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- Unveiling the Effects of Cisplatin and Diallyl Disulfide on MDA-MB-231
Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Kaavya Gunasekaran, Priyadharshini Thangavelu, Priyadharshini Thangavelu, Naveen Kumar Kalagatur, Rama Jeyaraj, Suja Samiappan
Pages: 1813 - 1821
Abstract: Cancer is one of the most aggressive diseases and is the primary cause of mortality around the world. This can be prevented by combining anti-cancer drugs to reduce the resistance to monotherapy and thereby reduce the toxic effects. Cytotoxic anticancer drugs can potentially elicit cancer cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. Our present study aimed to investigate the combined cytotoxic potential of cisplatin (CDDP) and diallyl disulfide (DADS) on MDAMB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The clonogenic assay was also performed to assess the effects of the drug on the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The results showed that CDDP/DADS (CDDP and DADS) markedly inhibited cell proliferation and significantly reduced the colony formation potential, migration, and invasion abilities of MDA-MB-231 cells. The apoptosis assay confirmed that cell death was through an apoptotic pathway. Cell cycle analysis results indicated that the combination effect of the drugs resulted in arresting cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Further, the haemolytic assay revealed that the CDDP/DADS is nontoxic to RBCs. In conclusion, combining these two drugs inhibits the oncogenic properties of TNBC cells, including their growth, survival, migration, and invasiveness.
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.5530/ctbp.2024.3.29
- Formulation of Curcumin-based Polyherbal Nanoemulsion Mouthwash and
Assessment of its Antioxidant and in-vitro Cytotoxic Properties
Authors: Norafiqah Yusof, Nurhafizah Hamid, Nuramalina H Mumin, Sheba R David, Liyana Ahmad, Rajan Rajabalaya
Pages: 1822 - 1840
Abstract: Curcumin is a hydrophobic compound with excellent antibacterial and antioxidative properties but it exhibits poor bioavailability which limits its therapeutic value. Nano emulsion (NE) is a modern drug delivery system that can accommodate the poor bioavailability and solubility of hydrophobic curcumin. The objective of this study was to formulate curcumin-based polyherbal NE mouthwash (Cur-polyherbal NE) and evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. The NE formulations were prepared using glyceryl monooleate (GMO), Pluronic F-127, virgin coconut oil (VCO) and distilled water. Physiochemical characterisation of Cur-polyherbal NE was performed based on FTIR and dynamic light scattering analyses, and their stability at different temperatures was also determined. The antioxidant activity of formulations was evaluated using DPPH scavenging assay, and their in-vitro cytotoxicity was investigated on HEK293 cells. This study demonstrates that the antioxidant activity of Cur-polyherbal NE formulation was superior compared to corresponding non-NE formulation (p < 0.05). In-vitro cytotoxicity performed on HEK293 cells revealed better % cell viability in dose-dependent manner. The promising antioxidant activity and non-toxicity on HEK293 cells of Cur-polyherbal NE may suggest its potential use as safer mouthwash alternative
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.5530/ctbp.2024.3.30
- Host specific Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF): A Boost to Growth and
Phosphorus Regulation in Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum)
Authors: Tasleem Sultana, Pavan Kumar Pindi
Pages: 1841 - 1849
Abstract: Cotton holds paramount importance as a natural resource with considerable economic, social, and environmental implications. This study focused on isolating host-specific mycorrhizal spores for the Mahyco cultivar of Gossypium herbaceum. A homogenous mixture of soils (HMS) was utilized, incorporating eight widely used cultivars in Mahabubnagar District, and maintained for 60 days. After the designated period, the well-grown Mahyco plant was carefully extracted and transferred to a pot containing sterilized soil, ensuring sterile conditions for 8 weeks. Mycorrhizal colonization was observed in roots, and the soil was sieved to isolate host-specific spores. Abundant spores of Glomus mosseae were identified based on the manual by Schenk and Perez (1987). These spores were propagated through a funnel experiment and then transferred to pots for mass cultivation. The efficiency of Glomus mosseae was tested with four different soils in Mahabubnagar District. Deep black soil exhibited optimal growth in terms of plant development and phosphorus uptake, followed by shallow black soil. This method demonstrates high host specificity for geographically grown cotton and can be adapted for the sustainable cultivation of cotton.
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.5530/ctbp.2024.3.31
- Development and Evaluation of Sulfate-Free Charcoal Toothpaste from
Coconut Shell and Rice husk
Authors: Sheba R David, Norhadyrah Izazie Ahad, Ashok Kumar Balaraman, Rajan Rajabalaya
Pages: 1850 - 1865
Abstract: Toothpaste containing sulfate is one major concern as it is known as irritating and causes adverse effects in the oral cavity. Hence, a sulfate-free toothpaste is much more preferred nowadays. This research paper discusses on three sulfate-free toothpaste formulations that were prepared and optimized containing two types of charcoal namely activated coconut shell charcoal and rice husk charcoal. The formulations differ in the binding agents and surfactants used and they are evaluated based on 13 physiochemical characterizations including organoleptic properties, pH, foamability, spread ability, tube extrudability, moisture content, FTIR spectroscopy, cleaning test, toxicity assay, stability, abrasiveness, grittiness and morphological evaluation. One commercial toothpaste was also included in the test to be used as comparison. The objectives of this research are to prepare and optimize sulfate-free toothpaste formulations with natural charcoal from coconut shell and rice husk, evaluate the toothpaste formulations for physiochemical characterization, stability, toxicity and their effectiveness (cleaning test). Menthol crystals were dissolved in Propanediol and rice husk charcoal were grinded with mortar and pestle. All solid ingredients (including activated coconut shell charcoal, carrageenan, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Sangelose) were then mixed together with a small amount of distilled water. After transferring to a white tile, liquid ingredients were added to the solid mixtures and mixed thoroughly using spatulas. The liquid ingredients included were dissolved menthol, liquid surfactants (including decyl glucoside (DG) and Tween-80 (T-80), glycerin, triethanolamine and coconut oil. Finally, distilled water was added gradually until a paste consistency was formed. Three toothpaste formulations have been developed namely F1, F2 and F3 of which varied in the binding agent and surfactant used. All toothpaste formulations showed results similar to commercial toothpaste in terms of appearance, odour, smoothness, tube extrudability, cleaning test and grittiness. F1 have the highest basic pH (9.78) and highest foamability (14 mL) among the toothpaste formulations. However, F1 have the lowest germination index (48.1%) indicating that it is most toxic than the others including the commercial toothpaste. In conclusion, all three toothpaste formulations were able to achieve the desired and acceptable characteristics with the physiochemical characterization. This study might provide good scope and be useful for further research as being a sulfate-free toothpaste that uses renewable waste activated coconut shell charcoal and rice husk charcoal as the abrasive ingredients and is capable of improving and maintaining oral hygiene.
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.5530/ctbp.2024.3.32
- Design and Development of Machine Learning Model for Antibody Design:
Rituximab a Case Study
Authors: Harit Kasana, Harish Chander, Ashwani Mathur
Pages: 1866 - 1880
Abstract: The design of antibodies using machine learning has emerged as a cutting-edge approach in the field of medical sciences and therapeutics. This study delves into the principles, methods, and deployment of machine learning approach for antibody design. The present study showed use of extensive antibody databases to train computational models, facilitating the prediction of antibody-antigen interactions. Seven different encoders were used for the vectorization of the antibody and antigen sequences. Conjoint triad showed unsurpassed performance in the machine-learning algorithm with 0.78 correlation and outperformed other encoding methods. The case study of Rituximab was used to demonstrate the practical application of the machine-learning model that was developed. The affinity score predicted by the model was utilised to select the most promising rituximab sequence. Structural investigation employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to authenticate the novel sequence (variant) of rituximab. Rituximab variant showed -45.44 kcal/mole compared to the wild type that had -37.66 kcal/mole as a binding free energy for the antigen-antibody complex. Free energy landscape (FEL) was calculated on the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2). The wild type has three minimum energy basins, whereas this variant exhibited only one. This showed that complex produced by antibody variant has a greater capacity to attain global minima. This study sheds light on the innovative application of machine learning in antibody design and also provides compelling evidence of its efficacy through the case study of rituximab. Present study opened new avenues for the development of antibodies with enhanced binding capabilities.
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.5530/ctbp.2024.3.33
- Synergistic Effect of Chemical and Physical Treatments on Azolla pinnata
for Cadmium Ions Removal from Synthetic Wastewater Systems
Authors: Kaakarlu Shivakumar Vinanthi Rajalakshmi, Kuppusamy Alagesan Paari
Pages: 1881 - 1896
Abstract: Azolla pinnata, an aquatic fern has been utilized as an effective biofiltering and adsorbent agent to complement many conventional treatment methods for the removal of environmental pollutants. This study is designed to develop an effective regime to treat metal pollutants of industrial and urban waste discharge using a novel strategy involving Azolla pinnata. In the present study, cell surface modification by physical treatments that include heating (muffle furnace), and mechanical waves (ultrasonication) and chemical treatments as sulphuric acid and ethanol were employed to enhance the adsorption of metal pollutants. Factors such as biosorbent dose, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, temperature, and solution pH were optimised in batch mode. The point of zero charge of the adsorbent was determined to be at 5.85 pH. The results of surface morphology, elemental analysis, crystallinity, recorded through SEM, FTIR and XRD confirmed the adsorptive properties in both modified and unmodified biomass. The intensity peaks linked to O-H, C-H, C-N, N-H and C=O stretching bands was intense in the treated A. pinnata groups indicating the induction of the active groups. Out of the two chemical pre-treatments, the batch adsorption experiment with ethanol found to chelate Cd+2 metal ions to a higher extent (94.36%) in contrast to the results obtained from H2 SO4 treated biomass. Whereas, the physical treatments exhibited the strong adsorption (83.28 and 96.92±0.55%) for ultrasonicated and muffle furnace pre-treated biomass respectively for the dosage of 0.25g. The adsorption efficiency of physically modified sorbent revealed the cent percent removal of Cd+2 ions from the aqueous phase with the dosage of 1.0g in 15min of contact time which is due to the incorporation of new binding sites. Moreover, these results proved that the highest rate of cadmium adsorption onto A. pinnata is in result of the modifications caused onto surface structure, porosity and the addition of functional groups on the surface of the treated biomass.
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.5530/ctbp.2024.3.34
- Molecular Studies to Understand Brain Networking in Linguistic, Cognition
and Emotions: Current and Future Challenges.
Authors: Pavani A, Emani L S, Vasuja Devi M, Satyanarayana Rao TS
Pages: 1897 - 1903
Abstract: Bilingual language process is a key factor in left side of the brain. The cognition of the learning modalities is very crucial for assimilation, organization, and interpretation of knowledge. The neurochemical events like estrogen, testosterone, dopamine 5HT, Oxytocin, nerve growth factor (NGF) play as neuro-endocrine brain axis for learning to cognition. The human cognition recognises the language in five stages that is input, status of language, getting access over the literature of that language, interaction with family, and finally social network communication. The factors influence the bilingual aspects include language exposure, genes, perception and receiving, neurochemical pathways, social communication, and environmental conditions. Apart from these elements the other external influencing factors like health humanities and technological advances and make a lot of impact on cognition processes and mental health.
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.5530/ctbp.2024.3.35
- Supercritical Fluid for Retama Raetam Porous Film Production: A Strategy
for Advancing Drug Dosage
Authors: Hatem Ksibi
Pages: 1904 - 1912
Abstract: This proposal outlines a novel approach for fabricating porous films designed specifically for therapeutic formulations. These biodegradable films are sourced from Retama Raetam shrub branches through the innovative Supercritical Anti-Solvent (SAS) process. Renowned for their efficacy in managing hypertension and serving as diuretics, these films also excel in enhancing the entrapment of additional active ingredients. Furthermore, they enhance the entrapment of other active ingredients, thereby improving the stability and composition of tablets or capsules. Notably, the resulting film displays an exceptionally narrow and uniform distribution of pore sizes. Employing conditions of 10MPa and 40°C, carbon dioxide is utilized as the antisolvent to fabricate thin films sourced from Retama Raetam. These films boast a median area of approximately 7µm², underscoring their precise and consistent characteristics.
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.5530/ctbp.2024.3.36
- Exploring the Therapeutic Synergistic Intervention of Ceriops decendra
with enriched protein of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba against Sreptozotocin
Nicotinamide induced type-2 Diabetes
Authors: Md Mustahedin Hoque, Md. Aminul Islam, Suparna Ghosh, Barun Dasgupta, Sanjib Bhattacharya, Pulok Kumar Mukherjee, Pallab Kanti Haldar
Pages: 1913 - 1921
Abstract: In this study the synergistic antihyperglycemic effect of the medicinal plant Ceriops decendra stem hydro-alcoholic extract (CD) and protein component isolated from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba seed (CT) was evaluated in vitro in α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory bio-assays and in vivo against streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats with metformin as reference in a 28 days standard treatment protocol. The blood serum biochemical parameters and tissue (liver and kidney) antioxidative parameters were analysed. Histopathology of pancreas was also studied. The animal groups treated with the combination of both CD and CT have demonstrated a remarkable inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities and restoration of diabetes-induced serum biochemical and tissue antioxidant parameters with improved pancreatic histology as compared to the above groups indicating the synergistic effect. The findings of present study infers that, combination of both CD and CT exerted a synergistic action exhibiting more potent antihyperglycemic effect indicating the beneficial role of protein component in management of diabetic complications.
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.5530/ctbp.2024.3.37
- Virtual Screening of New azo Coumarin Derivatives as Possible Alkaline
Phosphatase Inhibitors
Authors: Anees Pangal, Javed Shaikh, Ranjit Kadam, Ravindra Kodag, Khursheed Ahmed
Pages: 1922 - 1934
Abstract: To develop new alkaline phosphatase inhibitors, a series of new azo coumarin derivatives were designed by using computer aided drug designing and virtually assessed using online platforms. At first, the compounds were screened for ADMET, physicochemical properties, drug-likeness, toxicity studies and target prediction using pKCSM, SwissADME, SwissTargetPrediction and ProTox-II tools. The predictions were supported by in silico molecular docking with alkaline phosphatase enzyme using CB-Dock2 molecular docking tool. The compounds possessed good ADMET and physicochemical properties, drug-likeness and devoid of any immunotoxicity and cytotoxicity. The evaluated binding energy values reveal that all compounds fit favorably into the alkaline phosphatase active site displaying hydrogen bonding with different amino acid residues of the target protein and could be good scaffolds for designing new alkaline phosphatase inhibitors. These results collectively framed the way for the development of new azo coumarin derivatives as possible alkaline phosphates inhibitors.
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.5530/ctbp.2024.3.38
- ”Insilco Evaluation of Psoralea corylifolia for Novel Anti-Tubercular
Compounds: Virtual Screening, Molecular Docking, and Dynamics Simulation
Analysis”
Authors: Madhusudhanan J, Usharani S
Pages: 1935 - 1950
Abstract: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains a significant global health concern, causing millions of infections and deaths each year. The emergence of drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis has further complicated the treatment of this infectious disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new and effective therapeutic strategies to combat TB. P. corylifolia was reported to possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antioxidant, estrogenic, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. The present study aimed to conduct an insilico evaluation of phytochemicals from the plant Psorlea corylifolia that are retrieved from databases and literature against potential targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Around 69 compounds belonging to the plant was collected from previous literatures and they were subjected to SwissADME screening with various filters like Lipinski, Ghose, etc. Seven compounds have crossed these filters and ADMET prediction was done for these compounds using online tools like PreADME, ADMETlab2.0, etc. Additionally, molecular docking was performed for all seven compounds against three potential targets: 6B2Q, 6R9W, and 5W25 (protein structures related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Among the tested compounds, 2, 4-Di-tert-butylphenol exhibited interactions with all three targets, demonstrating favourable binding energy. The best docked complex was selected for a 100ns molecular dynamics simulation, which revealed stability between 70-90ns, indicating its potential interaction within a virtual biological environment. Further this compound requires invitro testing to know its ability to act as an anti-tuberculosis agent. These findings contribute to the identification of promising lead compounds for future drug discovery efforts against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.5530/ctbp.2024.3.39
- The Role of trnH-pbsA Spacer Gene in Eucalyptus Species Identification and
its Importance in Phylogenetics
Authors: G. Jayaraj
Pages: 1951 - 1961
Abstract: Our present study is made to use the trnH-psbA spacer gene data to resolve some phylogenetic relationships among the Eucalyptus speices. The species included are E. moorei, E.affn. moorei, E. dives, E. mitchelliana, E. pauciflora and E. stellulata. There were successful amplifications of DNA for the seven Eucalyptus species using gene trnH-psbA. The trnH-psbA spacer is the short with 476 bps. It is to be complimented with rbcL, MatK and trnH-psbA gene study. The trnH-psbA spacer is showing 21 SNPs out of 476 bps segment. The mean length is 733 bps long. Amplification success rate is almost 100%. For each species there are multiple good quality sequences available for the sequence alignment. The trnH-psbA spacer has discriminated 5 species clearly from the rest and the other 3 species are also separated from each other though the distance between them is not significantly noticeable.
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.5530/ctbp.2024.3.40
- Trends in the Indian Patent Scenario: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sumana Ande, Rama Rao Nadendla
Pages: 1962 - 1967
Abstract: This trend analysis delves into the landscape of Indian patents from 2012 to 2022, aiming to identify and evaluate significant trends and changes in innovation. The primary objectives of this research include discerning patenting patterns, exploring innovative domains, assessing the impacts of legislative modifications, and projecting future developments. Through a comprehensive analysis of patent data, it seeks to ascertain prevalent technological domains, key influencing factors, and India’s competitive standing within the global innovation landscape. The report underscores sector-specific patenting trends, placing emphasis on the emergence of new industries such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy, pharmaceuticals, and telecommunications. It illuminates India’s evolving research and development objectives by scrutinizing patent filing rates, trends in technical collaborations, and the country’s participation in the global arena. Additionally, it considers how changes in policy frameworks and regulations may influence patent activities. Our findings reveal a substantial increase in patent applications across various industries, with notable surges observed in technology, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy sectors. Notably, this analysis underscores the necessity for continual policy support and increased investments in research and development to harness the full potential of Indian innovation. This comprehensive analysis provides strategic insights into future innovation trajectories, contributing to a nuanced understanding of India’s patent landscape over the past decade.
PubDate: 2024-07-31
DOI: 10.5530/ctbp.2024.3.41
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