 1.63–411.7, p = 0.021) was the only independent factor associated with clinical cure in this population. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that C/T and CZA did not significantly differ in achieving clinical cure in patients with MDR PSA infections undergoing RRT. Larger clinical trials are needed to confirm our findings.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-26
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080699
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 700: Bacterial and Genetic Features of Raw
Retail Pork Meat: Integrative Analysis of Antibiotic Susceptibility,
Whole-Genome Sequencing, and Metagenomics
Authors: Michelle Lowe, Wilhelmina Strasheim, Wai Yin Chan, Olga Perovic
First page: 700
Abstract: The global antibiotic resistance crisis, driven by overuse and misuse of antibiotics, is multifaceted. This study aimed to assess the microbiological and genetic characteristics of raw retail pork meat through various methods, including the isolation, antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST), whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of selected indicator bacteria, antibiotic residue testing, and metagenomic sequencing. Samples were purchased from 10 pre-selected retail stores in Gauteng, South Africa. The samples were aseptically separated, with portions sent to an external laboratory for isolating indicator bacteria and testing for antibiotic residues. Identification of the isolated bacteria was reconfirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). AST was performed using the Microscan Walkaway system (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA). WGS and metagenomic sequencing were performed using the Illumina NextSeq 550 instrument (San Diego, CA, USA). The isolated E. coli and E. faecalis exhibited minimal phenotypic resistance, with WGS revealing the presence of tetracycline resistance genes. Both the isolated bacteria and meat samples harboured tetracycline resistance genes and the antibiotic residue concentrations were within acceptable limits for human consumption. In the metagenomic context, most identified bacteria were of food/meat spoilage and environmental origin. The resistome analysis primarily indicated beta-lactam, tetracycline and multidrug resistance genes. Further research is needed to understand the broader implications of these findings on environmental health and antibiotic resistance.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-26
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080700
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 701: The pH-Insensitive Antimicrobial and
Antibiofilm Activities of the Frog Skin Derived Peptide Esc(1-21):
Promising Features for Novel Anti-Infective Drugs
Authors: Maria Rosa Loffredo, Floriana Cappiello, Giacomo Cappella, Elisabetta Capuozzo, Luisa Torrini, Fabiana Diaco, Yuanpu Peter Di, Maria Luisa Mangoni, Bruno Casciaro
First page: 701
Abstract: The number of antibiotic-resistant microbial infections is dramatically increasing, while the discovery of new antibiotics is significantly declining. Furthermore, the activity of antibiotics is negatively influenced by the ability of bacteria to form sessile communities, called biofilms, and by the microenvironment of the infection, characterized by an acidic pH, especially in the lungs of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). Antimicrobial peptides represent interesting alternatives to conventional antibiotics, and with expanding properties. Here, we explored the effects of an acidic pH on the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of the AMP Esc(1-21) and we found that it slightly lost activity (from 2- to 4-fold) against the planktonic form of a panel of Gram-negative bacteria, with respect to a ≥ 32-fold of traditional antibiotics. Furthermore, it retained its activity against the sessile form of these bacteria grown in media with a neutral pH, and showed similar or higher effectiveness against the biofilm form of bacteria grown in acidic media, simulating a CF-like acidic microenvironment, compared to physiological conditions.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-26
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080701
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 702: Occult Serious Bacterial Infections in
Neonates and Infants Up to Three Months of Age with Bronchiolitis: Are
Invasive Cultures Required'
Authors: Domenico Umberto De Rose, Venere Cortazzo, Marilena Agosta, Paola Bernaschi, Maria Paola Ronchetti, Velia Chiara Di Maio, Alessandra Di Pede, Jole Rechichi, Annabella Braguglia, Carlo Federico Perno, Andrea Dotta
First page: 702
Abstract: (1) Background: The literature reports a low risk of serious bacterial infections (SBIs) in febrile infants presenting with bronchiolitis or respiratory syncytial virus infection, but current microbiological techniques have a higher accuracy. (2) Methods: We assessed the risk of SBIs in neonates and infants with bronchiolitis from 2021 to 2023. We also evaluated C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and leukocyte values. (3) Results: We included 242 infants. Blood cultures (BCs) were performed in 66/242 patients, with a positivity rate of 9.1% (including one BC with Staphylococcus hominis, considered as a contaminant). The cerebrospinal fluid culture was performed in 6/242 patients, and the results were all negative. Infection markers did not discriminate infants with positive BCs from those with negative ones. (4) Conclusions: Blood cultures should be performed in neonates and young infants with bronchiolitis fever, as the sepsis risk is not negligible. Conversely, our proposed algorithm is to wait for the respiratory panel results before decision-making for a lumbar puncture. Further studies are needed to understand lumbar puncture requirements.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-26
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080702
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 703: Local Antimicrobial Therapy with Combined
Aminoglycoside and Vancomycin Compared to Aminoglycoside Monotherapy in
the Surgical Management of Osteomyelitis and Fracture-Related Infection
Authors: Annalise Unsworth, Bernadette Young, Jamie Ferguson, Matthew Scarborough, Martin McNally
First page: 703
Abstract: We investigated the effect of combination aminoglycoside and vancomycin local antibiotic treatment compared to aminoglycoside alone in the surgical management of bone infection. Data including patient demographics, type of surgery, microbiological characteristics, BACH score, duration of antibiotic treatment and clinical outcomes were collected. Failure of therapy was a composite of recurrence of infection, continued or new antimicrobial therapy, or reoperation with suspected or confirmed infection at one year after index surgery. A total of 266 patients met the inclusion criteria. 252 patients reached the final follow-up and were included in the final analysis. 113 patients had treatment with aminoglycoside alone and 139 patients had combination aminoglycoside and vancomycin. There was no difference in the failure rate between groups; 10/113 (8.8%) in the aminoglycoside alone and 12/139 (8.6%) in the combination group, p = 0.934. Multivariate analysis showed that there was no added benefit of combination therapy (OR 1.54: 95% CI 0.59–4.04, p = 0.38). BACH score and low BMI were associated with increased risk of failure (BACH OR 3.49: 95% CI 1.13–10.76, p = 0.03; Low BMI OR 0.91: 95% CI 0.84–0.99, p = 0.037). The form of the carrier material (pellets or injectable paste) had no effect on failure rate (p = 0.163). The presence of aminoglycoside resistance had no effect on failure rate (OR 0.39: 95% CI 0.05–3.01, p = 0.37). Clinical outcome was not improved by the addition of vancomycin to aminoglycoside alone as local therapy for the management of bone infection.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-27
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080703
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 704: Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) in Gingival Crevicular Fluid after Minimally Invasive
Periodontal Surgery with or without Er:YAG and Nd:YAG Laser Application
Authors: Ewa Dolińska, Anna Skurska, Violetta Dymicka-Piekarska, Robert Milewski, Małgorzata Pietruska
First page: 704
Abstract: Background: This study aimed to evaluate alterations in the concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) within gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) extracted from the intrabony periodontal defect site before and after minimally invasive regenerative surgery, with or without supplemental laser application. The surgical procedure was performed using the modified minimally invasive surgical technique (M-MIST). Methods: Thirty-eight patients, each presenting with a single vertical defect, were randomly assigned to either the test (M-MIST + Er:YAG + Nd:YAG) or the control group (M-MIST). IL-8 and MMP-9 levels (primary outcomes of the study) were assessed prior to therapy, after 2 and 4 weeks, and 6 months following the surgical procedure by means of dedicated ELISA kits. Results: Both procedures were clinically effective as evidenced by probing depth (PD) reduction and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain at the 6-month follow-up. No statistical differences were observed in the levels of MMP-9 and IL-8 between the groups at any time point assessed. The changes in the level of MMP-9 and IL-8 over time were not statistically significant in any group. IL-8 was positively correlated with MMP-9 in the control group throughout the study and in the test group 2 weeks and 6 months post-op. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the additional application of Er:YAG + Nd:YAG lasers alongside the M-MIST procedure did not enhance the clinical and biochemical treatment outcomes compared to M-MIST alone.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-27
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080704
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 705: Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau
Extract Inhibits Dengue Virus Infection and Inflammation in the Huh7
Hepatoma Cell Line
Authors: Kanyaluck Jantakee, Suthida Panwong, Pachara Sattayawat, Ratchaneewan Sumankan, Sasithorn Saengmuang, Kiattawee Choowongkomon, Aussara Panya
First page: 705
Abstract: Dengue virus (DENV) infection has emerged as a global health problem, with no specific treatment available presently. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau extract has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. We thus hypothesized C. nutans had a broad-ranged activity to inhibit DENV and the liver inflammation caused by DENV infection. The study showed that treatment using C. nutans extract during DENV infection (co-infection step) showed the highest efficiency in lowering the viral antigen concentration to 22.87 ± 6.49% at 31.25 μg/mL. In addition, the virus–host cell binding assay demonstrated that C. nutans treatment greatly inhibited the virus after its binding to Huh7 cells. Moreover, it could remarkably lower the expression of cytokine and chemokine genes, including TNF-α, CXCL10, IL-6, and IL-8, in addition to inflammatory mediator COX-2 genes. Interestingly, the activation of the NF-κB signaling cascade after C. nutans extract treatment was dramatically decreased, which could be the underlying mechanism of its anti-inflammatory activity. The HPLC profile showed that gallic acid was the bioactive compound of C. nutans extract and might be responsible for the antiviral properties of C. nutans. Taken together, our results revealed the potential of C. nutans extract to inhibit DENV infection and lower inflammation in infected cells.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-28
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080705
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 706: Isavuconazole Pharmacokinetics in
Critically Ill Patients: Relationship with Clinical Effectiveness and
Patient Safety
Authors: María Martín-Cerezuela, Cristina Maya Gallegos, María Remedios Marqués-Miñana, María Jesús Broch Porcar, Andrés Cruz-Sánchez, Juan Carlos Mateo-Pardo, José Esteban Peris Ribera, Ricardo Gimeno, Álvaro Castellanos-Ortega, José Luis Poveda Andrés, Paula Ramírez Galleymore
First page: 706
Abstract: Isavuconazole is used to treat fungal infections. This study aims to describe isavuconazole pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients and evaluate their relationship with clinical efficacy and patient safety. We conducted a prospective, observational study in patients treated with intravenous isavuconazole. Samples were collected at predose (Cmin), 1 h (Cmax) and 12 h (C50) after the last dose. The plasma concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The relationship between plasma concentration and clinical and microbiological outcomes and safety was evaluated. The influence of covariates (age, sex, weight, SAPS3, creatinine, liver enzymes and extracorporeal devices: continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)) was analysed. Population pharmacokinetic modelling was performed using NONMEN®. A total of 71 isavuconazole samples from 24 patients were analysed. The mean Cmin was 1.76 (1.02) mg/L; 87.5% reached the optimal therapeutic target and 12.5% were below 1 mg/L. Population pharmacokinetics were best described by a one-compartment model with first-order elimination. No factor had a significant impact on the plasma concentration or pharmacokinetic parameters. Thus, isavuconazole could be safely used in a critically ill population, even in those treated with CRRT and ECMO, from a pharmacokinetic standpoint. Therefore, routine therapeutic drug monitoring may not be strictly necessary in daily clinical practice.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-29
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080706
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 707: Risk Factor Analysis for Occurrence of
Linezolid-Resistant Bacteria in the Digestive and Respiratory Tract of
Food-Producing Animals in Belgium: A Pilot Study
Authors: Michèle Driesen, Michaël Timmermans, Mickaël Cargnel, Xavier Simons, Maria-Eleni Filippitzi, Boudewijn Catry, Fabiana Dal Pozzo, Wannes Vanderhaeghen, Bénédicte Callens, Marc Dispas, Cécile Boland
First page: 707
Abstract: Linezolid is a critically important antimicrobial used in human medicine. While linezolid is not licensed for food-producing animals, the veterinary use of other antimicrobials, such as phenicols (e.g., florfenicol), could cross/co-select for linezolid-resistant (LR) bacteria. Such LR strains pose a great concern for public health due to their potential transfer between animals and humans. This study explored possible associations between epidemiological risk factors, including phenicol use, and the occurrence of LR bacteria, such as enterococci and staphylococci, in poultry, pigs, and veal calves in Belgium. Florfenicol use significantly increased the likelihood of harboring LR bacteria in veal calves, sows, and fattening pigs, particularly for the digestive tract (odds ratio (OR): [3.19–5.29]) and the respiratory tract (OR: [6.11–9.09]). LR strains from feces from fattening pigs were significantly associated with production type (OR: [3.31–44.14]) and the presence of other animal species (OR: 0.41). The occurrence of LR strains in the respiratory tract from sows was also significantly associated with using antimicrobials other than florfenicol (OR: 10.07) and purchasing animals (OR: 7.28). Our study highlights the potential risks of using certain veterinary antimicrobials, such as florfenicol, in food-producing animals and emphasizes the need for responsible antimicrobial use to safeguard both animal and public health.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-29
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080707
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 708: First Data on WGS-Based Typing and
Antimicrobial Resistance of Human Salmonella Enteritidis Isolates in
Greece
Authors: Michalis Polemis, Theologia Sideroglou, Anthi Chrysostomou, Georgia D. Mandilara
First page: 708
Abstract: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is one of the major causes of foodborne infections and is responsible for many national and multi-country foodborne outbreaks worldwide. In Greece, human salmonellosis is a mandatory notifiable disease, with laboratory surveillance being on a voluntary basis. This study aims to provide the first insights into the genetic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of 47 S. Enteritidis human isolates using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology. The S. Enteritidis population was mainly resistant to fluoroquinolones due to gyrA point mutations, whereas one isolate presented a multi-resistant plasmid-mediated phenotype. ST11 was the most frequent sequence type, and phylogenetic analysis through the cgMLST and SNP methods revealed considerable genetic diversity. Regarding virulence factors, 8 out of the 24 known SPIs and C63PI were detected. Due to the observed variability between countries, it is of utmost importance to record the circulating S. Enteritidis strains’ structure and genomic epidemiology at the national level. WGS is a valuable tool that is revolutionizing our approach to Salmonella by providing a deeper understanding of these pathogens and their impact on human health.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-29
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080708
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 709: Clinical Outcomes of Patients with
AmpC-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales Bacteremia Treated with
Carbapenems versus Non-Carbapenem Regimens: A Single-Center Study
Authors: Orjowan Shalabi, Livnat Kashat, Omer Murik, Shoshana Zevin, Marc V. Assous, Eli Ben-Chetrit
First page: 709
Abstract: Introduction: Bloodstream infections caused by AmpC-producing Enterobacterales pose treatment challenges due to the risk of AmpC overproduction and treatment failure. Current guidelines recommend carbapenems or cefepime as optimal therapy. We aimed to evaluate empiric and definitive non-carbapenem regimens for these infections. Methods: In a retrospective study from June 2014 to March 2023, adult bacteremic patients with Enterobacter cloacae complex strains and Morganella morganii were evaluated. Demographic, clinical and lab data and outcomes were assessed. Results: The cohort comprised 120 bacteremic patients, 17 receiving empiric carbapenem and 103 non-carbapenem regimens. Both groups had similar Charlson and Norton scores and previous antimicrobial exposure. The most common sources of bacteremia were urinary, abdominal and central-line-associated sources. Empiric non-carbapenem regimens (primarily piperacillin–tazobactam and cephalosporins) were not associated with recurrent bacteremia or 30-day mortality. Definitive regimens included mainly carbapenems (n = 41) and ciprofloxacin (n = 46). Beta-lactams were administered to 25 patients. Recurrent bacteremia and 30-day mortality rates were similar among treatment groups. Ciprofloxacin showed comparable outcomes to carbapenems, however, severity of illness among these patients was lower. Conclusions: Empiric and definitive non-carbapenem regimens for bacteremia with AmpC-producing organisms were not associated with treatment failure or increased 30-day mortality. Ciprofloxacin appears promising for selected, stable patients, potentially enabling early discharge.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-29
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080709
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 710: Synergistic Interactions between Selected
β-Lactam Antibiotics and Cinnamic Acid and Its Chosen Derivatives
Authors: Tomasz Zawiła, Denis Swolana, Marta Zawiła, Robert D. Wojtyczka
First page: 710
Abstract: Staphylococcus epidermidis, a component of human microbiota, may also cause life-threatening opportunistic infections. These are becoming increasingly common infections associated with the implantation of various implants. Due to the exhaustion of antibiotic resources, new substances with antimicrobial activity are being sought. The present study examined the antibacterial effect of cinnamic acid and its derivatives and their combinations with β-lactam antibiotics on the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from vascular infections. The data obtained during the research indicated that cinnamic acid and its derivatives, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid, have weak antibacterial activity (MIC values at the level of 2048 and 4096 mg/L). The combination of cinnamic acid and its derivatives with β-lactam antibiotics increases the effectiveness of their action and may demonstrate various pharmacological effects depending on the established cutoff.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-29
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080710
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 711: On-Site Inactivation for Disinfection of
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Hospital Effluent by UV and UV-LED
Authors: Takashi Azuma, Masaru Usui, Tomohiro Hasei, Tetsuya Hayashi
First page: 711
Abstract: The problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is not limited to the medical field but is also becoming prevalent on a global scale in the environmental field. Environmental water pollution caused by the discharge of wastewater into aquatic environments has caused concern in the context of the sustainable development of modern society. However, there have been few studies focused on the treatment of hospital wastewater, and the potential consequences of this remain unknown. This study evaluated the efficacy of the inactivation of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (AMRGs) in model wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) wastewater and hospital effluent based on direct ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation provided by a conventional mercury lamp with a peak wavelength of 254 nm and an ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) with a peak emission of 280 nm under test conditions in which the irradiance of both was adjusted to the same intensity. The overall results indicated that both UV- and UV-LED-mediated disinfection effectively inactivated the AMRB in both wastewater types (>99.9% after 1–3 min of UV and 3 min of UV-LED treatment). Additionally, AMRGs were also removed (0.2–1.4 log10 for UV 254 nm and 0.1–1.3 log10 for UV 280 nm), and notably, there was no statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the AMRGs between the UV and UV-LED treatments. The results of this study highlight the importance of utilizing a local inactivation treatment directly for wastewater generated by a hospital prior to its flow into a WWTP as sewage. Although additional disinfection treatment at the WWTP is likely necessary to remove the entire quantity of AMRB and AMRGs, the present study contributes to a significant reduction in the loads of WWTP and urgent prevention of the spread of infectious diseases, thus alleviating the potential threat to the environment and human health risks associated with AMR problems.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-29
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080711
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 712: Optical Nanomotion Detection to Rapidly
Discriminate between Fungicidal and Fungistatic Effects of Antifungals on
Single-Cell Candida albicans
Authors: Vjera Radonicic, Aleksandar Kalauzi, Maria Ines Villalba, Ksenija Radotić, Bart Devreese, Sandor Kasas, Ronnie G. Willaert
First page: 712
Abstract: Candida albicans is an emerging pathogen that poses a significant challenge due to its multidrug-resistant nature. There are two types of antifungal agents, fungicidal and fungistatic, with distinct mechanisms of action against fungal pathogens. Fungicidal agents kill fungal pathogens, whereas fungistatic agents inhibit their growth. The growth can be restored once the agent is removed and favorable conditions are established. Recognizing this difference is crucial as it influences treatment selection and infection prognosis. We present a technique based on optical nanomotion detection (ONMD) (i.e., observing the movement of the cells using an optical microscope) to discriminate rapidly between fungicidal (caspofungin) and fungistatic (fluconazole) drugs. The technique is based on the change in a yeast cell’s nanomotion as a function of time during a two-hour treatment with the antifungal of interest followed by a one-hour growth period. The cells are entrapped in microwells in a microfluidic chip, which allows a quick exchange of growth medium and antifungal agent, enabling ONMD measurements on the same individual cells before and after treatment. This procedure permits to discriminate between fungicidal and fungistatic antifungals in less than 3 h, with single-cell resolution by observing if the nanomotion recovers after removing the treatment and reintroducing growth medium (YPD), or continues to drop. The simplicity of the approach holds promise for further development into a user-friendly device for rapid antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST), potentially being implemented in hospitals and medical centers worldwide in developed and developing countries.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-29
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080712
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 713: Antimicrobial Resistance in Equines: A
Growing Threat to Horse Health and Beyond—A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Ajran Kabir, Bibek Lamichhane, Tasmia Habib, Alexis Adams, Hossam El-Sheikh Ali, Nathan M. Slovis, Mats H. T. Troedsson, Yosra A. Helmy
First page: 713
Abstract: The equine industry holds substantial economic importance not only in the USA but worldwide. The occurrence of various infectious bacterial diseases in horses can lead to severe health issues, economic losses, and restrictions on horse movement and trade. Effective management and control of these diseases are therefore crucial for the growth and sustainability of the equine industry. While antibiotics constitute the primary treatment strategy for any bacterial infections in horses, developing resistance to clinically important antibiotics poses significant challenges to equine health and welfare. The adverse effects of antimicrobial overuse and the escalating threat of resistance underscore the critical importance of antimicrobial stewardship within the equine industry. There is limited information on the epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections in horses. In this comprehensive review, we focus on the history and types of antimicrobials used in horses and provide recommendations for combating drug-resistant bacterial infections in horses. This review also highlights the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in horses, emphasizing the public health significance and transmission dynamics between horses and other animals within a One Health framework. By fostering responsible practices and innovative control measures, we can better help the equine industry combat the pressing threat of AMR and thus safeguard equine as well as public health.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-29
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080713
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 714: Antimicrobial and Hemostatic Diatom
Biosilica Composite Sponge
Authors: Sol Youn, Mi-Ran Ki, Ki Ha Min, Mohamed A. A. Abdelhamid, Seung Pil Pack
First page: 714
Abstract: The 3D nanopatterned silica shells of diatoms have gained attention as drug delivery vehicles because of their high porosity, extensive surface area, and compatibility with living organisms. Tooth extraction may result in various complications, including impaired blood clotting, desiccation of the root canal, and infection. Therapeutic sponges that possess multiple properties, such as the ability to stop bleeding and kill bacteria, provide numerous advantages for the healing of the area where a tooth has been removed. This study involved the fabrication of a composite material with antibacterial and hemostatic properties for dental extraction sponges. We achieved this by utilizing the porous nature and hemostatic capabilities of diatom biosilica. The antibiotic used was doxycycline. The gelatin-based diatom biosilica composite with antibiotics had the ability to prevent bleeding and release the antibiotic over a longer time compared to gelatin sponge. These properties indicate its potential as a highly promising medical device for facilitating rapid healing following tooth extraction.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-30
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080714
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 715: Short-Term Celecoxib Promotes Bone
Formation without Compromising Cefazolin Efficacy in an Early Orthopaedic
Device-Related Infection: Evidence from a Rat Model
Authors: Vuyisa Siphelele Mdingi, Lena Gens, Karen Mys, Peter Varga, Stephan Zeiter, Leonard Charles Marais, Robert Geoffrey Richards, Fintan Thomas Moriarty, Marco Chittò
First page: 715
Abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are crucial components of multimodal analgesia for musculoskeletal injuries, targeting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes (COX-1 and/or COX-2 isoenzymes). Concerns exist regarding their potential interference with bone healing and orthopaedic device-related infections (ODRI), where data are limited. This study aimed to investigate whether the COX-selectivity of NSAIDs interfered with antibiotic efficacy and bone changes in the setting of an ODRI. In vitro testing demonstrated that combining celecoxib (a COX-2 inhibitor) with cefazolin significantly enhanced antibacterial efficacy compared to cefazolin alone (p < 0.0001). In vivo experiments were performed using Staphylococcus epidermidis in the rat proximal tibia of an ODRI model. Long and short durations of celecoxib treatment in combination with antibiotics were compared to a control group receiving an antibiotic only. The long celecoxib treatment group showed impaired infection clearance, while the short celecoxib treatment showed increased bone formation (day 6, p < 0.0001), lower bone resorption (day 6, p < 0.0001), and lower osteolysis (day 6, BV/TV: p < 0.0001; BIC: p = 0.0005) compared to the control group, without impairing antibiotic efficacy (p > 0.9999). Given the use of NSAIDs as part of multimodal analgesia, and considering these findings, short-term use of COX-2 selective NSAIDs like celecoxib not only aids pain management but also promotes favorable bone changes during ODRI.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-30
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080715
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 716: A Novel Bacitracin-like Peptide from
Mangrove-Isolated Bacillus paralicheniformis NNS4-3 against MRSA and Its
Genomic Insights
Authors: Namfa Sermkaew, Apichart Atipairin, Thamonwan Wanganuttara, Sucheewin Krobthong, Chanat Aonbangkhen, Yodying Yingchutrakul, Jumpei Uchiyama, Nuttapon Songnaka
First page: 716
Abstract: The global rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a critical challenge necessitating the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents. Mangrove microbes are valuable sources of new antimicrobial compounds. This study reports the discovery of a potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) from Bacillus paralicheniformis NNS4-3, isolated from mangrove sediment, exhibiting significant activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The AMP demonstrated a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 1 to 16 µg/mL in the tested bacteria and exhibited bactericidal effects at higher concentrations. Structural analysis revealed a bacitracin-like configuration and the peptide acted by disrupting bacterial membranes in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The AMP maintained stability under heat, proteolytic enzymes, surfactants, and varying pH treatments. The ten biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of secondary metabolites were found in the genome. Detailed sequence comparison of the predicted bacitracin BGC indicated distinct DNA sequences compared to previously reported strains. Although the antibiotic resistance genes were found, this strain was susceptible to antibiotics. Our findings demonstrated the potential of Bacillus paralicheniformis NNS4-3 and its AMP as a promising agent in combating AMR. The genetic information could be pivotal for future applications in the healthcare industry, emphasizing the need for continued exploration of marine microbial diversity in drug discovery.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-30
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080716
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 717: Prediction of Concomitant Nosocomial
Infection in Patients Previously Colonized Colorectally by
Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in an SDD Setting
Authors: Sergio Ruiz-Santana, José Dearriba-Reyes, Pedro Saavedra, Laura Iglesias-Llorente, Laura Alonso-Acero, Carmen-Rosa Hernández-Socorro, Catalina Sánchez-Ramírez
First page: 717
Abstract: Background: Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide concern. This study retrospectively analyzed patients admitted to the ICU of a tertiary hospital over a period of 7 months who were rectally colonized by multidrug-resistant microorganisms. The incidence of concomitant nosocomial infections was estimated, thus providing the risk of a colonizing microorganism producing a nosocomial infection. Methods: Infections with the same microorganism (concomitant) or different microorganisms (non-concomitant) were analyzed in order to adjust the empirical antibiotic treatment. Patients with rectal colonization by at least one multidrug-resistant bacterium (MDRB) on admission or after ICU admission were included. All patients had complete selective digestive decontamination (SDD) prophylaxis. For univariate analysis, categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages and continuous variables as means and standard deviations, or as medians and interquartile ranges. For multivariate analysis, the model is summarized with p-values and hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan–Meier method, which was performed to evaluate the time elapsed from colonization to infection by the same bacteria. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05. Results: Of the 130 patients with MDRB bacterial colonization analyzed, 98 remained free of infection, while 22 developed non-concomitant infections and 10 had infections concomitant to rectal colonizing bacteria. OXA-48-producing bacteria and MDR-Pseudomonas spp. incidences were 18.9% (95% CI: 7.96–35.2) and 44.4% (CI: 13.7–78.8), respectively. Conclusions: OXA-48-producing bacteria and MDR-Pseudomonas spp. were the only bacteria associated with the development of infections concomitant to rectal colonization in an SDD setting. The incidence of MDRB infections was low.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-30
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080717
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 718: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices
towards Antibiotics, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antibiotic Consumption
in the Population of Kazakhstan
Authors: Yuliya Semenova, Laura Kassym, Assiya Kussainova, Ainur Aimurziyeva, Larissa Makalkina, Andrey Avdeyev, Aizhan Yessmagambetova, Manar Smagul, Bibigul Aubakirova, Zaure Akhmetova, Ademi Yergaliyeva, Lisa Lim
First page: 718
Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a ban on inspections of small businesses, including pharmacies, was imposed in Kazakhstan, which relaxed law enforcement efforts regarding the prohibition of over-the-counter antibiotic (AB) sales. This study aimed to investigate how this affected the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to AB and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), as well as to assess actual AB consumption at the community level. The study comprised two cross-sectional sub-studies: the first involved a KAP survey conducted in 2022 and 2024, utilizing the Special Eurobarometer questionnaire on AMR. The second sub-study analyzed AB consumption in 2021 and 2023, measured in defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants. Results revealed an increase in the percentage of individuals reporting receipt of information about ABs and AMR in the past year (37.3% in 2022 vs. 52.9% in 2024, p < 0.001) and an increase in the percentage of individuals reporting AB use in the past year (49.0% in 2022 vs. 54.0% in 2024, p = 0.056). The most consumed ABs were from the Watch group, with azithromycin and ceftriaxone ranking highest. These findings support the hypothesis that the relaxation of law enforcement contributed to an increase in AB consumption and emphasize the need for public health policies to address this issue.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080718
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 719: The Antibacterial Potential of Brazilian
Red Propolis against the Formation and Eradication of Biofilm of
Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Mariana B. Santiago, Matheus H. Tanimoto, Maria Anita L. V. Ambrosio, Rodrigo Cassio S. Veneziani, Jairo K. Bastos, Robinson Sabino-Silva, Carlos Henrique G. Martins
First page: 719
Abstract: Helicobacter pylori is associated with gastrointestinal diseases, and its treatment is challenging due to antibiotic-resistant strains, necessitating alternative therapies. Brazilian red propolis (BRP), known for its diverse bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical properties, was investigated for its anti-H. pylori activity, focusing on biofilm formation inhibition and eradication. BRP was tested against H. pylori (ATCC 43526) using several assays: time–kill, nucleotide leakage, biofilm formation inhibition (determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of biofilm of 50%—MICB50, and cell viability), and biofilm eradication (determining the minimum eradication concentration of biofilm of 99.9%—MBEC). Standardization of H. pylori biofilm formation was also conducted. In the time–kill assay, BRP at 50 µg/mL eliminated all H. pylori cells after 24 h. The nucleotide leakage assay showed no significant differences between control groups and BRP-treated groups at 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL. H. pylori formed biofilms in vitro at 109 CFU/mL after 72 h. The MICB50 of BRP was 15.6 µg/mL, and at 500, 1000, and 2000 µg/mL, BRP eradicated all bacterial cells. The MBEC was 2000 µg/mL. These findings suggest that BRP has promising anti-H. pylori activity, effectively inhibiting and eradicating biofilms. Further studies are necessary to elucidate BRP’s mechanisms of action against H. pylori.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-01
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080719
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 720: Exploring Therapeutic Advances: A
Comprehensive Review of Intestinal Microbiota Modulators
Authors: Lara Pires, Ana M. González-Paramás, Sandrina A. Heleno, Ricardo C. Calhelha
First page: 720
Abstract: The gut microbiota establishes a mutually beneficial relationship with the host starting from birth, impacting diverse metabolic and immunological processes. Dysbiosis, characterized by an imbalance of microorganisms, is linked to numerous medical conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune disorders. This imbalance promotes the proliferation of toxin-producing bacteria, disrupts the host’s equilibrium, and initiates inflammation. Genetic factors, dietary choices, and drug use can modify the gut microbiota. However, there is optimism. Several therapeutic approaches, such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, microbe-derived products, and microbial substrates, aim to alter the microbiome. This review thoroughly explores the therapeutic potential of these microbiota modulators, analysing recent studies to evaluate their efficacy and limitations. It underscores the promise of microbiota-based therapies for treating dysbiosis-related conditions. This article aims to ensure practitioners feel well-informed and up to date on the most influential methods in this evolving field by providing a comprehensive review of current research.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-01
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080720
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 721: Impact of Manual Addition of Vancomycin
to Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) Cements
Authors: Clemens Kittinger, Michael Eder-Halbedl, Klaus Dieter Kühn
First page: 721
Abstract: (1) Background: The addition of antibiotics to bone cements is a common practice in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infections. In revision cases, the amount and type of antibiotic is often insufficient and additional antibiotics must be added. The addition, however, changes the product itself, and the surgeon becomes the “manufacturer” of the bone cement. PMMAe wished to clarify whether the admixture of antibiotics changes the mechanical stability of the bone cements used and if the added antibiotics were still functional and released in sufficient quantities. (2) Methods: We compared two industrially manufactured vancomycin-containing PMMA cements; the low-viscous VancogenX® (TECRES, Sommacampagna, Italy) and the high-viscous Copal® G+V (Heraeus Medical GmbH, Wehrheim, Germany), with two PMMA cements loaded with aminoglycosides, to which 2.0 g of vancomycin (Hexal CT1631) were manually added—the high-viscous Smartset® GHV and the medium-viscous Antibiotic Simplex with Tobramycin (antibiotic Simplex® T). Test specimens of the bone cements were used to determine mechanical stability (bending strength and bending module), and the release of the antibiotics was determined by HLPC and modified Kirby–Bauer assays. (3) Results: All tested bone cements showed an initial high release within the first hours. Repeated testing after 24 h showed a reduced efficacy of VancogenX® and Smartset® GHV in Kirby–Bauer assays. Long-time release over days showed a release of functional antimicrobial active ingredients over this period of time in anti-microbial assays, but no activity of VancogenX® from day 21 onward. No significant differences in the ISO bending modules could be detected, but in contrast to the bending module, the ISO bending strength was substantially reduced by 10–15 mPal in comparison to both cements of the reference group. The Simplex®T met just the ISO 5833; the Smartset® GHV did not after adding vancomycin. (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, the manual addition of 2 g of vancomycin to 40 g of PMMA powder is recommended for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Vancomycin is released over a period of 42 days with concentrations above the MIC for typical staphylococci. The mechanical properties of the PMMA just met, or did not fulfill, ISO mechanical specification. Copal® G+V showed a better elution than VancogenX® over time.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-01
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080721
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 722: Antibacterial and Antifungal Potential of
Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don Essential Oil
Authors: Olja Šovljanski, Milica Aćimović, Ana Tomić, Biljana Lončar, Ana Miljković, Ivana Čabarkapa, Lato Pezo
First page: 722
Abstract: Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don is a typical Mediterranean plant, with limited distribution on the islands of Sardinia, Corsica, and the Iberian Peninsula, as well as the islands of the Adriatic Sea and the Balkan Peninsula. In these regions, H. italicum is mainly collected from spontaneous nature, while in recent years, there has been a pronounced cultivation trend due to increased demand and market requirements for constant quality of raw materials. Bearing in mind that biological activity is linked with chemical composition, this review aimed to collect data from different scientific databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) on the antimicrobial activity of essential oil and its chemical composition. A total of 20 papers investigating the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antifungal activities of H. italicum essential oil were found. Furthermore, in these samples, several compounds occurred as dominant: neryl acetate, α-pinene, and γ-curcumene. These compounds are known for their antimicrobial properties, which likely contribute to the essential oil’s efficacy against various microbial strains.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-01
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080722
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 723: Investigating the Antimicrobial Potential
of 560 Compounds from the Pandemic Response Box and COVID Box against
Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Rita de Cássia Cerqueira Melo, Aline Andrade Martins, Andressa Leite Ferraz Melo, Jean Carlos Pael Vicente, Mariana Carvalho Sturaro, Julia Pimentel Arantes, Luana Rossato, Gleyce Hellen de Almeida de Souza, Simone Simionatto
First page: 723
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a significant threat to public health, particularly in infections caused by critically important Gram-negative bacteria. The development of novel antibiotics has its limitations, and therefore it is crucial to explore alternative strategies to effectively combat infections with resistant pathogens. In this context, the present study investigated the antibacterial potency of 560 compounds against the multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens. The evaluated compounds were selected from the Pandemic Response Box (PRB) and COVID Box (CB) and subjected to assays to determine the inhibitory concentration (IC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and biofilm formation. Further, the effects of these compounds on membrane integrity were assessed through protein quantification. Several of the evaluated compounds, including fusidic acid, MMV1580853, and MMV1634399, exhibited a significant reduction in biofilm formation and growth in K. pneumoniae. Trimethoprim exhibited potential against S. marcescens. The IC values of the compounds indicated significant microbial growth inhibition at various concentrations. These findings underscore the potency of the existing antibiotics and novel compounds in combating the MDR strains of bacteria. The importance of reconsidering the known antibiotics and utilizing drug repositioning strategies to address the increasing risk of AMR is highlighted.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-01
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080723
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 724: Impact of Educational Films on Antibiotic
Prescription among Physicians: A Web-Based Survey in Japan
Authors: Kosaku Komiya, Ryohei Kudoh, Norihito Kaku, Yuichiro Shindo, Tatsuya Hayashi, Kei Kasahara, Tomohiro Oishi, Naruhiko Ishiwada, Makoto Ito, Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi, Naoki Hasegawa, Kazuhiro Tateda, Muneki Hotomi, Katsunori Yanagihara
First page: 724
Abstract: Although antibiotics are most frequently prescribed for respiratory tract infections, effective interventions for their proper use by physicians have not been fully established. We assessed the impact of educational films on the rates of antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory tract infections using fictitious scenarios. In this nationwide web-based survey prospective study, a total of 1100 physicians were included. The physicians were required to view educational short films and determine the need for prescribing antibiotics in 10 fictitious scenarios involving adults diagnosed with different acute respiratory tract infectious diseases. The antibiotic prescription rates for each scenario were compared before and after viewing the educational short film. The rates of antibiotic prescription significantly decreased after viewing the educational film, especially in cases with a narrowly defined common cold (from 51% to 15%), mild pharyngolaryngitis (from 71% to 25%), and acute bronchitis without chronic respiratory underlying diseases (from 63% to 23%). Alternatively, a slight decrease in rates was observed in cases with moderate or severe rhinosinusitis (from 94% to 79%), moderate or severe acute pharyngitis (from 88% to 69%), and acute bronchitis with chronic lung disease (from 70% to 58%), for which antibiotics are recommended. Educational short films may encourage the proper use of antibiotics for respiratory tract infections; however, the possibility of undertreatment in patients requiring antibiotics must be considered.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-01
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080724
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 725: Identifying Cell-Penetrating Peptides for
Effectively Delivering Antimicrobial Molecules into Streptococcus suis
Authors: Jinlu Zhu, Zijing Liang, Huochun Yao, Zongfu Wu
First page: 725
Abstract: Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are promising carriers to effectively transport antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), including peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), into bacterial cells to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, demonstrating significant therapeutic potential. Streptococcus suis, a Gram-positive bacterium, is a major bacterial pathogen in pigs and an emerging zoonotic pathogen. In this study, through the combination of super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM), flow cytometry analysis, and toxicity analysis assays, we investigated the suitability of four CPPs for delivering PNAs into S. suis cells: HIV-1 TAT efficiently penetrated S. suis cells with low toxicity against S. suis; (RXR)4XB had high penetration efficiency with inherent toxicity against S. suis; (KFF)3K showed lower penetration efficiency than HIV-1 TAT and (RXR)4XB; K8 failed to penetrate S. suis cells. HIV-1 TAT-conjugated PNA specific for the essential gyrase A subunit gene (TAT-anti-gyrA PNA) effectively inhibited the growth of S. suis. TAT-anti-gyrA PNA exhibited a significant bactericidal effect on serotypes 2, 4, 5, 7, and 9 strains of S. suis, which are known to cause human infections. Our study demonstrates the potential of CPP-ASO conjugates as new antimicrobial compounds for combating S. suis infections. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that applying SR-SIM and flow cytometry analysis provides a convenient, intuitive, and cost-effective approach to identifying suitable CPPs for delivering cargo molecules into bacterial cells.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-02
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080725
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 726: Prevalence of Enteric Pathogens and
Antibiotic Resistance: Results of a Six-Year Active Surveillance Study on
Patients Admitted to a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Nadia Marascio, Grazia Pavia, Brunella Brescia, Concetta Riillo, Giorgio Settimo Barreca, Luigia Gallo, Cinzia Peronace, Simona Gigliotti, Marta Pantanella, Angelo Giuseppe Lamberti, Giovanni Matera, Angela Quirino
First page: 726
Abstract: Background: Acute Infectious Diarrhea (AID) and the short- and long-term complications associated with it are major causes of hospitalization worldwide. In Italy, due to a lack of robust surveillance programs, only limited data has been collected on their prevalence and circulation. This study aims to evaluate the resistance pattern of enteric pathogens and their epidemiological trends over a six-year period. Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted from January 2018 to December 2023. Stool samples were analyzed during routine diagnosis with culture methods, syndromic molecular tests, and enzyme immunoassay. Results: Bacteria were the most isolated enteric pathogens (62.2%), followed by fungi (29.0%), viruses (8.2%), and parasites (0.6%). Most bacteria were isolated from outpatients (29.5%) and from patients in the Oncology ward (26.2%). The most prevalent target was EPEC (11.1%), followed by C. difficile toxin A/B-producing strains (8.3%), C. jejuni (2.5%), and S. enterica, (1%.). Norovirus and Candida spp. were the most prevalent in pediatric patients (6.5% and 39.6%, respectively). In the last years, enteric pathogens have been a frequent cause of infections characterized by a problematic resistance to common antimicrobials. In our study, S. enterica showed resistance to amikacin, gentamicin, ampicillin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. C. jejuni was susceptible to all tested drugs. Conclusion: Timely notification of gastroenteric infections is crucial in identifying potential outbreak sources and ensuring strict adherence to food safety and hygiene practices, so as to protect the most vulnerable populations. The present study offers insights into the epidemiological characteristics and the antibiotic susceptibility of the main enteric AID pathogens in order to implement infection control measures in health care settings.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-02
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080726
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 727: Microplastic-Mediated Transfer of
Tetracycline Resistance: Unveiling the Role of Mussels in Marine
Ecosystems
Authors: Giovanni Milani, Claudia Cortimiglia, Mireya Viviana Belloso Daza, Emanuele Greco, Daniela Bassi, Pier Sandro Cocconcelli
First page: 727
Abstract: The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is exacerbated by the mobilization of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) occurring in different environmental niches, including seawater. Marine environments serve as reservoirs for resistant bacteria and ARGs, further complicated by the ubiquity of microplastics (MPs). MPs can adsorb pollutants and promote bacterial biofilm formation, creating conditions favorable to the dissemination of ARGs. This study explores the dynamics of ARG transfer in the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis within a seawater model, focusing on the influence of polyethylene MPs on the mobilization of the Tn916-carrying tetM gene and plasmid-encoded ermB. Experiments revealed that biofilm formation on MPs by Enterococcus faecium and Listeria monocytogenes facilitated the transfer of the tetM resistance gene, but not the ermB gene. Furthermore, the presence of MPs significantly increased the conjugation frequency of tetM within mussels, indicating that MPs enhance the potential for ARG mobilization in marine environments. These findings highlight the role of MPs and marine organisms in ARG spread, underscoring the ecological and public health implications.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-02
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080727
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 728: A New Convenient Method to Assess
Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Efficacy against Pathogenic
Clostridioides difficile Biofilms
Authors: Lingjun Xu, Bijay Gurung, Chris Gu, Shaohua Wang, Tingyue Gu
First page: 728
Abstract: Clostridioides difficile is a widely distributed anaerobic pathogen. C. difficile infection is a serious problem in healthcare. Its biofilms have been found to exhibit biocorrosivity, albeit very little, but sufficient for it to correlate with biofilm growth/health. This work demonstrated the use of a disposable electrochemical biofilm test kit using two solid-state electrodes (a 304 stainless steel working electrode, and a graphite counter electrode, which also served as the reference electrode) in a 10 mL serum vial. It was found that the C. difficile 630∆erm Adp-4 mutant had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for vancomycin twice that of the 630∆erm wild type strain in biofilm prevention (2 ppm vs. 1 ppm by mass) on 304 stainless steel. Glutaraldehyde, a commonly used hospital disinfectant, was found ineffective at 2% (w/w) for the prevention of C. difficile 630∆erm wild type biofilm formation, while tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS) disinfectant was very effective at 100 ppm for both biofilm prevention and biofilm killing. These antimicrobial efficacy data were consistent with sessile cell count and biofilm imaging results. Furthermore, the test kit provided additional transient biocide treatment information. It showed that vancomycin killed C. difficile 630∆erm wild type biofilms in 2 d, while THPS only required minutes.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-03
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080728
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 729: Impact of Empirical Antimicrobial
Treatment on Patients with Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Due to
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Authors: Pirawan Khunkit, Pisud Siripaitoon, Yongyut Lertsrisatit, Dissaya Watthanapaisal, Narongdet Kositpantawong, Siripen Kanchanasuwan, Nadia Cheh-oh, Sorawit Chittrakarn, Tanapat Jaroenmark, Natnicha Poonchuay, Sarunyou Chusri
First page: 729
Abstract: This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia), focusing on the impact of appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment. Of the enrolled 240 patients with VAP due to S. maltophilia (median age: 45 years) in a tertiary-care hospital in southern Thailand between January 2010 and December 2021, 90% had medical comorbidities and 91% had previously received carbapenems. In addition, only 45% of the patients were initially admitted to the intensive care unit. Patients administered appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment including colistin alone and colistin plus TMP-SMX or fluoroquinolone-based regimens had significantly lower 14-day, 30-day, and in-hospital mortalities, compared with those who did not receive appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment (21% and 2% vs. 31%; 30% and 5% vs. 44%; and 30% and 12% vs. 53%, respectively). Thus, the use of appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatments led to a significantly reduced length of hospital stay, duration of ventilation, and hospital costs. The current study suggests that the use of appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment based on susceptibility testing without considering pharmacokinetic properties and administration dosages improves the outcomes of patients with VAP due to S. maltophilia.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-03
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080729
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 730: Prevalence of Selected Immune Evasion
Genes and Clonal Diversity in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus
aureus Isolated from Nasal Carriers and Outpatients with Cut Wound
Infections
Authors: Gabriela Jura, Helena Masiuk, Agata Pruss, Mateusz Kurzawski, Monika Sienkiewicz, Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko, Paweł Kwiatkowski
First page: 730
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus, being one of the most common human pathogens, is responsible for infections in both hospital and community settings. Its virulence is attributed to its ability to evade the immune system by producing immune evasion (IE) proteins. The aim of this study was to detect the frequency of selected IE genes (spin, sbi, sea, sak, chp, scin, sep, ecb), belonging to the immune evasion cluster (IEC), and IEC types in 86 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains isolated from unrelated outpatients. In order to determine the diversity of analyzed strains, the phylogenetic relatedness was also determined. All strains were examined for the presence of IE genes using polymerase chain reaction assay. To analyze the clonal relatedness of S. aureus, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed. All analyzed strains harbored the scn gene, followed by sbi (95.4%), ecb (91.7%), spin (89.5%), sak (83.7%), chp (67.4%), sep (67.4%) and sea (5.8%). Seventy-three (84.9%) S. aureus strains were classified into IEC types, of which, IEC type F was most commonly observed. IEC type A was not detected. PFGE results showed no association between clonal relatedness and the presence of IE genes/IEC types. In conclusion, the abundant and so diverse repertoire of genes determining invasion in analyzed strains may prove the fact that these strains are highly advanced and adapted to evade the host immune response.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-03
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080730
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 731: Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Activity of
Antioxidant Octyl Gallate and Its Impact on Gut Microbiome
Authors: Junshu Yang, Trevor J. Gould, Byeonghwa Jeon, Yinduo Ji
First page: 731
Abstract: In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of octyl gallate (OG), an antioxidant food additive, against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. OG demonstrated robust bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacterial pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 4 to 8 µg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of 8 to 16 µg/mL in vitro. However, OG exhibited limited antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli, although it could inhibit bacterial growth in vitro. Importantly, OG administration in mice altered the fecal microbiome, significantly reducing microbial diversity, modifying community structure, and increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria. Additionally, OG displayed low cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity. These findings suggest that OG could be developed as a novel antibacterial agent, particularly against multi-drug-resistant MRSA. Our results provide new insights into the therapeutic potential of OG in modulating the gut microbiome, especially in conditions associated with microbial imbalance, while ensuring food safety.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-04
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080731
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 732: Measuring Temporal Trends and Patterns of
Inpatient Antibiotic Use in Northwest China’s Hospitals: Data from
the Center for Antibacterial Surveillance, 2012–2022
Authors: Aizezijiang Aierken, Xiaochen Zhu, Ningning Wang, Jiangtao Zhang, Weibin Li, Haishaerjiang Wushouer, Kaisaier Abudukeremu
First page: 732
Abstract: Background: The challenge of emerging antimicrobial resistance and variation in antibiotic use across provinces in China call for knowledge on antibiotic utilization at the regional level. This study aims to evaluate the long-term trends and patterns of antibiotic usage in Xinjiang Province, the largest provincial-level division located in the northwest of China, aiming to provide evidence in enhancing provincial antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and developing policy measures to optimize regional antimicrobial use. Methods: This was an ecological study with temporal trend analysis on inpatient antibiotic utilization, with antibiotic use data from 92 public hospitals covered by Xinjiang’s Center for Antibacterial Surveillance from 2012 to 2022. Antibiotic use was measured by the number of daily defined doses per 100 patient days (DDDs/100 pds). Patterns of antibiotic use were described by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) subgroups and the Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification. The Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) of antibiotic use and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to describe the trend of antibiotic use over time. Joinpoint regression was performed using the Weighted Bayesian Information Criteria (WBIC) model with a parametric method. A pairwise comparison between secondary and tertiary hospitals was conducted to explore disparities in antibiotic use across hospital levels. The most commonly used antibiotics were also analyzed. Results: The total inpatient antibiotic use in Xinjiang was 27.6 DDDs/100 patient days in 2022, with a significant decreasing trend during 2012–2022 (AAPC, −2.0%; 95% CI, −3.6% to −0.4%). The Watch group antibiotics were the most used AWaRe category, with the Access-to-Watch ratio decreasing significantly from 46.4% to 24.4% (AAPC, −6.8%; 95% CI, −8.4% to −5.1%). No significant difference was found in the trend of total antibiotic use between secondary and tertiary hospitals, but there were disparities across hospital levels in subgroups. Third-generation cephalosporins, second-generation cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones remained the top three antibiotic class throughout the study period. The number of antibiotics accounting for 90% of the total antibiotic use decreased from 34 antibiotics in 2012 to 18 antibiotics in 2022. Conclusions: The decreasing trend of inpatient antibiotic use in Xinjiang’s public hospitals reflects the effects of continuous AMS implementation. Patterns of antibiotic use underscore the need for further efforts on evidence-based antibiotic selection and for analyses on the appropriateness of antibiotic use.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-05
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080732
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 733: Genetic Characterization of
Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus spp. and Mammaliicoccus sciuri from
Healthy Humans and Poultry in Nigeria
Authors: Christiana Jesumirhewe, Tolulope Oluwadamilola Odufuye, Juliana Ukinebo Ariri, Amdallat Arike Adebiyi, Amina Tanko Sanusi, Anna Stöger, Beatriz Daza-Prieto, Franz Allerberger, Adriana Cabal-Rosel, Werner Ruppitsch
First page: 733
Abstract: Staphylococcus spp. poses a significant threat to human and animal health due to their capacity to cause a wide range of infections in both. In this study, resistance genes conferring antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus spp. and Mammaliicoccus sciuri isolates from humans and poultry in Edo state, Nigeria, were investigated. In April 2017, 61 Staphylococcus spp. isolates were obtained from urine, wounds, nasal and chicken fecal samples. Species identification was carried out by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer method for 16 antibiotics. Whole-genome sequencing was used for characterization of the isolates. The 61 investigated isolates included Staphylococcus aureus, S. arlettae, M. sciuri, S. haemolyticus, and S. epidermidis. A total of 47 isolates (77%) belonged to human samples and 14 (23%) isolates were collected from poultry samples. All were phenotypically resistant to at least three antimicrobial(s). Multiple resistance determinants were detected in the human and poultry isolates analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close relatedness among the isolates within each species for S. arlettae, M. sciuri, and S. haemolyticus, respectively. This study delivered comprehensive genomic insights into antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus species and M. sciuri isolates from human and poultry sources in Edo state, Nigeria, from a One Health perspective.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-05
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080733
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 734: Impact of Combined Pollution of
Ciprofloxacin and Copper on the Diversity of Archaeal Communities and
Antibiotic-Resistance Genes
Authors: Meijuan Chen, Weiying Li, Haibo Teng, Wenxin Hu, Zhiqiang Dong, Dawei Zhang, Tianyi Liu, Quan Zheng
First page: 734
Abstract: This study aimed to explore the response of archaeal communities and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) to ciprofloxacin (CIP, 0.05–40 mg/L) and copper (Cu, 3 mg/L) combined pollution during stress- and post-effect periods in an activated sludge system. With the increase in the CIP concentration, the diversity of archaea decreased, but the richness increased under the stress of 10 mg/L CIP. Under stress and post effects, the change in unknown archaeal community structure was more significant than that of the known archaea. The relative abundance of unknown archaea was significantly reduced with the increase in CIP concentration. Meanwhile, there were certain archaea that belonged to abundant and rare taxa with different resistance and recovery characteristics. Among them, Methanosaeta (49.15–83.66%), Methanoculleus (0.11–0.45%), and Nitrososphaera (0.03–0.36%) were the typical resistant archaea to combined pollution. And the resistance of the abundant taxa to combined pollution was significantly higher than that of the rare taxa. Symbiotic and competitive relationships were observed between the known and the unknown archaea. The interactions of abundant known taxa were mainly symbiotic relationships. While the rare unknown taxa were mainly competitive relationships in the post-effect period. Rare archaea showed an important ecological niche under the stress-effect. Some archaea displayed positive correlation with ARGs and played important roles as potential hosts of ARGs during stress- and post-periods. Methanospirillum, Methanosphaerula, Nitrososphaera and some rare unknown archaea also significantly co-occurred with a large number of ARGs. Overall, this study points out the importance of interactions among known and unknown archaeal communities and ARGs in a wastewater treatment system under the stress of antibiotics and heavy metal combined pollution.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-05
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080734
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 735: Guided Plasma Application in
Dentistry—An Alternative to Antibiotic Therapy
Authors: Tara Gross, Loic Alain Ledernez, Laurent Birrer, Michael Eckhard Bergmann, Markus Jörg Altenburger
First page: 735
Abstract: Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a promising alternative to antibiotics and chemical substances in dentistry that can reduce the risk of unwanted side effects and bacterial resistance. AmbiJet is a device that can ignite and deliver plasma directly to the site of action for maximum effectiveness. The aim of the study was to investigate its antimicrobial efficacy and the possible development of bacterial resistance. The antimicrobial effect of the plasma was tested under aerobic and anaerobic conditions on bacteria (five aerobic, three anaerobic (Gram +/−)) that are relevant in dentistry. The application times varied from 1 to 7 min. Possible bacterial resistance was evaluated by repeated plasma applications (10 times in 50 days). A possible increase in temperature was measured. Plasma effectively killed 106 seeded aerobic and anaerobic bacteria after an application time of 1 min per 10 mm2. Neither the development of resistance nor an increase in temperature above 40 °C was observed, so patient discomfort can be ruled out. The plasma treatment proved to be effective under anaerobic conditions, so the influence of ROS can be questioned. Our results show that AmbiJet efficiently eliminates pathogenic oral bacteria. Therefore, it can be advocated for clinical therapeutic use.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-05
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080735
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 736: Complete Growth Inhibition of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa by Organo-Selenium-Incorporated Urinary Catheter Material
Authors: Phat L. Tran, Caroline L. Presson, Md Nayeem Hasan Kashem, Wei Li, Ted W. Reid, Werner T. W. de Riese
First page: 736
Abstract: To further investigate the inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s in vitro growth and biofilm formation by an organo-selenium-incorporated polyurethane (PU) catheter material. P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans were incubated in vitro with organo-selenium and control polyurethane catheter materials in the presence of glutathione. Growth was evaluated by a colony-forming-unit (CFU) count and visualized with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Two different PU catheter materials were used. Using tin-catalyzed PU catheter material, complete inhibition of S. aureus was seen at 1% selenium (Se), whereas no inhibition was seen for P. aeruginosa at up to 3.0% Se. Whereas, using a thermoplastic PU catheter material, 1.5% Se and 2% Se organo-selenium caused several logs of growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa, and 2.5% selenium, incorporation showed complete inhibition (8 logs). Samples with lower than 1.5% selenium did not show adequate growth inhibition for P. aeruginosa. Similar in vitro growth inhibition was achieved against a multidrug-resistant C. albicans strain. It was concluded that optimal inhibition of P. aeruginosa in vitro growth and biofilm formation occurs with 2.5% selenium incorporated as organo-selenium in a thermoplastic PU catheter material. These results suggest that reduced incidence of CAUTIs (catheter associated urinary tract infections) with P. aeruginosa and other bacteria and fungi can be achieved by using organo-selenium-incorporated catheters.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-06
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080736
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 737: Unveiling the High Diversity of Clones
and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Originating from
ST10 across Different Ecological Niches
Authors: Maxsueli Aparecida Moura Machado, Pedro Panzenhagen, Cesar Lázaro, Miguel Rojas, Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo, Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
First page: 737
Abstract: In this pioneering in silico study in Peru, we aimed to analyze Escherichia coli (E. coli) genomes for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) diversity and virulence and for its mobilome. For this purpose, 469 assemblies from human, domestic, and wild animal hosts were investigated. Of these genomes, three were E. coli strains (pv05, pv06, and sf25) isolated from chickens in our previous study, characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and sequenced in this study. Three other genomes were included in our repertoire for having rare cgMLSTs. The phenotypic analysis for antimicrobial resistance revealed that pv05, pv06, and sf25 strains presented multidrug resistance to antibiotics belonging to at least three classes. Our in silico analysis indicated that many Peruvian genomes included resistance genes, mainly to the aminoglycoside class, ESBL-producing E. coli, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. In addition, through Multi-locus Sequence Typing, we found more than 180 different STs, with ST10 being the most prevalent among the genomes. Pan-genome mapping revealed that, with new lineages, the repertoire of accessory genes in E. coli increased, especially genes related to resistance and persistence, which may be carried by plasmids. The results also demonstrated several genes related to adhesion, virulence, and pathogenesis, especially genes belonging to the high pathogenicity island (HPI) from Yersinia pestis, with a prevalence of 42.2% among the genomes. The complexity of the genetic profiles of resistance and virulence in our study highlights the adaptability of the pathogen to different environments and hosts. Therefore, our in silico analysis through genome sequencing enables tracking the epidemiology of E. coli from Peru and the future development of strategies to mitigate its survival.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-06
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080737
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 738: Detection of Pharmaceutical Contamination
in Amphipods of Lake Baikal by the HPLC-MS Method
Authors: Tamara Y. Telnova, Maria M. Morgunova, Sophie S. Shashkina, Anfisa A. Vlasova, Maria E. Dmitrieva, Victoria N. Shelkovnikova, Ekaterina V. Malygina, Natalia A. Imidoeva, Alexander Y. Belyshenko, Alexander S. Konovalov, Evgenia A. Misharina, Denis V. Axenov-Gribanov
First page: 738
Abstract: Pollution by active ingredients is one of the most significant and widespread forms of pollution on Earth. Medicines can have a negative impact on ecosystems, and contamination can have unpredictable consequences. An urgent and unexplored task is to study the Lake Baikal ecosystem and its organisms for the presence of trace concentrations of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Our study aimed to conduct a qualitative analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and quantitative analysis of ibuprofen in endemic amphipods of Lake Baikal, using methods of high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), ibuprofen, acetaminophen, azithromycin, dimetridazole, metronidazole, amikacin, spiramycin, and some tetracycline antibiotics were detected in the studied littoral amphipods. We also detected different annual loads of active pharmaceutical ingredients on amphipods. Using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode mentioned in GOST International Technical Standards, we detected molecules, fragmented as amikacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, dimetridazole, metronidazole and spiramycin. Thus, we first revealed that invertebrates of Lake Baikal can uptake pharmaceutical contaminants in the environment.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-06
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080738
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 739: Cemented Calcar-Guided Short-Stem
Prostheses in Geriatric Patients: Short-Term Results from a Prospective
Observational Study
Authors: Bertram Regenbrecht, Ahmed Yaseen, Gideon Wagener, Michael Wild
First page: 739
Abstract: Both cementless and cemented stems have exhibited favorable long-term outcomes in total hip arthroplasty. Nonetheless, in elderly patients, cemented hips offer an advantage due to their reduced risk of periprosthetic fractures. This study aimed to assess the initial outcomes of 28 patients who underwent unilateral cemented total hip arthroplasty utilizing a calcar-guided A2 stem (ARTIQO GmbH, Lüdinghausen, Germany). Various types of antibiotic-loaded bone cement were employed. During follow-up, we recorded demographic data and comorbidities and employed standardized clinical assessment tools, including the Harris Hip Score. Radiographic assessments included preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up imaging to evaluate subsidence, osteolysis, and bone resorption. The results indicated that among the 28 patients, 5 withdrew consent and 2 patients passed away from unrelated causes. Additionally, one prosthesis was explanted due to the undersizing of the cement stopper, which resulted in an inadequate cement mantle. As a result, 20 patients underwent a 1-year follow-up, revealing noteworthy enhancements in clinical scores, with no instances of radiolucent lines or osteolysis. No infections were detected. In summary, our short-term experience with this particular cemented short-stem design yielded promising results, exhibiting excellent functional outcomes, no aseptic loosening attributable to the stem, and no infections. Further clinical studies and registry data are essential to corroborate these findings.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-06
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080739
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 740: Epidemiology and Impact of
Anti-Pneumococcal Vaccination and COVID-19 on Resistance of
Authors: Alessandro Bondi, Emanuele Koumantakis, Antonio Curtoni, Anna Maria Barbui, Marco Peradotto, Daniela Lombardi, Roberto Casale, Silvia Alizzi, Elisa Zanotto, Lorena Charrier, Rossana Cavallo, Cristina Costa
First page: 740
Abstract: Background: The international surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) reports S. pneumoniae as one of leading causes of death associated with AMR. Against invasive disease, several vaccinations are available and a reduction in AMR in S. pneumoniae has been observed. Here, we evaluated the impact of anti-pneumococcal vaccination policy and the SARS-CoV2 outbreak on AMR in S. pneumoniae causing invasive disease. Methods: We collected all strains of S. pneumoniae causing invasive disease from 2008 in the Piedmont region (Italy). Each strain was typed in order to identify the serogroup and data about AMR were collected. The population under surveillance was classified as infants, children, adults, and the old population. Results: We collected n = 2076 S. pneumoniae strains, with 21.9% and 40.3% being resistant to penicillin G and erythromycin, respectively. We reported an increased risk of infection with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae among all populations and evaluated whether the infection was caused by a serotype included in the vaccine formulation. A similar increase was observed after the SARS-CoV2 outbreak. Conclusions: In the Piedmont region, subsequently to the introduction of anti-pneumococcal vaccination, a significant increase in the risk of penicillin G-resistant invasive pneumococcal disease among infants and old population was reported. No significant impact was found for the SARS-CoV2 outbreak.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-06
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080740
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 741: Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance
Characterization of Glaesserella parasuis Isolates Recovered from Spanish
Swine Farms
Authors: Alba González-Fernández, Oscar Mencía-Ares, María José García-Iglesias, Máximo Petrocchi-Rilo, Rubén Miguélez-Pérez, César Bernardo Gutiérrez-Martín, Sonia Martínez-Martínez
First page: 741
Abstract: Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis, the causative agent of Glässer’s disease, is present in most pig farms as an early colonizer of the upper respiratory tract. It exhibits remarkable variability in virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with virulent strains capable of inducing respiratory or systemic disease. This study aimed to characterize the virulence and the AMR profiles in 65 G. parasuis isolates recovered from Spanish swine farms. Virulence was assessed using multiplex leader sequence (LS)-PCR targeting vtaA genes, with all isolates identified as clinical (presumed virulent). Pathotyping based on ten pangenome genes revealed the virulent HPS_22970 as the most frequent (83.1%). Diverse pathotype profiles were observed, with 29 unique gene combinations and two isolates carrying only potentially non-virulent pangenome genes. AMR phenotyping showed widespread resistance, with 63.3% classified as multidrug resistant, and high resistance to clindamycin (98.3%) and tylosin (93.3%). A very strong association was found between certain pathotype genes and AMR phenotypes, notably between the virulent HPS_22970 and tetracycline resistance (p < 0.001; Φ = 0.58). This study reveals the wide diversity and complexity of G. parasuis pathogenicity and AMR phenotype, emphasizing the need for the targeted characterization of clinical isolates to ensure appropriate antimicrobial treatments and the implementation of prophylactic measures against virulent strains.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-06
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080741
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 742: Immunomodulatory Effects and Protection
in Sepsis by the Antibiotic Moxifloxacin
Authors: Tiago R. Velho, Helena Raquel, Nuno Figueiredo, Ana Neves-Costa, Dora Pedroso, Isa Santos, Katharina Willmann, Luís F. Moita
First page: 742
Abstract: Sepsis is a leading cause of death in Intensive Care Units. Despite its prevalence, sepsis remains insufficiently understood, with no substantial qualitative improvements in its treatment in the past decades. Immunomodulatory agents may hold promise, given the significance of TNF-α and IL-1β as sepsis mediators. This study examines the immunomodulatory effects of moxifloxacin, a fluoroquinolone utilized in clinical practice. THP1 cells were treated in vitro with either PBS or moxifloxacin and subsequently challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or E. coli. C57BL/6 mice received intraperitoneal injections of LPS or underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), followed by treatment with PBS, moxifloxacin, meropenem or epirubicin. Atm−/− mice underwent CLP and were treated with either PBS or moxifloxacin. Cytokine and organ lesion markers were quantified via ELISA, colony-forming units were assessed from mouse blood samples, and DNA damage was evaluated using a comet assay. Moxifloxacin inhibits the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β in THP1 cells stimulated with LPS or E. coli. Intraperitoneal administration of moxifloxacin significantly increased the survival rate of mice with severe sepsis by 80% (p < 0.001), significantly reducing the plasma levels of cytokines and organ lesion markers. Notably, moxifloxacin exhibited no DNA damage in the comet assay, and Atm−/− mice were similarly protected following CLP, boasting an overall survival rate of 60% compared to their PBS-treated counterparts (p = 0.003). Moxifloxacin is an immunomodulatory agent, reducing TNF-α and IL-1β levels in immune cells stimulated with LPS and E. coli. Furthermore, moxifloxacin is also protective in an animal model of sepsis, leading to a significant reduction in cytokines and organ lesion markers. These effects appear unrelated to its antimicrobial activity or induction of DNA damage.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080742
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 743: In Vitro Inhibitory Effect of Silver
Diamine Fluoride Combined with Potassium Iodide against Mixed-Species
Biofilm Formation on Human Root Dentin
Authors: Jutharat Manuschai, Maki Sotozono, Shoji Takenaka, Niraya Kornsombut, Ryouhei Takahashi, Rui Saito, Ryoko Nagata, Takako Ida, Yuichiro Noiri
First page: 743
Abstract: Applying a saturated potassium iodide (KI) solution immediately after silver diamine fluoride (SDF) application may affect the inhibitory effects of SDF on biofilm formation. This study compared the efficacy of 38% SDF with and without KI on preventing mixed-species biofilm formation on human root dentin surfaces and assessed ion incorporation into root dentin. The biofilms, composed of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Actinomyces naeslundii, were grown on specimen surfaces treated with either SDF or SDF + KI. After 24 h, the biofilms were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, live/dead staining, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assays, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the results between the groups. Ion incorporation was assessed using an electron probe microanalyzer. The relative ATP content in the SDF + KI group was significantly higher than that in the SDF group (p < 0.05). However, biofilm morphology and the logarithmic reduction in CFUs and bacterial DNA were comparable across the groups. The SDF + KI treatment resulted in less silver and fluoride ion incorporation than that yielded by SDF alone. The inhibitory effects of SDF and SDF + KI on mixed-species biofilm formation were almost equivalent, although KI application affected the ion incorporation.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080743
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 744: Development of Xanthoangelol-Derived
Authors: Siyu Yang, Fangquan Liu, Yue Leng, Meiyue Zhang, Lei Zhang, Xuekun Wang, Yinhu Wang
First page: 744
Abstract: Infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens have emerged as a serious threat to public health. To develop new antibacterial agents to combat such drug-resistant bacteria, a class of novel amphiphilic xanthoangelol-derived compounds were designed and synthesized by mimicking the structure and function of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Among them, compound 9h displayed excellent antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive strains tested (MICs = 0.5–2 μg/mL), comparable to vancomycin, and with low hemolytic toxicity and good membrane selectivity. Additionally, compound 9h demonstrated rapid bactericidal effects, low resistance frequency, low cytotoxicity, and good plasma stability. Mechanistic studies further revealed that compound 9h had good membrane-targeting ability and was able to destroy the integrity of bacterial cell membranes, causing an increase in intracellular ROS and the leakage of DNA and proteins, thus accelerating bacterial death. These results make 9h a promising antimicrobial candidate to combat bacterial infection.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-07
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080744
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 745: Nosocomial Bacteria Inhibition with
Polymyxin B: In Silico Gene Mining and In Vitro Analysis
Authors: Jayendra Chunduru, Nicholas LaRoe, Jeremy Garza, Abdul N. Hamood, Paul W. Paré
First page: 745
Abstract: Multidrug-resistant bacteria present a significant public health challenge; such pathogens exhibit reduced susceptibility to conventional antibiotics, limiting current treatment options. Cationic non-ribosomal peptides (CNRPs) such as brevicidine and polymyxins have emerged as promising candidates to block Gram-negative bacteria. To investigate the capability of bacteria to biosynthesize CNRPs, and specifically polymyxins, over 11,000 bacterial genomes were mined in silico. Paenibacillus polymyxa was identified as having a robust biosynthetic capacity, based on multiple polymyxin gene clusters. P. polymyxa biosynthetic competence was confirmed by metabolite characterization via HPLC purification and MALDI TOF/TOF analysis. When grown in a selected medium, the metabolite yield was 4 mg/L with a 20-fold specific activity increase. Polymyxin B (PMB) was assayed with select nosocomial pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Acinetobacter baumaii, which exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of 4, 1, and 1 µg/mL, respectively.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-08
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080745
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 746: Plant-Derived Antimicrobials and Their
Crucial Role in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Paola Angelini
First page: 746
Abstract: Antibiotic resistance emerged shortly after the discovery of the first antibiotic and has remained a critical public health issue ever since. Managing antibiotic resistance in clinical settings continues to be challenging, particularly with the rise of superbugs, or bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics, known as multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. This rapid development of resistance has compelled researchers to continuously seek new antimicrobial agents to curb resistance, despite a shrinking pipeline of new drugs. Recently, the focus of antimicrobial discovery has shifted to plants, fungi, lichens, endophytes, and various marine sources, such as seaweeds, corals, and other microorganisms, due to their promising properties. For this review, an extensive search was conducted across multiple scientific databases, including PubMed, Elsevier, ResearchGate, Scopus, and Google Scholar, encompassing publications from 1929 to 2024. This review provides a concise overview of the mechanisms employed by bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance, followed by an in-depth exploration of plant secondary metabolites as a potential solution to MDR pathogens. In recent years, the interest in plant-based medicines has surged, driven by their advantageous properties. However, additional research is essential to fully understand the mechanisms of action and verify the safety of antimicrobial phytochemicals. Future prospects for enhancing the use of plant secondary metabolites in combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens will also be discussed.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-08-09
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080746
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 647: Antimicrobial Activity of Water-Soluble
Silver Complexes Bearing C-Scorpionate Ligands
Authors: Abdallah G. Mahmoud, Sílvia A. Sousa, M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva, Luísa M. D. R. S. Martins, Jorge H. Leitão
First page: 647
Abstract: The novel hydrosoluble silver coordination polymer [Ag(NO3)(μ-1κN;2κN′,N″-TPMOH)]n (1) (TPMOH = tris(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethanol) was obtained and characterized. While single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of compound 1 disclosed an infinite 1D helical chain structure in the solid state, NMR analysis in polar solvents confirmed the mononuclear nature of compound 1 in solution. Compound 1 and the analogue [Ag(μ-1κN;2κN′,N″-TPMS)]n (2) (TPMS = tris(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methane sulfonate) were evaluated with regard to their antimicrobial activities towards the Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Burkholderia contaminans, the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungal species Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Compound 1 exhibited minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 2 to 7.7 µg/mL towards the tested Gram-negative bacteria, 18 µg/mL towards the Gram-positive S. aureus, and 15 and 31 µg/mL towards C. albicans and C. glabrata, respectively. Compound 2 was less effective towards the tested bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 15 to 19.6 µg/mL towards the Gram-negative bacteria and 51 µg/mL towards S. aureus; however, it was more effective against C. albicans and C. glabrata, with MIC values of about 6 µg/mL towards these fungal species. The toxicity of compounds 1 and 2 was assessed by evaluating the survival of the Caenorhabditis elegans model organism to concentrations of up to 100 µg/mL. The value of 50% lethality (LD50) could only be estimated as 73.2 µg/mL for compound 1 at 72 h, otherwise LD50 was >100 µg/mL for both compounds 1 and 2. These results indicate compounds 1 and 2 as novel silver complexes with interesting antimicrobial properties towards bacterial and fungal pathogens.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-13
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070647
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 648: New Agents Are Coming, and so Is the
Resistance
Authors: J. Myles Keck, Alina Viteri, Jacob Schultz, Rebecca Fong, Charles Whitman, Madeline Poush, Marlee Martin
First page: 648
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat that requires urgent attention to slow the spread of resistant pathogens. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has emphasized clinician-driven antimicrobial stewardship approaches including the reporting and proper documentation of antimicrobial usage and resistance. Additional efforts have targeted the development of new antimicrobial agents, but narrow profit margins have hindered manufacturers from investing in novel antimicrobials for clinical use and therefore the production of new antibiotics has decreased. In order to combat this, both antimicrobial drug discovery processes and healthcare reimbursement programs must be improved. Without action, this poses a high probability to culminate in a deadly post-antibiotic era. This review will highlight some of the global health challenges faced both today and in the future. Furthermore, the new Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines for resistant Gram-negative pathogens will be discussed. This includes new antimicrobial agents which have gained or are likely to gain FDA approval. Emphasis will be placed on which human pathogens each of these agents cover, as well as how these new agents could be utilized in clinical practice.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-13
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070648
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 649: The Oral Cavity—Another Reservoir
of Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus'
Authors: Marek Chmielewski, Oliwia Załachowska, Dominika Komandera, Adrian Albert, Maria Wierzbowska, Ewa Kwapisz, Marta Katkowska, Alina Gębska, Katarzyna Garbacz
First page: 649
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common potentially pathogenic bacteria that may asymptomatically colonize many sites of healthy carriers. Non-nasal carriage, especially in the oral cavity, and its role in transmitting antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus strains in the healthcare community, is poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus in both oral and nasal cavities among preclinical dentistry students. A total of 264 oral and nasal swabs were taken from 132 participants, and all specimens were cultured using standard diagnostic procedures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST). The prevalence of S. aureus exclusively in the nasal (11.4%) or oral (9.1%) cavity was comparable, while concurrent oral and nasal carriage was present in 27.3% of participants. Although antibiotic resistance rates observed in both oral and nasal isolates were similar (ranging from 2.7% to 95.5%), 16.7% of carriers exhibited distinct antibiotic resistance profiles between oral and nasal isolates. Three (2.7%) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were isolated from the mouth and nose but multidrug resistance (27.3%) was more frequent in the oral than in the nasal isolates: 34% and 21.1%, respectively. This study demonstrated that preclinical dentistry students have a similar rate of oral S. aureus carriage as the nasal carriage rate, and that the oral cavity can be colonized by antimicrobial-resistant strains that do not originate from the nose. Consequently, the oral cavity seems to be an unjustly overlooked body site in screening for S. aureus carriage.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-14
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070649
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 650: Antimicrobial Activity of Green
Synthesized Silver and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles against the Foodborne
Pathogen Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Daniel Rivera-Mendoza, Beatriz Quiñones, Alejandro Huerta-Saquero, Ernestina Castro-Longoria
First page: 650
Abstract: Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of global foodborne illnesses. To develop alternative antimicrobial strategies against C. jejuni, this study designed and optimized the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) with intracellular components of the medicinal fungus Ganoderma sessile to provide the needed reducing and stabilizing agents. NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, and the quasi-spherical NPs had sizes of 2.9 ± 0.9 nm for the copper oxide NPs and 14.7 ± 0.6 nm for the silver NPs. Surface charge assessment revealed zeta potentials of −21.0 ± 6.5 mV and −24.4 ± 7.9 mV for the copper oxide and silver NPs, respectively. The growth inhibition of C. jejuni by the NPs occurred through attachment to the outer cell membrane and subsequent intracellular internalization and resulted in minimum inhibitory concentrations of the silver NPs at 6 µg/mL and copper oxide NPs at 10 µg/mL. On the other hand, a differential ROS production caused by silver and copper NPs was observed. In summary, this research presents the first demonstration of using green synthesis with the medicinal fungus G. sessile to produce metallic NPs that effectively inhibit C. jejuni growth, providing a sustainable and effective approach to the traditional use of antimicrobials.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-14
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070650
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 651: Isolation and Characterization of Two
Novel Genera of Jumbo Bacteriophages Infecting Xanthomonas vesicatoria
Isolated from Agricultural Regions in Mexico
Authors: Claudia Villicaña, Lucía M. Rubí-Rangel, Luis Amarillas, Luis Alberto Lightbourn-Rojas, José Armando Carrillo-Fasio, Josefina León-Félix
First page: 651
Abstract: Bacterial spot is a serious disease caused by several species of Xanthomonas affecting pepper and tomato production worldwide. Since the strategies employed for disease management have been inefficient and pose a threat for environmental and human health, the development of alternative methods is gaining relevance. The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize lytic phages against Xanthomonas pathogens. Here, we isolate two jumbo phages, named XaC1 and XbC2, from water obtained from agricultural irrigation channels by the enrichment technique using X. vesicatoria as a host. We determined that both phages were specific for inducing the lysis of X. vesicatoria strains, but not of other xanthomonads. The XaC1 and XbC2 phages showed a myovirus morphology and were classified as jumbo phages due to their genomes being larger than 200 kb. Phylogenetic and comparative analysis suggests that XaC1 and XbC2 represent both different and novel genera of phages, where XaC1 possesses a low similarity to other phage genomes reported before. Finally, XaC1 and XbC2 exhibited thermal stability up to 45 °C and pH stability from 5 to 9. All these results indicate that the isolated phages are promising candidates for the development of formulations against bacterial spot, although further characterization is required.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-15
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070651
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 652: The Many Lives of Auranofin: How an Old
Anti-Rheumatic Agent May Become a Promising Antimicrobial Drug
Authors: Francesca Coscione, Stefano Zineddu, Valentina Vitali, Marco Fondi, Luigi Messori, Elena Perrin
First page: 652
Abstract: Auranofin (AF) is a gold-based compound with a well-known pharmacological and toxicological profile, currently used in the treatment of some severe forms of rheumatoid arthritis. Over the last twenty years, AF has also been repurposed as antiviral, antitumor, and antibacterial drug. In this review we focused on the antibacterial properties of AF, specifically researching the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of AF in both mono- and diderm bacteria reported so far in literature. AF proves to be highly effective against monoderm bacteria, while diderm are far less susceptible, probably due to the outer membrane barrier. We also reported the current mechanistic hypotheses concerning the antimicrobial properties of AF, although a conclusive description of its antibacterial mode of action is not yet available. Even if its mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated yet and further studies are required to optimize its delivery strategy, AF deserves additional investigation because of its unique mode of action and high efficacy against a wide range of pathogens, which could lead to potential applications in fighting antimicrobial resistance and improving therapeutic outcomes in infectious diseases.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-15
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070652
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 653: Screening Tests for the Interaction of
Rubus idaeus and Rubus occidentalis Extracts with Antibiotics against
Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Human Pathogens
Authors: Rafał Hałasa, Urszula Mizerska, Marta Kula, Mirosława Krauze-Baranowska
First page: 653
Abstract: WHO (World Health Organization) reports from recent years warn about the growing number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Therefore, there is an urgent need to constantly search for new substances effective in the fight against microorganisms. Plants are a rich source of chemical compounds with antibacterial properties. These compounds, classified as secondary metabolites, may act independently or support the action of currently used antibiotics. Due to the large number of metabolites isolated from the plant kingdom and new plant species being studied, there is a need to develop new strategies/techniques or modifications of currently applied methods that can be used to select plant extracts or chemical compounds isolated from them that enter into positive, synergistic interactions with currently used antibiotics. One such method is the dual-disk synergy test (DDST). It involves the diffusion of active compounds in the agar environment and influencing the growth of microorganisms grown on it. The method was used to assess the interaction of extracts from the fruit and shoots of some cultivated varieties of Rubus idaeus and Rubus occidentalis with selected antibiotics. The research was conducted on strains of bacteria pathogenic to humans, including Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Helicobacter pylori, and Candida albicans, showing synergy, antagonism, or lack of interaction of the tested substances—plant extract and antibiotic. As a result, it was found that the diffusion method is useful in screening tests to assess the impact of antibiotic–herbal substance interactions on Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-15
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070653
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 654: Phyllanthus niruri Linn.: Antibacterial
Activity, Phytochemistry, and Enhanced Antibiotic Combinatorial Strategies
Authors: Gagan Tiwana, Ian E. Cock, Matthew J. Cheesman
First page: 654
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat caused by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. It leads to infections becoming difficult to treat, causing serious illness, disability, and death. Current antibiotic development is slow, with only 25% of current antibiotics exhibiting novel mechanisms against critical pathogens. Traditional medicinal plants’ secondary metabolites offer potential for developing novel antibacterial compounds. These compounds, often with strong antimicrobial activity, can be used to develop safe and effective antibacterial chemotherapies. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of Phyllanthus niruri Linn. extracts against a panel of bacterial pathogens using disc diffusion and microdilution assays and quantified by calculation of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). Additionally, the effects of combinations of the extracts and selected conventional antibiotics were examined by sum of fractional inhibition concentration (ƩFIC) calculation and isobologram analysis. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) phytochemistry analysis was used to identify noteworthy compounds in the active extracts and the Artemia nauplii bioassay was used to evaluate toxicity. The aqueous and methanolic extracts exhibited notable antibacterial activity in the broth microdilution assay against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (MIC = 669 µg/mL and 738 µg/mL, respectively). The methanolic extract also showed noteworthy antibacterial action in the broth assay against Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC = 738 µg/mL). The aqueous extract had noteworthy growth inhibitory activity against Bacillus cereus (MIC = 669 µg/mL), whilst the methanolic extract demonstrated good antibacterial activity against that bacterium (MIC = 184 µg/mL). The aqueous and methanol extracts showed minimal antibacterial action against Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei. The extracts were subjected to LC-MS analysis, which revealed several interesting phytochemicals, including a variety of flavonoids and tannins. The antibacterial activity and lack of toxicity of the P. niruri extracts indicates that they may be worthwhile targets for antibiotic development and further mechanistic and phytochemistry studies are required.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-16
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070654
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 655: In Vitro Antimicrobial Potential of
Portuguese Propolis Extracts from Gerês against Pathogenic
Microorganisms
Authors: Rafaela Dias Oliveira, Carina Araújo, Cristina Almeida-Aguiar
First page: 655
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of humanity’s main health problems today. Despite all the breakthroughs and research over the past few years, the number of microbial illnesses that are resistant to the available antibiotics is increasing at an alarming rate. In this article, we estimated the biomedical potential of Portuguese propolis harvested from the Gerês apiary over five years, evaluating the in vitro antimicrobial effect of five hydroalcoholic extracts prepared from five single propolis samples and of a hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the mixture of all samples. The antimicrobial potential was firstly assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these extracts against a panel of three Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and one Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), as well as two yeasts (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). As MIC values against each bacterium were consistent across all the evaluated propolis extracts, we decided to further conduct a disk diffusion assay, which included three commercial antibiotics—erythromycin, vancomycin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid—for comparison purposes. In addition to displaying a concentration-dependent antibacterial effect, the hydroalcoholic extracts prepared with 70% ethanol exhibited stronger antimicrobial capacity than vancomycin against B. subtilis (% of increase ranged between 26 and 59%) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (% of increase ranged between 63 and 77%). Moreover, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) showed susceptibility to the activity of the same extracts and resistance to all tested antibiotics. These findings support that propolis from Gerês is a promising natural product with promising antimicrobial activity, representing a very stimulating result considering the actual problem with AMR.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-16
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070655
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 656: Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance:
Data Harmonisation and Data Selection within Secondary Data Use
Authors: Sinja Bleischwitz, Tristan Salomon Winkelmann, Yvonne Pfeifer, Martin Alexander Fischer, Niels Pfennigwerth, Jens André Hammerl, Ulrike Binsker, Jörg B. Hans, Sören Gatermann, Annemarie Käsbohrer, Guido Werner, Lothar Kreienbrock
First page: 656
Abstract: Resistance to last-resort antibiotics is a global threat to public health. Therefore, surveillance and monitoring systems for antimicrobial resistance should be established on a national and international scale. For the development of a One Health surveillance system, we collected exemplary data on carbapenem and colistin-resistant bacterial isolates from human, animal, food, and environmental sources. We pooled secondary data from routine screenings, hospital outbreak investigations, and studies on antimicrobial resistance. For a joint One Health evaluation, this study incorporates epidemiological metadata with phenotypic resistance information and molecular data on the isolate level. To harmonise the heterogeneous original information for the intended use, we developed a generic strategy. By defining and categorising variables, followed by plausibility checks, we created a catalogue for prospective data collections and applied it to our dataset, enabling us to perform preliminary descriptive statistical analyses. This study shows the complexity of data management using heterogeneous secondary data pools and gives an insight into the early stages of the development of an AMR surveillance programme using secondary data.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-16
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070656
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 657: Testing Different Message Styles about
Unnecessary Antibiotics Using an Online Platform
Authors: Säde Stenlund, Kirstin C. Appelt, Matthew B. Ruby, Nick Smith, Hannah Lishman, David M. Patrick
First page: 657
Abstract: Patients’ expectations are a major contributor to the unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics, yet limited research has examined how physicians can calibrate these expectations. The studies we conducted tested how varying messages could impact patients’ expectations for antibiotics and their experience of medical appointments. All the participants read a short scenario about an appointment for mild sinusitis symptoms, with the patient’s expectation of antibiotics. In Study 1, the participants (n = 1069) were randomly assigned to read a positively framed, neutral, or negatively framed message regarding unnecessary antibiotics. In Study 2, the participants (n = 1073) read a message emphasizing either the societal or personal harms of unnecessary antibiotics, or a message without additional rationale. None of our pre-registered hypotheses were supported, but our exploratory analyses indicated that the societal message increased concern about antibiotic resistance. The participants who were more concerned about resistance were less likely to ask for antibiotics, more satisfied when the physician did not prescribe them, and more likely to recommend the physician to a friend. Discussing the consequences of the different courses of action did not appear to negatively impact physician–patient rapport. These studies demonstrate an inexpensive method with which to pre-test various messages about antibiotic consumption, and suggest that such messages are not negatively received by patients.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-16
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070657
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 658: Endophthalmitis Caused by Bacillus
cereus: Clinical Characteristics, Outcomes and Antibiotic Susceptibility
Authors: Jiayi Zheng, Liping Lin, Jingyu Liao, Xinlei Zhao, Jiaqi Lin, Fang Duan
First page: 658
Abstract: Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis is a severe vision-threatening disease. This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibility, and risk factors for poor final visual acuity (VA) and enucleation or evisceration (ENEV) outcomes of B. cereus endophthalmitis patients. We retrospectively reviewed 52 cases (52 eyes) of culture-proven B. cereus endophthalmitis at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from January 2013 to December 2023. The mean age of the patients was 38.1 ± 20.1 years, and males composed the majority (90.4%) of the sample size; laborers (32.7%) and farmers (19.2%) were the primary occupations of the patients. All cases were caused by ocular trauma. Forty-one of 51 eyes (80.4%) had a final VA worse than the ability to count fingers (CFs), and 15 of the 52 total eyes (28.8%) underwent ENEV. Binary logistic forward (LR) regression analysis demonstrated that red eye (odds ratio [OR], 13.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58–108.80; p = 0.017), eye pain (OR, 22.87; 95% CI, 1.00–522.72; p = 0.050), and corneal edema/ulcer (OR, 13.13; 95% CI, 1.58–108.80; p = 0.017) were significant risk factors for poor VA outcomes. Conjunctival sac purulent discharge (OR, 10.08; 95% CI, 2.11–48.12, p = 0.004) and white blood cell (WBC) count (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.06–1.72, p = 0.016) were significant risk factors for ENEV outcomes. B. cereus showed susceptibility rates of 100.0% to vancomycin and ofloxacin; 98.0% to levofloxacin; 93.3% to ciprofloxacin; 87.5% to imipenem; and 78.9% to tobramycin. The susceptibility to azithromycin and clindamycin was 66.7% and 50.0%, respectively. In contrast, B. cereus was resistant to penicillin (susceptibility at 3.8%), cefuroxime (5.6%), and cefoxitin (37.1%).
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-16
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070658
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 659: Antimicrobial Resistance in the WHO
African Region: A Systematic Literature Review 2016–2020
Authors: Laetitia Gahimbare, Claude Mambo Muvunyi, Nathalie Aya Kouadio Guessennd, Jean Pierre Rutanga, Pierre Gashema, Walter Fuller, Ambele Judith Mwamelo, Sheick Oumar Coulibaly, Fausta Shakiwa Mosha, Olga Perovic, Hassiba Tali-Maamar, Ali Ahmed Yahaya
First page: 659
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global public health threat. This review presents the most recent in-depth review of the situation of the main AMR types in relation to the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region. Underlying genes of resistance have been analyzed where possible. A search to capture published research data on AMR from articles published between 2016 and 2020 was done using PubMed and Google Scholar, with rigorous inclusion/exclusion criteria. Out of 48003 articles, only 167 were included. Among the tested gram-negative bacteria species, Klebsiella spp. remain the most tested, and generally the most resistant. The highest overall phenotypic resistance for imipenem was reported in E. coli, whereas for meropenem, E. coli and Haemophilus spp. showed an equal resistance proportion at 2.5%. For gram-positive bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae displayed high resistance percentages to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (64.3%), oxacillin (32.2%), penicillin (23.2%), and tetracycline (28.3%), whereas Staphylococcus aureus contributed to 22.8% and 10% resistance to penicillin and oxacillin, respectively. This review shows that AMR remains a major public health threat. The present findings will help public health decision-makers in developing efficient preventive strategies and adequate policies for antibiotic stewardship and surveillance in line with the global action plan for AMR.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-17
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070659
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 660: Comparative Analysis of
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Prevalence and
Resistance Patterns in Canine and Feline Clinical Samples: Insights from a
Three-Year Study in Germany
Authors: Leonie Feuer, Stefanie Katharina Frenzer, Roswitha Merle, Wolfgang Bäumer, Antina Lübke-Becker, Babette Klein, Alexander Bartel
First page: 660
Abstract: The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) presents a significant public health concern globally, particularly within veterinary medicine. MRSP’s resistance to multiple antibiotics is limiting treatment options and potentially leading to severe infections in companion animals. This study aimed to understand antimicrobial resistance in dogs and cats, focusing on MRSP resistance patterns and its prevalence in Germany. We analyzed results of bacterial diagnostic samples from canines and felines, sourced from a German veterinary diagnostic microbiology laboratory between 2019 and 2021. This dataset included samples from 3491 veterinary practices, covering 33.1% of veterinary practices and clinics in Germany. MRSP rates were detailed by host species, sample types and co-resistance patterns. Analysis of 175,171 bacterial examination results revealed S. pseudintermedius in 44,880 samples, yielding a 25.6% isolation rate. S. pseudintermedius was more prevalent in dogs (35.0%) than cats (3.6%). Methicillin resistance was found in 7.5% of all S. pseudintermedius isolates. MRSP prevalence was higher in feline samples (16.1%, 95% CI 14.4–17.8) compared to canine samples (7.1%, 95% CI 6.8–7.0). S. pseudintermedius showed high resistance rates to ampicillin (cats: 48.6%, dogs: 67.6%) and clindamycin (cats: 37.2%, dogs: 32.7%), while MRSP exhibited high co-resistance to clindamycin (cats: 82.8%, dogs: 85.4%) and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (cats: 66.4%, dogs: 66.2%). Our study revealed distinct resistance patterns of MRSP in cats compared to dogs, highlighting the need for tailored treatment approaches and the importance of antimicrobial resistance surveillance.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-17
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070660
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 661: From Species to Genes: A New Diagnostic
Paradigm
Authors: Sinead Fahy, James A. O’Connor, Roy D. Sleator, Brigid Lucey
First page: 661
Abstract: Molecular diagnostics has the potential to revolutionise the field of clinical microbiology. Microbial identification and nomenclature have, for too long, been restricted to phenotypic characterisation. However, this species-level view fails to wholly account for genetic heterogeneity, a result of lateral gene transfer, mediated primarily by mobile genetic elements. This genetic promiscuity has helped to drive virulence development, stress adaptation, and antimicrobial resistance in several important bacterial pathogens, complicating their detection and frustrating our ability to control them. We argue that, as clinical microbiologists at the front line, we must embrace the molecular technologies that allow us to focus specifically on the genetic elements that cause disease rather than the bacterial species that express them. This review focuses on the evolution of microbial taxonomy since the introduction of molecular sequencing, the role of mobile genetic elements in antimicrobial resistance, the current and emerging assays in clinical laboratories, and the comparison of phenotypic versus genotypic analyses. In essence, it is time now to refocus from species to genes as part of a new diagnostic paradigm.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-17
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070661
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 662: A Systematic Review on Antimicrobial
Resistance in Ghana from a One Health Perspective
Authors: Eric S. Donkor, Alex Odoom, Abdul-Halim Osman, Samuel Darkwah, Fleischer C. N. Kotey
First page: 662
Abstract: Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global health threat, with lower-middle-income countries bearing a disproportionate burden. Surveillance of AMR under a One Health framework is needed to elucidate the associations among clinical, animal, and environmental AMR. This review aimed to describe the state of AMR in Ghana, focusing on One Health. Method: This review utilized the PRISMA guidelines and major databases to systematically search and analyze AMR in Ghana published from 1 January 2014 to 1 May 2023. Results: Out of the 48 articles that met the inclusion criteria, 28 studies were conducted on humans, 14 studies involved animals, and 6 studies focused on the environment. A total of 48 different pathogens were identified across the human, animal, and environmental sectors, with the most common being Escherichia coli (67%, n = 32), Klebsiella spp. (52%, n = 25), Pseudomonas spp. (40%, n = 19), and Salmonella spp. (38%, n = 18). Generally, a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance was observed among various bacterial species across the sectors. These bacteria exhibited resistance to commonly used antibiotics, with resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline exceeding 80%, and multidrug resistance (MDR) ranging from 17.6% in Shigella spp. to 100% in Acinetobacter spp. Conclusion: This review reaffirms the significant challenge of AMR in Ghana, with a high prevalence observed in the human, animal, and environmental sectors. Key pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) found across the sectors emphasize the urgent need for a One Health approach to tackle AMR in Ghana.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-17
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070662
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 663: Comparison of Different Methods for
Assaying the In Vitro Activity of Cefiderocol against Carbapenem-Resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains: Influence of Bacterial Inoculum
Authors: Celia García-Rivera, Antonia Sánchez-Bautista, Mónica Parra-Grande, Andrea Ricart-Silvestre, María Paz Ventero, Iryna Tyshkovska, Esperanza Merino, Juan Carlos Rodríguez Díaz
First page: 663
Abstract: Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections represent a critical public health concern, highlighting the need for the development of effective antibiotics. Cefiderocol demonstrated potent in vitro activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, particularly in strains that are resistant to other drugs. However, concerns regarding the emergence of drug-resistant strains persist. This study, conducted with 109 carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from the Spanish Hospital (Dr. Balmis, Alicante). The study evaluated susceptibility to cefiderocol in comparison to alternative antibiotics and including their susceptibility to bacterial inoculum, while assessing various testing methods. Our findings revealed high susceptibility to cefiderocol against carbapenem-resistant strains, with only 2 of 109 strains exhibiting resistance. Comparative analysis demonstrated superiority of cefiderocol towards alternative antibiotics. Both the E-test and disk-diffusion methods showed 100% concordance with the microdilution method in classifying strains as susceptible or resistant. However, 4.6% (5/109) of disc zone diameters fell within the technical uncertainty zone, so the E-test technique was found to be more useful in routine clinical practice. Additionally, escalating bacterial inoculum correlated with decreases in vitro activity, so this parameter should be adjusted very carefully in in vivo studies. This study underscores cefiderocol’s potential as a therapeutic option for carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. However, the emergence of drug-resistant strains emphasizes the critical need for a wise use of antibiotics and a continuous monitoring of resistance to antibiotics. Based on our in vitro data, further investigation concerning the impact of bacterial inoculum on drug efficacy is warranted in order to detect resistance mechanisms and optimize treatment strategies, thereby mitigating the risk of resistance.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-18
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070663
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 664: Peripheral Intravenous Therapy in
Internal Medicine Department—Antibiotics and Other Drugs’
Consumption and Characteristics of Vascular Access Devices in 2-Year
Observation Study
Authors: Piotr Piekiełko, Anna Mucha, Ewa Stawowczyk, Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach
First page: 664
Abstract: Background: The aim of the study was to characterize the procedure of peripheral intravenous therapy (IT), including the characteristics of vascular access and related complications and qualitative and quantitative analyses of drug consumption. Materials and Methods: A two-year, retrospective, single-center observational study was conducted. The criterion for including a patient in the study was the use of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) upon admission or during the stay at the internal medicine department (IMD). Results: The main reasons for hospitalization were exacerbations of chronic diseases for 78% of the patients and acute infections for 22%. IT was used in 83.6% of all the patients. IT was used primarily for antibiotics (5009.9 defined daily doses (DDD)). Further, 22.6% of the PIVCs stopped functioning within 24 h, more frequently in infectious patients. The main reasons for PIVC removal were leakage (n = 880, 26.6%) and occlusion (n = 578, 17.5%). The PIVC locations were mostly suboptimal (n = 2010, 59.5%), and such locations were related to leakage and occlusion (p = 0.017). Conclusions: In the IMD, most patients require the use of a PIVC, and antibiotics dominate the group of drugs administered intravenously. Up to 1/5 of peripheral intravenous catheters are lost within the first 24 h after their insertion, with most of them placed suboptimally. A properly functioning PIVC appears to be crucial for antimicrobial treatment.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-18
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070664
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 665: Essential Oil of Fractionated Oregano as
Motility Inhibitor of Bacteria Associated with Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Eduardo Sánchez García, Cynthia Torres-Alvarez, Elías G. Morales Sosa, Mariana Pimentel-González, Licet Villarreal Treviño, Carlos Abel Amaya Guerra, Sandra Castillo, José Rodríguez Rodríguez
First page: 665
Abstract: In this research, several analyses were carried out on concentrated fractions of Mexican oregano essential oil (Poliomintha longiflora Gray) in order to determine its ability to inhibit the growth and the motility of Escherichia coli (swimming), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (swimming), and Proteus vulgaris (swarming); these Gram-negative bacteria associated with urinary tract infections are motile due to the presence of flagella, which is considered an important virulence factor that favors their motility when trying to reach the target organ and cause an infection. Also, the resistance pattern to antibiotics of each strain was determined. The results showed resistance pattern (8 out of 12 antibiotics tested) for P. aureginosa, while E. coli and P. vulgaris were resistant to 4 antibiotics out of the 12 tested. On the other hand, fractionated oregano caused an inhibition of growth and a reduction in motility, varying between fractions and among bacteria. Fraction 4 showed major growth reduction, with MBC values ranging from 0.002 to 23.7 mg/mL. Treatment with fractionated oregano (F1, F2, F3, F4) reduced the motility by 92–81% for P. vulgaris, 90–83% for E. coli, and 100–8.9% for P. aeruginosa. These results demonstrated a higher performance with a lower application dose due to its high content of Carvacrol and Thymol; unlike other concentrated fractions, this synergy of oxygenated monoterpenes may cause greater antimicrobial activity.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-18
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070665
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 666: Classification and Multi-Functional Use
of Bacteriocins in Health, Biotechnology, and Food Industry
Authors: Miguel Angel Solis-Balandra, Jose Luis Sanchez-Salas
First page: 666
Abstract: Bacteriocins is the name given to products of the secondary metabolism of many bacterial genera that must display antimicrobial activity. Although there are several bacteriocins described today, it has not been possible to reach a consensus on the method of classification for these biomolecules. In addition, many of them are not yet authorized for therapeutic use against multi-drug-resistant microorganisms due to possible toxic effects. However, recent research has achieved considerable progress in the understanding, classification, and elucidation of their mechanisms of action against microorganisms, which are of medical and biotechnological interest. Therefore, in more current times, protocols are already being conducted for their optimal use, in the hopes of solving multiple health and food conservation problems. This review aims to synthetize the information available nowadays regarding bacteriocins, and their classification, while also providing an insight into the future possibilities of their usage for both the pharmaceutical, food, and biotechnological industry.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-18
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070666
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 667: Fosfomycin-Containing Regimens for the
Treatment of Central Nervous System Infections in a Neonatal Intensive
Care Unit: A Case Series Study
Authors: Angelica Lenzi, Barbara Saccani, Marco Di Gregorio, Francesco Rossini, Alessio Sollima, Alice Mulè, Federica Morucci, Silvia Amadasi, Benedetta Fumarola, Paola Antonia Lanza, Silvia Lorenzotti, Evelyn Van Hauwermeiren, Elisa Cavalleri, Roberto Marzollo, Alberto Matteelli, Liana Signorini, Francesco Maria Risso
First page: 667
Abstract: Central nervous system infections are among the most severe infectious conditions in the neonatal period and are still burdened by significant mortality, especially in preterm infants and those with a low birth weight or other comorbidities. In this study, we examined the role of fosfomycin-containing antibiotic regimens in neonates with central nervous system infections. We included six neonates over a period of five years: four with meningitis and two with cerebral abscesses. All patients underwent fosfomycin therapy after failing first-line antibiotic regimens. Of the six neonates, two died; two developed neurological and psychomotor deficits and two recovered uneventfully. None of the neonates experienced adverse reactions to fosfomycin, confirming the safety of the molecule in this population. In conclusion, the deep penetration in the central nervous system, the unique mechanism of action, the synergy with other antibiotic therapies, and the excellent safety profile all make fosfomycin an attractive drug for the treatment of neonatal central nervous system infections.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-18
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070667
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 668: The Role of Wastewater Treatment Plants
in Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance: Source, Measurement, Removal
and Risk Assessment
Authors: Kezia Drane, Madoc Sheehan, Anna Whelan, Ellen Ariel, Robert Kinobe
First page: 668
Abstract: Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) are contaminants of emerging concern with marked potential to impact public and environmental health. This review focusses on factors that influence the presence, abundance, and dissemination of ARGs within Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) and associated effluents. Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) and ARGs have been detected in the influent and the effluent of WWTPs worldwide. Different levels of wastewater treatment (primary, secondary, and tertiary) show different degrees of removal efficiency of ARGs, with further differences being observed when ARGs are captured as intracellular or extracellular forms. Furthermore, routinely used molecular methodologies such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction or whole genome sequencing may also vary in resistome identification and in quantifying ARG removal efficiencies from WWTP effluents. Additionally, we provide an overview of the One Health risk assessment framework, as well as future strategies on how WWTPs can be assessed for environmental and public health impact.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-18
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070668
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 669: Arcobacteraceae: An Exploration of
Antibiotic Resistance Featuring the Latest Research Updates
Authors: Davide Buzzanca, Elisabetta Chiarini, Valentina Alessandria
First page: 669
Abstract: The Arcobacteraceae bacterial family includes species isolated from animals and related food products. Moreover, these species have been found in other ecological niches, including water. Some species, particularly Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus, have been isolated from human clinical cases and linked to gastrointestinal symptoms. The presence of antibiotic-resistant strains is a concern for public health, considering the possible zoonoses and foodborne infections caused by contaminated food containing bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatments. This review aims to highlight the importance of antibiotic resistance in Arcobacter spp. isolates from several sources, including information about antibiotic classes to which this bacterium has shown resistance. Arcobacter spp. demonstrated a wide spectrum of antibiotic resistance, including several antibiotic resistance genes. Antibiotic resistance genomic traits include efflux pumps and mutations in antibiotic target proteins. The literature shows a high proportion of Arcobacter spp. that are multidrug-resistant. However, studies in the literature have primarily focused on the evaluation of antibiotic resistance in A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus, as these species are frequently isolated from various sources. These aspects underline the necessity of studies focused on several Arcobacter species that could potentially be isolated from several sources.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-18
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070669
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 670: Genotypic Shift and Diversification of
MRSA Blood Stream Isolates in a University Hospital Setting: Evidence from
a 12-Year Observational Study
Authors: Yuka Motomura, Motoyasu Miyazaki, Mitsuhiro Kamada, Shinichi Morimoto, Yoshihiko Nakamura, Tomomitsu Satho, Tohru Takata, Nobuhiro Kashige
First page: 670
Abstract: There have been few reports regarding the long-term trends in the genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream isolates. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the longitudinal trends in the genotypes of MRSA bloodstream isolates obtained from hospitalized patients during a 12-year study period from 2010 to 2021 at a tertiary care university hospital. Over the 12-year period from 2010 to 2021, we conducted a genetic investigation focusing on 245 MRSA strains isolated from the blood of hospitalized patients. The genotypes of the MRSA bloodstream isolates were determined by Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, accessory gene regulator (agr) typing, PCR-based ORF typing (POT), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Strains with the same POT type detected in two or more isolates were designated as epidemic clones, while strains without a common POT type were classified as sporadic clones. Until 2015, isolates with SCCmec II/agr II were prevalent, but isolates with SCCmec IV/agr III increased from 2016. A total of 128 strains (52%) were identified as epidemic clones, while 117 strains (48%) were classified as sporadic clones. The detection rate of sporadic clones increased significantly since 2016 (p < 0.05). The epidemic clones were classified into three clusters, with MRSA of clonal complex (CC) 1 being prominent after 2016. This study showed that the genotypes of MRSA bloodstream isolates underwent a shift from SCCmec II/agr II type to SCCmec IV/agr III type, with a notable increase in MRSA of CC1, after 2016. There was a significant increase in the proportion of sporadic strains among the isolates, suggesting the diversification of genotypes.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-19
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070670
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 671: Microbiological Profiles of Patients with
Spondylodiscitis
Authors: Frank Sebastian Fröschen, Pia Maria Kitkowski, Andreas Christian Strauß, Ernst Molitor, Gunnar Thorben Rembert Hischebeth, Alexander Franz
First page: 671
Abstract: Spondylodiscitis is a severe spinal infection that requires an effective antibiotic treatment. Therefore, we sought to analyse the causative pathogens from intraoperative specimen in patients with spondylodiscitis and a need for surgery. To this end, we performed a retrospective study of all patients with spondylodiscitis and a need for operative treatment admitted to our hospital between January 2020 and December 2022. A total of 114 cases with spondylodiscitis were identified. A total of 120 different pathogens were detected. Overall, 76.7% of those microorganisms were Gram-positive bacteria. The most common causative pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus (n = 32; 26.6%), followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 28; 23.4%), of which Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 18; 15%) was the most frequently detected, as well as enterococci (n = 10; 8.4%) and Streptococcus spp. (n = 11; 9.2%). Moreover, 19.1% (n = 22) and 3.4% (n = 4) of all detected isolates were Gram-negative pathogens or fungi, respectively. Overall, 42.8% of all coagulase-negative staphylococci were oxacillin-resistant, while none of them were vancomycin-resistant. In summary, 50% of the pathogens could be identified as staphylococci. The results of our study highlight the important burden of oxacillin-resistant Gram-positive bacteria as an aetiological cause of spondylodiscitis, providing a relevant finding for antimicrobial stewardship programmes.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-19
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070671
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 672: Structure–Activity Relationship of
Pyrrolidine Pentamine Derivatives as Inhibitors of the Aminoglycoside
6′-N-Acetyltransferase Type Ib
Authors: Jan Sklenicka, Tung Tran, Maria S. Ramirez, Haley M. Donow, Angel J. Magaña, Travis LaVoi, Yasir Mamun, Verónica Jimenez, Prem Chapagain, Radleigh Santos, Clemencia Pinilla, Marc A. Giulianotti, Marcelo E. Tolmasky
First page: 672
Abstract: Resistance to amikacin and other major aminoglycosides is commonly due to enzymatic acetylation by the aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase type I enzyme, of which type Ib [AAC(6′)-Ib] is the most widespread among Gram-negative pathogens. Finding enzymatic inhibitors could be an effective way to overcome resistance and extend the useful life of amikacin. Small molecules possess multiple properties that make them attractive for drug development. Mixture-based combinatorial libraries and positional scanning strategy have led to the identification of a chemical scaffold, pyrrolidine pentamine, that, when substituted with the appropriate functionalities at five locations (R1–R5), inhibits AAC(6′)-Ib-mediated inactivation of amikacin. Structure–activity relationship studies have shown that while truncations to the molecule result in loss of inhibitory activity, modifications of functionalities and stereochemistry have different effects on the inhibitory properties. In this study, we show that alterations at position R1 of the two most active compounds, 2700.001 and 2700.003, reduced inhibition levels, demonstrating the essential nature not only of the presence of an S-phenyl moiety at this location but also the distance to the scaffold. On the other hand, modifications on the R3, R4, and R5 positions had varied effects, demonstrating the potential for optimization. A correlation analysis between molecular docking values (ΔG) and the dose required for two-fold potentiation of the compounds described in this and the previous studies showed a significant correlation between ΔG values and inhibitory activity.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-19
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070672
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 673: Longitudinal Trends in In-Patient
Antibiotic Consumption According to the WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe)
Antibiotic Groups and Cost: An Analysis of Data at a National
Antimicrobial Consumption Network (NAC-NET) Site in North India over 7
Years (2017–2023)
Authors: Niti Mittal, Ashish Tayal, Suneel Kumar, Reevanshi Dhawan, Nidhi Goel, Rakesh Mittal
First page: 673
Abstract: (1) Background: Antibiotic surveillance data are crucial to map out strategies to promote their optimal use at hospital and community levels. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of longitudinal trends in antibiotic consumption over 7 years at a core “National Antimicrobial Consumption Network” site in North India. (2) Methods: In-patient antibiotic consumption data (2017–2023) were obtained from the hospital’s central drug store and organised as follows: defined daily dose per 100 bed-days; antibiotic consumption as per the WHO access, watch and reserve classification; trends in overall and different antibiotic classes’ consumption; paediatric formulations of antibiotics; and hospital’s annual expenditure on antibiotics. (3) Results: During the 7-year study period, no significant trend could be observed in the overall antibiotic consumption (average annual percent change, AAPC: 9.22; 95% CI: −16.46, 34.9) and cost (AAPC: 13.55; −13.2, 40.3). There was a higher proportion of the consumption of antibiotics in the “reserve” group from 2021 onwards compared to previous years, but the overall trend over 7 years was not significant (AAPC: 319.75; −137.6, 777.1). Antibiotic combinations, classified under the WHO “not recommended” category, comprised a significant proportion of antibiotics consumed. A remarkably increased consumption of azithromycin and doxycycline was recorded during 2020 and 2021, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic. (4) Conclusions: Some recommendations to optimise antibiotic use are promoting the use of narrow spectrum “access” group agents; linking antimicrobial resistance and consumption data to formulate effective therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotic use guidelines; and the adoption of restrictive antibiotic policy.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-19
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070673
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 674: Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity of
Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles and Acanthospermum australe Essential Oil
against Skin Infection Pathogens
Authors: Javier Mussin, Gustavo Giusiano
First page: 674
Abstract: In response to the steady increase in antimicrobial-resistant strains, the World Health Organisation has emphasised the need to investigate new antimicrobial agents and alternative therapies that improve the spectrum of activity and reduce the dose required, thus improving safety. This study focused on the characterisation of Acanthospermum australe essential oil and green-synthesis silver nanoparticles (AgNP), evaluating their cytotoxicity in human cells, antimicrobial activity and synergistic effect against pathogens causing skin infections. The main components of the essential oil were germacrene A (24.07%), γ-cadinene (21.47%) and trans-caryophyllene (14.97%). Spherical AgNP with a diameter of 15 ± 3 nm were synthesised. The essential oil showed antimicrobial activity against dermatophytes and Malassezia globosa, while AgNP were found to be active against bacteria, yeasts and dermatophytes. Both compounds were found to be primarily non-cytotoxic at the concentrations required to inhibit microbial growth. Furthermore, the combined use of essential oil and AgNP showed a synergistic antimicrobial effect against dermatophytes and M. globosa. In conclusion, the results suggest that the combined use of bioactive compounds from natural sources, such as essential oil and biogenic AgNP, has the potential to improve antimicrobial efficacy against specific skin pathogens, particularly Microsporum canis, Nannizzia gypsea and M. globosa.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-20
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070674
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 675: Preanalytical Stability of 13 Antibiotics
in Biological Samples: A Crucial Factor for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Authors: Paolo Dalla Zuanna, Debora Curci, Marianna Lucafò, Riccardo Addobbati, Antonella Fabretto, Gabriele Stocco
First page: 675
Abstract: The stability of antibiotic preanalytical samples is a critical factor in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), a practice of undoubted importance for the proper therapeutic use of antibiotics, especially in complex management patients, such as pediatrics. This review aims to analyze the data in the literature regarding the preanalytical stability of some of the antibiotics for which TDM is most frequently requested. The literature regarding the preanalytical stability of amikacin, ampicillin, cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, daptomycin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, linezolid, meropenem, piperacillin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin in plasma, serum, whole blood, and dried blood/plasma spot samples was analyzed. Various storage temperatures (room temperature, 4 °C, −20 °C, and −80 °C) and various storage times (from 1 h up to 12 months) as well as subjecting to multiple freeze–thaw cycles were considered. The collected data showed that the non-beta-lactam antibiotics analyzed were generally stable under the normal storage conditions used in analytical laboratories. Beta-lactam antibiotics have more pronounced instability, particularly meropenem, piperacillin, cefepime, and ceftazidime. For this class of antibiotics, we suggest that storage at room temperature should be limited to a maximum of 4 h, storage at 2–8 °C should be limited to a maximum of 24 h, and storage at −20 °C should be limited to a maximum of 7 days; while, for longer storage, freezing at −80 °C is suggested.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-20
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070675
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 676: Rapid and Simple Morphological Assay for
Determination of Susceptibility/Resistance to Combined Ciprofloxacin and
Ampicillin, Independently, in Escherichia coli
Authors: Isidoro López, Fátima Otero, María del Carmen Fernández, Germán Bou, Jaime Gosálvez, José Luis Fernández
First page: 676
Abstract: Current antibiograms cannot discern the particular effect of a specific antibiotic when the bacteria are incubated with a mixture of antibiotics. To prove that this task is achievable, Escherichia coli strains were treated with ciprofloxacin for 45 min, immobilized on a slide and stained with SYBR Gold. In susceptible strains, the nucleoid relative surface started to decrease near the MIC, being progressively condensed as the dose increased. The shrinkage level correlated with the DNA fragmentation degree. Ciprofloxacin-resistant bacilli showed no change. Additionally, E. coli strains were incubated with ampicillin for 45 min and processed similarly. The ampicillin-susceptible strain revealed intercellular DNA fragments that increased with dose, unlike the resistant strain. Co-incubation with both antibiotics revealed that ampicillin did not modify the nucleoid condensation effect of ciprofloxacin, whereas the quinolone partially decreased the background of DNA fragments induced by ampicillin. Sixty clinical isolates, with different combinations of susceptibility-resistance to each antibiotic, were co-incubated with the EUCAST breakpoints of susceptibility of ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. The morphological assay correctly categorized all the strains for each antibiotic in 60 min, demonstrating the feasible independent evaluation of a mixture of quinolone and beta-lactam. The rapid phenotypic assay may shorten the incubation times and necessary microbial mass currently required for evaluation.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-20
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070676
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 677: Emergence of blaNDM-5 and blaOXA-232
Positive Colistin- and Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a
Bulgarian Hospital
Authors: Rumyana Markovska, Petya Stankova, Georgi Popivanov, Ivanka Gergova, Kalina Mihova, Ventsislav Mutafchiyski, Lyudmila Boyanova
First page: 677
Abstract: The rapid spread of carbapenemase-producing strains has led to increased levels of resistance among Gram-negative bacteria, especially enterobacteria. The current study aimed to collect and genetically characterize the colistin- and carbapenem-resistant isolates, obtained in one of the biggest hospitals (Military Medical Academy) in Sofia, Bulgaria. Clonal relatedness was detected by RAPD and MLST. Carbapenemases, ESBLs, and mgrB were investigated by PCR amplification and sequencing, replicon typing, and 16S rRNA methyltransferases with PCRs. Fourteen colistin- and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates were detected over five months. Six carbapenem-resistant and colistin-susceptible isolates were also included. The current work revealed a complete change in the spectrum of carbapenemases in Bulgaria. blaNDM-5 was the only NDM variant, and it was always combined with blaOXA-232. The coexistence of blaOXA-232 and blaNDM-5 was observed in 10/14 (72%) of colistin- and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates and three colistin-susceptible isolates. All blaNDM-5- and blaOXA-232-positive isolates belonged to the ST6260 (ST101-like) MLST type. They showed great mgrB variability and had a higher mortality rate. In addition, we observed blaOXA-232 ST14 isolates and KPC-2-producing ST101, ST16, and ST258 isolates. The colistin- and carbapenem-resistant isolates were susceptible only to cefiderocol for blaNDM-5- and blaOXA-232-positive isolates and to cefiderocol and ceftazidime/avibactam for blaOXA-232- or blaKPC-2-positive isolates. All blaOXA-232-positive isolates carried rmtB methylase and the colE replicon type. The extremely limited choice of appropriate treatment for patients infected with such isolates and their faster distribution highlight the need for urgent measures to control this situation.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-21
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070677
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 678: Enhancing Pathogen Detection in
Implant-Related Infections through Chemical Antibiofilm Strategies: A
Comprehensive Review
Authors: Fabiana Giarritiello, Carlo Luca Romanò, Guenter Lob, Joseph Benevenia, Hiroyuki Tsuchiya, Emanuele Zappia, Lorenzo Drago
First page: 678
Abstract: Implant-related infections (IRIs) represent a significant challenge to modern surgery. The occurrence of these infections is due to the ability of pathogens to aggregate and form biofilms, which presents a challenge to both the diagnosis and subsequent treatment of the infection. Biofilms provide pathogens with protection from the host immune response and antibiotics, making detection difficult and complicating both single-stage and two-stage revision procedures. This narrative review examines advanced chemical antibiofilm techniques with the aim of improving the detection and identification of pathogens in IRIs. The articles included in this review were selected from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, MDPI and SpringerLink, which focus on recent studies evaluating the efficacy and enhanced accuracy of microbiological sampling and culture following the use of chemical antibiofilm. Although promising results have been achieved with the successful application of some antibiofilm chemical pre-treatment methods, mainly in orthopedics and in cardiovascular surgery, further research is required to optimize and expand their routine use in the clinical setting. This is necessary to ensure their safety, efficacy and integration into diagnostic protocols. Future studies should focus on standardizing these techniques and evaluating their effectiveness in large-scale clinical trials. This review emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in developing reliable diagnostic tools and highlights the need for innovative approaches to improve outcomes for patients undergoing both single-stage and two-stage revision surgery for implant-related infections.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-22
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070678
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 679: Antimicrobial Resistance Elements in
Coastal Water of Llanquihue Lake, Chile
Authors: Javier Campanini-Salinas, Catherine Opitz-Ríos, John A. Sagredo-Mella, Danilo Contreras-Sanchez, Matías Giménez, Paula Páez, María Clara Tarifa, Nataly D. Rubio, Daniel A. Medina
First page: 679
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance has been stated to be a global health problem. In Chile, the use of antibiotics should be declared by medical prescription, but it is unknown what happens to the drugs once the treatment ends. Among the possibilities for their disposal are the trash or the drain; regardless of which scenario arises, antibiotics could accumulate in the environment, stimulating the emergence of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and their transfer between microorganisms. Unfortunately, sometimes wastewater ends up in bodies of water, due to the dragging of elements by rain, or by the presence of illegal water discharges. In this work, shotgun metagenomics was used to elucidate the functional and microbial composition of biohazard elements in the bay of Puerto Varas City, Chile. As expected, a high diversity of microorganisms was found, including bacterial elements described as human or animal pathogens. Also, a diverse repertory of antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) was detected, which confers mainly resistance to macrolides, beta-lactams, and tetracyclines, consistent with the families of antibiotics most used in Chile. Similar ARGs were identified in DNA mobile elements. In addition, we tested the antimicrobial susceptibility in 14 bacterial strains isolated from Llanquihue Lake. This is the first report of the presence of genomic elements that could constitute a health problem, considering the importance of the interconnection between environmental, animal, and human health, a concept known as One Health.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-22
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070679
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
- Antibiotics, Vol. 13, Pages 680: Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects of
Phage vB_AbaSi_W9 and Antibiotics against Acinetobacter baumannii
Infection
Authors: Yoon-Jung Choi, Shukho Kim, Minsang Shin, Jungmin Kim
First page: 680
Abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii is a challenging multidrug-resistant pathogen in healthcare. Phage vB_AbaSi_W9 (GenBank: PP146379.1), identified in our previous study, shows lytic activity against 26 (89.66%) of 29 carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) strains with various sequence types (STs). It is a promising candidate for CRAB treatment; however, its lytic efficiency is insufficient for complete bacterial lysis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the clinical utility of the phage vB_AbaSi_W9 by identifying antimicrobial agents that show synergistic effects when combined with it. The A. baumannii ATCC17978 strain was used as the host for the phage vB_AbaSi_W9. Adsorption and one-step growth assays of the phage vB_AbaSi_W9 were performed at MOIs of 0.001 and 0.01, respectively. Four clinical strains of CRAB belonging to different sequence types, KBN10P04948 (ST191), LIS2013230 (ST208), KBN10P05982 (ST369), and KBN10P05231 (ST451), were used to investigate phage–antibiotic synergy. Five antibiotics were tested at the following concentration: meropenem (0.25–512 µg/mL); colistin, tigecycline, and rifampicin (0.25–256 µg/mL); and ampicillin/sulbactam (0.25/0.125–512/256 µg/mL). The in vitro synergistic effect of the phage and rifampicin was verified through an in vivo mouse infection model. Phage vB_AbaSi_W9 demonstrated 90% adsorption to host cells in 1 min, a 20 min latent period, and a burst size of 114 PFU/cell. Experiments combining phage vB_AbaSi_W9 with antibiotics demonstrated a pronounced synergistic effect against clinical strains when used with tigecycline and rifampicin. In a mouse model infected with CRAB KBN10P04948 (ST191), the group treated with rifampicin (100 μg/mL) and phage vB_AbaSi_W9 (MOI 1) achieved a 100% survival rate—a significant improvement over the phage-only treatment (8.3% survival rate) or antibiotic-only treatment (25% survival rate) groups. The bacteriophage vB_AbaSi_W9 demonstrated excellent synergy against CRAB strains when combined with tigecycline and rifampicin, suggesting potential candidates for phage–antibiotic combination therapy in treating CRAB infections.
Citation: Antibiotics
PubDate: 2024-07-22
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070680
Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
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