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Asian Journal of PharmaceuticsNumber of Followers: 1
Open Access journal ISSN (Print) 0973-8398 - ISSN (Online) 1998-409X This journal is no longer being updated because: the publisher no longer provides RSS feeds
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- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Continuous Crystallization Procedures: A
Review Authors: Sunita N. Vaidya Abstract: This academic publication provides an overview of constant crystallization of solutions in the pharmaceutical industry. The comparison of continuous versus batch crystallizers, their construction benefits and drawbacks, and the addition of solid form framing to create a constantly focused interaction between digital advanced process technology technologies and chemical manufacturing functionalities were all covered in detail because of the broad key knowledge spectrum of precipitation. In-depth discussion was also given to mechanistic multiscale modeling, whose comprehension is crucial for the creation of future control applications. Process simulation and crystallizer optimization are also covered in the multiscale modeling section describes the model-based provided, which also addresses the intensifying method. Techniques the last section, is taken into consideration. The reader can become familiar with research pieces and their outcomes, which have thus far created different emerging viewpoints, by reading the unique articles on a particular theme that is gathered, talked about, and contrasted in the aforementioned primary categories. The pharmaceutical sector places a lot of emphasis on crystallization, and readers may already discover literature on continuous crystallization. However, due to the increasing trend towards the synthesis of items with special features that cannot be produced using conventional methodologies, the current study has placed a greater emphasis on the construction of automatic control for the generation of certain fine chemicals. Continuous crystallization may also allow for intensification techniques, modeling for optimization, “on-demand” production, and MPC. A classification study examines the literature. PubDate: 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4967 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Validated Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous
Estimation of Olmesartan Medoxomil in Marketed Formulation Authors: Dr. Pankaj Sharma Abstract: Aim: The goal of the present study is to provide a new, straightforward, and verified UV spectrophotometric technique for estimating Olmesartan Medoxomil in commercial formulations like Olmesar 20 and Olmecip 20 (Maclodes Pharmaceutical Ltd.). Materials and Methods: Olmesartan Medoxomil is the member of angiotensin receptor blocker approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hypertension. In oral administration, olmesartan medoxomil undergoes intestinal de-esterification to form the active metabolite Olmesartan, which inhibits the binding of angiotensin-I (AT-I) to angiotensin-II (AT-II) receptors in vascular muscle. Results and Discussion: Validation of created analytical techniques in accordance with Intracerebral hemorrhage scale recommendations. In a 10 ml volumetric flask, tablet powder corresponding to 10 mg of olmesartan medoxomil was added. For linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness, 12 distinct concentrations (ranging from 2 to 24 μg/ml) were formed and the calibration plot was condensed. Statistical analysis shows that these approaches are reliable and specific for estimating olmesartan medoxomil in commercially available tablet formulations. Conclusion: The method outlined for determining olmesartan medoxomil in marketed tablet formulations may be effectively used for routine analysis in quality control laboratories. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.5006 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Stability Indicating HPTLC Method for Estimation of Tenofovir Disoproxil
Fumarate in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form Authors: G. Dharmamoorthy Abstract: Objective: A simple, precise, accurate, and rapid validated stability indicating high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for estimation of Tenofovir Disproxil Fumerate was successfully developed. Materials and Methods: The method is based on HPTLC separation followed by densitometric measurements of their spots at 266 nm. This method is based on HPTLC separation followed by UV detection at 266 nm. The separation was carried out on merckTLC aluminum sheets precoated with silica gel 60F254 using a camag Linomat 5. Results and Discussion: The mobile consists of Butanol:Ethyl acetate: Acetic acid (4.5:0.5:0.3 v/v). Calibration curves were linear in the range of 300–1800 ng/band,respectively Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate gave sharp and well-defined peaks at Rf value are 0.51, respectively,stress degradation study shows that sample degraded with acid and base hydrolysis, under oxidation, thermal, and photolytic stress conditions. No chromatographic interferences from the tablet excipients were found. The method was validated in accordance with the requirements of International Conference on Harmonization guidelines Conclusion: Proposed method is precise, selective and accurate for the estimation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in the bulk and dosage form. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.5007 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Box-Behnken Modeling Served for the Development and Optimization of
Nanoparticles Loaded with Perindopril and Erbumine Authors: Vedanshu Malviya Abstract: Background: The study aimed to optimize and validate a nano-particulate technology for the sustained release of perindopril erbumine, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, using a box-behnken experimental methodology. Methods: The researcher used a Box-behnken experimental methodology to optimize the formulation and assess various characteristics such as particle size, zeta potential, surface shape, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release. The nanoparticles characterization findings were recorded included the size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. Results: The nanoparticles had a smooth surface and their size was determined to be 122.38 ± 0.75 nm. The polydispersity index was 0.298, the zeta potential was 38.79 ± 0.05 mv and the encapsulation efficiency was 61.73 ± 0.06%. In vitro release was restricted for up to two hours, but at a pH of 7.4, the rate of drug release increased and was maintained. Conclusion: The study concluded that the nano-particulate technology for the potential to improve therapeutic efficacy and decrease dosage frequency for drug that need repeated doses such as perindopril erbumine. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.5017 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Thermosensitive in situ Otic Gel: A Modern Approach for the Topical
Management of Otitis Media with Its Formulation Aspects Authors: Prachi A. Shahu Abstract: An increasing number of in situ forming systems for many biomedical applications have been published in the literature in recent years. Otitis media (OM), most common condition which is caused due to the infection of virus and bacteria. Otitis media is classified into two types: acute and chronic. The most often isolated pathogens in OM are Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typeable Haemophilus influenza, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Otalgia, ear drainage, fever, restlessness, earache, headache, mild deafness, and difficulty sleeping are all symptoms of otitis media. The global impact of Chronic Suppurative OM sickness includes up to 330 million people having issue of draining ears, 60% (up to 200 million) have significant hearing difficulty. Thailand had prevalence rates ranging from 0.9 to 4.7%, whereas India has a high frequency of 7.8%. Ear drop has drawbacks such as a shorter residence time frame in the ear. Semisolid preparation includes drawbacks such as administrative complexity. Both of these issues can be solved by developing a solution that forms an in situ gel after administration. Solvent exchange, UV-irradiation, ionic cross-linkage, pH alteration, and temperature modulation are few examples of the mechanisms. Because it does not involve the use of organic solvents, copolymerization agents, or a locally applied gelation trigger, the thermosensitive technique may be desirable for some applications. The benefits of in situ polymeric delivery methods include ease of administration and minimized frequency of administration, in addition to improved patient compliance and comfort. At body temperature, poloxamer 407 aqueous solutions (more than 18% w/v) can produce in situ gel. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4981 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Designing and Characterization of Polymeric Microparticles Containing
Agomelatine-loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for a Controlled Drug Delivery System Authors: Dr. Suresh Kumar Paswan Abstract: Introduction: Depression is a commonly occurring mental disorder distinguished by sadness, lack of interest, or pleasure in daily activities. Agomelatine is used in the treatment of depression but suffers short half-life and low oral bioavailability. The current research work aims to control the release of drug for longer duration by preparing agomelatine-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles incorporated into polymeric microparticles for the treatment of depression. Materials and Methods: Box-Behnken design was used to optimize agomelatine-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel method. The drug loading was done by solvent impregnation method. The effect of independent variable such as tetraethyl orthosilicate, CTAB, and NaOH 2 M was analyzed on dependent variable. Double emulsification solvent evaporation was used to incorporate agomelatine-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles into ethyl cellulose polymeric microparticles. Results and Discussion: The optimized mesoporous silica nanoparticles showed mean particle size of 166.7 nm, 0.367 PDI, 43.3mV zeta potential, and 78.03% entrapment efficiency. Optimized mesoporous silica nanoparticles were evaluated for FE-SEM, DSC, and XRD. The polymeric microparticles were evaluated for particle size, microscopic evaluation, and in vitro drug release. The polymeric microparticles showed 16% initial burst release followed by a continuous release pattern for 10 h and exhibited Higuchi model with a regression coefficient(R2) of 0.9287. Conclusion: The formulated polymeric microparticles containing agomelatine-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles helped to improve the oral bioavailability of the drug and controlled its release rate, which lowers the frequency of dose and is beneficial for the long-term treatment in case of depression. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4982 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for
Pyrimethamine, Sulfadoxine, and Artesunate Estimation in Bulk and Its Formulation Applying DOE Authors: Dillip Kumar Dash Abstract: Introduction: Artesunate (ART) is a prodrug used as an antimalarial agent that acts by malarial protein damage through alkylation. Pyrimethamine (PYR) is an antiprotozoal agent that acts by interfering with the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Sulfadoxine is a dihydropteroate synthetase inhibiter which makes difficulty in parasite reproduction. A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique has been established for the quantification of PYR, sulfadoxin, and ART applying design of experiment. Material and Methods: The phosphate buffer (pH 3.0):acetonitrile (80: 20) was used as the mobile phase, and hypersil BDS C18 (250 × 4.6 mm; 4 m) column at a flow rate of 1 mL/min was used for the chromatographic separation. The detection wavelength was set at 237 nm. The mobile phase was optimized using 32 full factorial design. Results and Discussion: The optimized method contains the retention times of PYR, sulfadoxin, and ART at 3.653, 4.920, and 8.310 min, respectively. The method shows a good linearity in the concentration range of 0.5–2.5 μg/mL for PYR, 10–50 µg/mL for sulfadoxin, and 4–20 µg/mL for ART. The stability study of the drugs was performed by acid, alkali, oxidation, thermal, and photolytic degradation. Conclusion: The proposed stability indicating HPLC method was found to be simple, specific, practical, accurate, quick, and affordable. It was also suitable for the routine analysis, quality control, and percentage degradation of pharmaceutical preparations containing these drugs either individually or in combination. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4983 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Detection and Characterization of Resistant Gene in Tomato Seeds of
PHS165, Hyveg, and Cynus Hybrid Varieties Authors: Praveen Kumar Vemuri Abstract: Background: The demand for tomato is increasing day by day mostly because of the increased per capita fresh fruit consumption. Nonetheless, as a perishable fruit crop, it has relatively short life after ripening thus experiences remarkable post-harvest losses. Aims: Our approach in this study is to evaluate the consistency and purity of seeds that are developed to control pest resistance. Methods: Touchdown polymerase chain reaction (TD-PCR) and Fourier transform infrared studies are used to test seed genetic purity of three commercial hybrid tomato seeds PHS165, HYVEG, and CYGNUS varieties. TD-PCR is a sensitive and specific method and can be used to detect even low levels of genetic impurities. Results: Amplicon of 550bp toward Cry2abresistant gene was found in CYGNUS and HYVEG varieties. Results might suggest that these commercial hybrid tomato seeds may contain genetic material from Bacillus thuringiensis that confers resistance to Cry2ab toxin. Conclusion: In the present study, the purity of tomato hybrid was assessed by both PCR-based and analytical methods-based screening of commercial tomato hybrids. Further testing and analysis may be necessary to confirm the presence and origin of the Cry2ab-resistant gene in these commercial hybrid tomato seeds and to determine the potential impact on crop yield and pest management strategies. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4984 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Application of Full 32 Factorial Design in Formulation and Optimization of
Hydrodynamically Balanced System of Ketorolac Tromethamine Authors: Dr. G. S. Asane Abstract: Introduction: The primary objective of this research work was to design a hydrodynamically balanced system (HBS) of ketorolac tromethamine based on the combination of swelling and effervescence mechanism that would result in minimum floating lag time (FLT), remain buoyant for extended period, and sustain the drug release for 12 h. Materials and Methods: HBS tablets of ketorolac tromethamine were prepared by wet granulation method using 32 full factorial design, where amount of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M (X1) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (X2) was taken as independent variables. The responses studied were Y1 (hardness), Y2 (FLT), Y3 total floating time (TFT), Y4 (swelling index [SI] in pH1.2), and Y5 (t80%) by plotting response surface graph and contour plots. Results: The FLT of prepared batches was in the range of 35.24 ± 0.04–116 ± 0.06 s and the minimum FLT was shown by OF-9 (35.24 s) batch. The TFT of all batches showed buoyancy and intactness for 24 h. The swelling in pH 1.2 at 8 h ranged between 47.80 ± 0.89 and 54.33 ± 0.11 with a significant difference (P < 0.0001). In vitro drug release study revealed that more than 95% of drug was released in 12 h and OB-2 showed 10 h to release 80% of the drug. The analytical characterization revealed the compatibility of drug with excipient and polymers. The stability studies performed for 6 months for OF-7 and OF-8 batches showed no change in physicochemical properties of drug and there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) in drug release. The response surface graph and contour plots showed the effect of variables on responses such as hardness (Y1), SI (Y4), and time taken for 80% of drug release (t80%)(Y5) which were found to be positively influenced by X1 and ANOVA for response surface quadratic model was found to be significant (P < 0.0001). The FLT (Y2) and TFT (Y3) were found to be affected by X2 and ANOVA for the response surface quadratic model was found to be significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: From all the formulations, OF-8 showed ideal results in the form of hardness, FLT, TFT, SI, and time taken for 80% of drug release (t80%) and stability based on which it can be selected for in vivo studies. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4985 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Molecular Complex of Amlodipine Besylate: Pharmaceutical Characterization
and Stability Improvisation Authors: Dr. Santosh Ambadas Payghan Abstract: The study explains to increase the stability of a drug which is hygroscopic in nature (amlodipine besylate), by the molecular complex technique. The stability enhancement achieved using the cocrystallization method by the formation of a molecular complex. Saccharin as a coformer is formed by molecular complex. The selection of coformer was done based on the Hansen parameter where theoretical value was obtained which gave some coformer values and practically molecular complex study was carried out by the solubility method. No any interaction between amlodipine besylate and saccharin was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. The stability-enhancing property of cocrystals was carried out by short-term accelerated stability studies. To perform stability analysis, few methods of cocrystallization were carried out. These cocrystals were evaluated by FTIR, DSC, and powder X-ray diffraction studies. It is concluded that the molecular complex of amlodipine besylate with sodium saccharin shows significant stability and highlights the use of cocrystallization in stability enhancement. The miscibility of drug and coformers as predicated by Hansen solubility parameter, can indicate cocrystal preparation. The resultant δ values of drug and coformers are compared and their solid state miscibility is expressed. The possibility of cocrystal formulation by krevelens is Δδ < 5 MP and Greenhalgh Δδ < 7 MP PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4986 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Large Ring Cyclodextrin and Cosolvency-based Techniques to Improve
Solubility of Antifungal Drug Authors: Dr. Dipti Gohil Abstract: Objective: Posaconazole is used to treat oral candidiasis in patients who are severely immunocompromised. Posaconazole is categorized under BCS Class-Ⅱ drug, i.e., low solubility and high permeability. Posaconazole has very poor water solubility. The current study aimed to improve water solubility of posaconazole using different approaches. Materials and Methods: To enhance the solubility of drug, two methods, inclusion complex and cosolvency approach, were performed. In inclusion complex method, beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and hydroxypropyl β-CD (HP-β-CD) were used for the preparation of inclusion complex. In cosolvency method, two different solvents polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) and propylene glycol (PG) were used. Results: The inclusion complex of HP-β-CD was prepared by physical mixing, kneading, and solvent evaporation methods by taking 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2 molar ratio of Drug: HP-β-CD. From the results of dissolution study of complex, it was observed that there was no significant improvement in solubility of drug. In cosolvency approach, maximum solubility of drug was found in a ratio of 0:100% v/v for both solvents. The solubility of drug in Water: PEG- 400 and Water: PG solvents were found to be 20.228 ± 0.0169 mg/mL and 17.204 ± 0.0178 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: In cosolvency method, it was observed that drug has more solubility in PEG- 400 compared to PG. Hence, PEG-400 solvent was selected for drug solubilization. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4987 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Formulation and Evaluation of Candesartan Cilexetil Fast-Dissolving
Tablets Using Natural Superdisintegrant Authors: T. Sravani Abstract: Introduction: Candesartan Cilexetil is a BCS class II drug having low water solubility, which can be enhanced by formulating them in to solid dispersions by using hydrophilic carriers and compressed in to fast dissolving tablets by using natural superdisintegrants. Materials and Methods: The solubility and dissolution rate of Candesartan Cilexetil were aimed to be increased in this investigation by employing fusion process to create a solid dispersion with a hydrophilic carrier like PVP or PEG 6000. Additionally, utilising Croscarmelose sodium (CCS) and Aegle marmelos as superdisintegrants, the solid dispersion was compressed into fast dissolving tablets. Results and Discussion: The drug release increased proportionately with increase in carrier concentration. Among the solid dispersions prepared, the one made with PEG6000 released the medication more rapidly than the one made only with PVPK30 and pure drug. First order kinetics were found to determine the release. Conclusion: The prepared solid dispersions were then mixed with super-disintegrants like Croscarmelose sodium (CCS) and Aegle marmelos to produce tablets. Such tablet formulations have been observed to release drug more rapidly than tablets prepared from pure drug. FTIR and XRD tests are used to characterise the pure drug and optimised formulation F6. Results showed that there were no drug and excipient interactions. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4988 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Simultaneous Determination of Gimeracil, Oteracil, and Tegafur in Pure
Blend and their Combined Capsules by Stability-indicating RP-UPLC Method Authors: Anusha Kunala Abstract: Aim: A trouble-free, simple, specific, and highly sensitive stability indicating phase UPLC method was developed for concurrent assessment of Gimeracil, Oteracil and Tegafur in pure and in their combined tablet formulation. Method: A separation was accomplished by using X-bridge BEH C18 (100 x 2.1 mm, 2.5 μm) column, mobile phase composition of ACN: Buffer (0.5M ammonium formate) (20:80 v/v) and isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min and detection wavelength of 220nm. The extreme stress conditions like hydrolysis with acid and base, peroxide oxidation, thermal decomposition was used as per ICH specifications to assess the stability of the analytes in bulk and dosage forms. Results and Discussion: The retention times of Gimeracil, Oteracil and Tegafur were found at 1.610, 3.502 and 2.985 min. respectively. The proposed method has linear response in the concentration ranges from 14.5 to 87 μg/mL, 39.5 to 237 μg/mL and 50 to 300 μg/mL of Gimeracil, Oteracil and Tegafur respectively. The LOD and LOQ values were determined as 0.009 μg/mL and 0.026 μg/mL for Gimeracil, 0.23 μg/mL and 0.69 μg/mL for Oteracil and 0.93 μg/mL and 2.81 μg/mL for Tegafur respectively. The acceptance limits of Q2 of the ICH procedures were met by all method validation parameters. The stability of the approach may be seen in the fact that the degradation products from forced degradation tests were well-resolved from Gimeracil, Oteracil and Tegafur. Conclusion: The suggested RP-UPLC method was very sensitive, exact, stable indicator, and cost-effective. Because of this, the method has the potential for use in regular analysis in the quality control department as well as pharmaceutical manufacture of Gimeracil, Oteracil and Tegafur. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4989 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Cross Clinical Reactivity among Wild Privet and Gaint Hazel Pollinosis
Authors: Nadeem Siddiqui Abstract: Background: Pollen from various tree and grass species is the most common cause of allergy responses around the world. Objectives: In this study, we focused on the allergenic potential and cross-reactivity between pollen extracts of Ligustrum robustum and Corylus maxima, aiming to understand the clinical significance of these interactions. Several proteins found in Ligustrum pollen have previously been identified as allergens that cause sensitization and the onset of allergic symptoms in atopic people. Our study includes the cross-reactivity between pollen extracts of L. robustum with C. maxima for clinical significance. Methods: Immunological and biochemical characterization was carried out for the purified GST compound which was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cross-reactivity studies among allergens and relevant species were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition assays. Results: In biochemical assays, central goods and services tax (c-GST) was not enzymatically active, whereas l-GST demonstrated high enzymatic activity. Conclusion: This research contributes to a better understanding of the allergenic properties and crossreactivity patterns between these two pollen sources. The obtained information could have implications for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for individuals with allergies. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4990 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Facial Nerve Branching Pattern in the Parotid Region: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Dr. Salah Eldeen Dafalla Abstract: Introduction: The present study’s objective was to examine the parotid region’s facial nerve branching pattern. One of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, the facial nerve (VII), travels through the stylomastoid foramen to the parotid area. It then passes through the parotid gland’s posteromedial surface. The substance of the parotid gland has a complicated branching pattern and divides into five terminal branches. The platysma and face muscles are innervated by these branches. Based on the presence of anastomoses or communications between the terminal branches, its complicated branching pattern has been divided into many categories. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one cadaveric hemi faces were used as a sample, and the dissected specimen photos were photographed. The location of the facial nerve division, its relationship to the retromandibular vein, and the number of divisions was all documented in the dissected specimens. Results and Discussion: For head-and-neck surgeons, the facial nerve’s branching pattern is crucial. The safe removal of the parotid gland without causing facial nerve damage is key to the success of the procedure. Conclusion: The success rate of parotid procedures will be impacted by understanding of potential anatomical variances. To minimize post-operative problems, medical staff must be aware of these variations. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4991 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Design, Optimization, and Characterization of Herbal Gel for Facial
Application Authors: Pankaj Sharma Abstract: The objective of this research is to create and test an herbal face gel for cosmetic uses that is comprised natural ingredients. A local market was the source of the amla (Emblica officinalis), masoor dal (Lens culinaris), and rose petals, which were then dried, powdered, geometrically mixed, and chemically evaluated as well as for organoleptic and physicochemical evaluation. Four separate mixtures, designated F1 to F4, were created using different ratios of components such E. officinalis, L. culinaris, rose petal powder, and polymers. All of the produced compositions were evaluated using a variety of metrics, including preformulation studies, pH, viscosity, spreadability, drying time, stability, statistical analysis, and an irritancy test. The viscosity of F1, F2, F3, and F4 was observed 15101.3 ± 0.55,149 44.9 ± 0.91, 16721.3 ± 0.90, and 16931.5 ± 0.96, respectively, and the pH was observed 5.4 ± 0.1, 5.6 ± 0.07, 5.5 ± 0.03, and 5.7 ± 0.1, respectively. The one-way analysis of variance approach demonstrated linearity for all answers at P ≤ 0.05. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4992 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Infectious Risk in the Sterilization Process for Reusable Medical Devices:
Preliminary Risk Analysis Authors: Zoubida Khomsi Abstract: Background: Patient safety is an area of health care that has emerged with the increasing complexity of health-care systems. Indeed, there are several arguments for a comprehensive and coordinated approach to risk management. This study determines all probable hazards, which may generate an infectious risk during the different steps of the sterilization process. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from November to December 2019 in the central sterilization department of the IBN Sina Hospital in Rabat. The method adopted was the preliminary risk analysis (PRA) applied to reusable medical devices (DM) circuits. Results: A total of 38 dangerous situations generating an infectious accident were revealed, which will make 38 scenarios. The mapping of hazardous situations relating to the different phases of the sterilization process showed 5 types of generic hazards. Among these 38 scenarios, 9 are in criticality class 3, 21 situations are in criticality class 2, and 8 scenarios are in criticality class 1. After the implementation of risk reduction actions, 31 scenarios remain in criticality 1, 7 in criticality 2, and no scenario in criticality 3. Conclusion: The PRA method has enabled all phases of the sterilization process to be analyzed and all the probable hazards that could lead to an infectious accident to be identified. The proposed risk reduction measures are organizational and educational. After the implementation of these measures, all the maximum risks are reduced to a tolerable zone under control, and the average risks are reduced. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4993 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Bleomycin and Olaparib Induced Modulation of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase
1 Activity and Chromatin Structure in Thymocyte Nuclei Authors: Anush L. Asatryan Abstract: Objective: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitors (PARPi) are used in the treatment of cancer patients as monotherapy agents or in combination with approved anticancer drugs to optimize their clinical use. However, the development of novel anticancer chemotherapy is tempered by the potential detrimental side effects displayed by cytotoxic drugs in healthy cells. To delineate the rationality of PARPi olaparib (OLA) in combination with the approved DNA-damaging anticancer drug bleomycin (BLM), we investigated the influence of the drugs on poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP 1) activity, chromatin, and DNA structure in healthy rat thymocyte nuclei. Materials and Methods: Wistar albino male rats (Rattus norvegicus, 6 weeks old) were used throughout the experiments. Animals were obtained from the stock of the animal house of the faculty of biology at YSU. The enzymatic assay for PARP 1 activity was performed according to the original method based on the estimation of residual NAD+ concentration in the PARP assay mix adapted by us to quantify NAD+ consumed by isolated nuclei. DNA concentrations were measured by the spectrophotometric method using an extinction coefficient ε260=6600 M-1 cm-1. Statistical differences in results between groups were evaluated by the Student’s t-test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Key Results: It was observed that in healthy rat thymocyte nuclei, BLM induced PARP-1 inhibition and DNA and chromatin loosening. In contrast, treatment with OLA maintained chromatin and DNA condensation, which could partly underlie the cytotoxic effect of OLA as a result of drug-induced downregulation of chromatin-associated nuclear functions. Our findings provide evidence for the revalidation of the rationality of OLA application in combination chemotherapy regimens involving BLM. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4994 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Development and Characterization of Polyherbal Hair Oil for Prevention of
Hair Fall Authors: Dr. Neeta Rai Abstract: Herbs are an essential component of the health-care system in Ayurvedic medicine. In addition to being used in medicine, herbs are also used to make a variety of cosmetics and colors, as well as to enhance physical beauty. The purpose of the present study is to prepare herbal hair oil from the fresh leaves of different plants. Making herbal hair oil with fresh curry leaves, hibiscus flowers, and fenugreek seeds is the goal of the present study. According to the Ayurvedic pharmacopeia, the oil was manufactured. Different formulations were made, and the best formulation, f2, produced superior results as the pH ranged between 6 and 4.7, whereas f4’s saponification value was discovered to be 245.43 and f2’s acid value was 4.7. The prepared herbal hair oil was assessed using a number of criteria, including organoleptic qualities, pH, viscosity, acid value, and saponification value. On our forearm, we evaluate the prepared compositions for primary skin irritation. The aforementioned criteria were found to be satisfactory and within acceptable limits. Of the three concentrations of herbal hair oil created, the third concentration produced superior outcomes to the other two. All the values in the evaluation of the finished product showed that they were within acceptable limits. Hence, it is concluded that the oil is beneficial in maintaining good hair growth, turning grey hairs black, providing protection from dandruff, and resulting in lustrous-looking hair. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4995 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Analysis of Little Millets by High-resolution Mass Spectroscopy Focusing
the Components of Little Millets Effective in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus Authors: Prof. K. Ramachandra Reddy Abstract: Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder, poses significant health risks. For diabetics, weight loss, exercise, oral glucose-lowering medicines, effective diet can help them to achieve adequate glycemic control. Millets contain many types of antioxidant elements such as phenolic flavonoids, which are important in controlling glucose levels in the body. Taking the millet diet physiologically helps to control the gluconeogenesis process. Little Millet is possessing rich antioxidant properties which helps to prevent metabolic and lifestyle disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and retinopathy. Through UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS system, major antidiabetic compounds are revealed such as hispidin, caffeine, aicar, ketotifen, maltitol, tacrolimus, and pipemidic acid. These compounds indirectly control body metabolism to cope-up with diabetes mellitus PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4996 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Development and Validation of a New Stability-indicating RP-HPLC Method
for the Quantification of Etoricoxib in Tablets Authors: Dr. Mukthinuthalapati Mathrusri Annapurna Abstract: Introduction: Etoricoxib is also a bipyridine derivative used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. A new stability-indicating reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the quantification of Etoricoxib in tablet dosage forms. Materials and Methods: A Shimadzu HPLC system equipped Agilent C18 column was chosen for the chromatographic study with mobile phase formic acid:acetonitrile (52:48) and a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min (UV detection at 247 nm). Results and Discussion: Linearity was obeyed over the concentration range of 0.5–100 μg/mL with a linear regression equation y = 95013× – 11970 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.1557 and 0.4791 μg/mL, respectively. Stress degradation studies were performed, and the method was validated as per the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. Conclusion: The RP-HPLC method so developed was found to be selective, specific, precise, accurate, robust, and useful for the estimation of Etoricoxib tablets. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4997 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Formulation Development and Evaluation of Tablet in Tablet Dosage form to
Proffer a Quick and Protracted Relief in Gastritis and Allied Gastric Disorders Authors: Kapil Kanwar Abstract: Purpose: The contemporary investigation was intended to extend and appraise uniqueness of the tablet in tablet formulation with a perception to proffer a quick and protracted relief in gastritis and allied gastric disorders. Materials and Methods: The possible drug-excipient interaction between Esomeprazole Magnesium and formulation constituents/excipients of core and outer tablet was envisaged to map the batch composition formulas for the core tablets. The core tablets were compressed using 6.5 mm die punch (concave) set and outer tablets (devoiding core tablet) were compressed using 14 mm die punch (concave) set with optimized compression load and speed. Based on performance outcome of core tablet and outer tablet batches, during the assessment of the post compression parameters, three batches for tablet in tablet were purposed and compacted, which were later subjected to in vitro release kinetics. The short-term accelerated stability testing of the varied batches of tablet in tablet formulations was executed to predict the environmental influence over the quality of finalized formulation and to ensure that no alteration has been brought in to the formulation during the course of manufacturing process that could negatively impact its stability. The optimized tablet in tablet formulation was compared with the commercially accessible enteric coated Esomeprazole tablet. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax, μg/mL) and the corresponding time (Tmax, hour) for the two treatments in each rabbit were estimated through highperformance liquid chromatography in the plasma concentration data. Results: The post-compression parameters of the core tablets revealed that the CT-26 batch, comprising polyethylene glycol as binder and sodium starch glycolate as disintegrant, was best among rest, of all the batches (CT-1 to CT-27), with crushing strength of 3.57 ± 0.115 kg/cm2, Friability 0.188 ± 0.002 (% loss), disintegration time of 52.66 ± 0.57 s, and % drug content was found to be 100.31 ± 0.32. The post-compression parameters of outer tablet, reveals that the OT-2 batch, comprising microcrystalline cellulose as disintegrant, was best among rest, out of all batches (OT-1 to OT-9), with crushing strength of 5.55 ± 0.132 kg/cm2, Friability 0.098 ± 0.004 (% loss), and disintegration time of 161.33 ± 0.57 s. The analysis of the entire tablet in tablet (T in T-1 to T in T-3) batches reveals that of the T in T -3 (comprising of CT-26 and OT-2) was the best batch, among rest of all batches (T in T-1 to T in T-3), with mean weight 776.95 ± 0.394 mg, thickness 6.516 ± 0.028 mm, crushing strength of 6.10 ± 0.276 kg/cm2, Friability 0.193 ± 0.006 (% loss), disintegration time of 189.33 ± 0.577 s, and % drug content 97.36 ± 0.07. The in vitro release of Esomeprazole magnesium from varied tablet in tablet formulations were also assessed by integrating drug release statistics into diverse release pharmacokinetics models. The maximized regression values (0.991) for tablet in tablet formulations demonstrated the sensible linearity through Higuchi pharmacokinetic model, signifying the formulations as modified release formulation.The accelerated stability studies have demonstrated the consistent sunset yellow color of the optimized formulation, with smooth surface exclusive of any flaws or cracks. The disintegration time of 195.21 ± 1.468 s, and % drug content was found to be 96.79 ± 0.53Conclusion: In the present study, the tablet in tablet technology was used to formulate an immediate release formulation, in which Esomeprazole Magnesium; an acid labile drug was kept in core tablet and the outer tablet confining acid neutralizing agents. The constituents of core tablet and outer tablet release simultaneously in the stomach acidic environment. The outer tablet containing acid neutralizing agents counterbalance the gastric environment and thus providing favorable pH environment for the release of esomeprazole in stomach. Both the constituents act in synergy to produce desired pharmacological action. This will provide instantaneous relief with the release of acid neutralizing agents from the outer tablet and proffer prolong relief (with the release of esomeprazole from the core table) from the gastric symptoms due to irreversible binding to cysteine residues of the H+/K +ATPase. The clinical action of each drug component will not alter and exhibited their action in synergy. This will offer better therapeutic efficacy and improve patient compliance. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4998 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Formulation, Evaluation, and Comparison of Herbal Shampoo with
Commercially Available Shampoos Authors: Mr. Umesh B. Telrandhe Abstract: Introduction: A shampoo is essentially a detergent solution with appropriate ingredients for additional advantages such as improved hair conditioning, lubrication, and medicine. There are many different types of shampoos on the market today; including synthetic, herbal, medicated, and non-medicated varieties, but herbal shampoo is becoming more and more popular among customers due to their perception that natural goods are risk-free and without adverse effects. Aim: The aim of the present study is to formulate herbal shampoo, and evaluate and compare its physicochemical properties with the commercially available shampoos. Materials and Methods: The herbal shampoo was formulated by adding the extracts of Calendula officinalis, Lawsonia inermis, Citrus limonum, Citrus ulgaric, and Santolina trifoliatus in different proportions to a 10% aqueous gelatin solution. Small amount of methylparaben was added as a preservative and pH was adjusted with citric acid. Several quality control tests such as physical appearance/visual inspection, pH, solid contents, foam test, viscosity test, dirt dispersion test, surface tension, wetting test, and conditioning performance tests were performed to determine the physicochemical properties of formulated herbal shampoo and commercial shampoos. The formulated herbal shampoo and commercial shampoo were also evaluated for conditioning performance by blind test on twenty volunteers. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that our formulated herbal shampoo was transparent. The results showed good cleansing and detergency, normal pH, low surface tension, small bubble size, good viscosity, and foam stability after 5 min. The formulated shampoo and commercial shampoos also showed comparable results for % solid contents. The score of the conditioning performance of the tress washed with herbal shampoo was found to be 3.2 out of 4, while the score of the commercial shampoo was 3.1 and 3.3, respectively. Conclusion: Our results revealed that the formulated herbal shampoo has excellent conditioning performance, at par with commercially available shampoo. However, further research and development is required to improve its quality and safety. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4999 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Thermal Conductivity of the Body in Students from Kyrgyzstan, India and
China Authors: Yethindra Vityala Abstract: Background: According to physicists, thermal conductivity (k) refers to the rate at which thermal energy and the interaction of microparticles transfer energy from warmer to colder parts of the body. To maintain body temperature homeostasis under changing conditions in the external or internal environment, macroscopic organisms should differ in their k of the body. The objective of the study is to evaluate the k of the body in students from Kyrgyzstan, India, and China. Materials and Methods: In this study, 600 students from various racial and ethnic groups attended institutions in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, including 200 students from each of the following groups: Kyrgyz, Indian, and Chinese. The Kyrgyz and Indian (Uttar Pradesh and Punjab, India) students from the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, the International Higher School of Medicine, and the Chinese (Guangzhou Province, China) students from the Kyrgyz Pedagogical University in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, were studied to determine if race or ethnicity could affect the k of the body. Results: There were significant differences between the values of k among the students of India and China, Kyrgyzstan and China, while the alleged relationship between Indians and Kyrgyz did not appear which indicates a possible similarity between the k of the bodies of two nationalities. Conclusion: Variation was observed in the k of various national groups in comparison to one another. The Kyrgyz and Indian students have a similar distribution of k values, but the Chinese students have a distinct pattern. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.5000 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Assessment of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Probiotic
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains Isolated from Traditional Fermented Food Products Ngari and Soibum Authors: Shubha Gopal Abstract: Introduction and Aim: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with remarkable functional properties have been isolated from different fermented food products. Ngari and soibum are fermented fish and fermented bamboo shoot products produced in Manipur, India. The present study was conducted to isolate potential probiotic strains from ngari and soibum also to evaluate their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Materials and Methods: LAB strains were isolated from ngari and soibum samples, characterized, and evaluated for probiotic properties including acid and bile tolerance, antimicrobial activity, antibiotic susceptibility, and hemolytic activity. The strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Two strains with the best probiotic potential were selected and evaluated for antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assays and anti-inflammatory activity by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The isolates were capable of surviving in an environment with low pH (pH 2) and with bile salts (0.3% oxgall). The cell-free supernatant of the isolates showed high antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens. The isolates were sensitive to most of the test antibiotics and none of the isolates showed hemolytic activity. By 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolates were identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (five strains) and Enterococcus faecium (one strain). L. plantarum strains NG28 and SB15 exhibited high antioxidative capacity in terms of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. These two strains were also capable of reducing the production of nitric oxide as well as the expression of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion: The selected LAB strains possess the potential probiotic and beneficial functional properties. Hence, they could be used in functional foods and pharmaceutical applications. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.5001 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- An Overview of Regulatory Guidelines for Medical Gases
Authors: K. Venkateswara Raju Abstract: Direct administration or supply of medical gases to patients is dangeous. Regulatory guidance requirements of various regulatory agencies, the highest quality should be used in their manufacture and transfer. The manufacturer of medical gases requires a license or regulatory approval to manufacture the gases; thus, they must maintain the quality of the gases in accordance with standards or quality limitations established by the drug regulatory authorities. Medicinal gases are manufactured, packed, and designed for patient administration during anesthesia, therapy, or diagnostics. Oxygen, helium, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, medicinal air, and nitrogen are officially recognized therapeutic gases. These gases are usually administered preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively in surgical patients. This gas ignites supplied in an airtight, color-coded, and properly labeled container as required by the relevant regulatory authorities in each country or through the central line runs all over the hospital. Despite all the rules, they are reports on problems related to the production and use of medical gases. In this study, we tried to give a brief overview of regulatory guidelines for medical gases in India and USA. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4974 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Microspheres as a Unique Drug Carrier for Controlled Drug Delivery: A
Review Authors: Vaishnavi S. Shete Abstract: Comparing such systems to conventional administrative approaches, they may offer a numeral benefit. Controlled distribution of drugs can solve the problems of traditional medicine and improve medicine resources. Microspheres (MS) are generally free-flowing powders made of proteins or synthetic polymers with a particle size of 1–1000 mm. The literature search was accomplished using PubMed, Science direct, Google scholar, and the Cochrane library to recognize appropriate scientific articles. The search terms included controlled drug delivery systems, MS as drug carrier, advantages of MS, types of MS, importance of MS, different formulation techniques of MS, evaluation techniques of MS, and applications of MS. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4975 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- A Review of Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Authors: P. Dharani Prasad Abstract: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a rare connective tissue disorder that affects the collagen metabolism in which collagen deficiency occurs. According to the 2017 international classification of the EDS, 13 different subtypes are caused by pathogenic variants in 19 different genes that encode collagen and collagen-modifying proteins. Among the 13 subtypes of EDS, hypermobile EDS (hEDS) is the most common one. hEDS is formerly known as type III EDS. The cause of hEDS is idiosyncratic. Inheritance is autosomal dominant. The patients of hEDS have softness, stretchiness, fragility, bruisability, and poor wound healing when compared to normal patient. Hernias may also be more common in persons with hEDS who undergo abdominal surgery, such as laparotomy or C-section. Symptoms of hEDS include soft and elastic or stretchy skin, easy bruises, and persistent musculoskeletal pain. Three disease phases were proposed in a 2010 study: A “hypermobility” phase, a “pain” phase, and a “stiffness” phase. The prevalence rate of hEDS is 80–90% of all the cases of EDS. The cause of hEDS, which has a genetic inheritance pattern similar to Alzheimer’s disease, is not known to be a gene mutation. The treatment of hEDS depends on signs and symptoms present in each patient, and treatment differs from patient to patient. There is no particular treatment for hEDS, and physical therapy is often recommended to strengthen muscles and improve joint stability. Pain medication such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy, orthopedic instruments, aquatic therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4976 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Review: A Perspective Use and Misuse of Antibiotics
Authors: P. Dharani Prasad Abstract: Antibiotics are the most active chemotherapeutics among drugs; they exert their therapeutic effect by antagonizing the growth of bacteria. Since 1910 many antibiotics have been developed with different mechanisms of action including: (1) Inhibition of bacteria’s cell wallsynthesis; this class of antibiotics includes vancomycin and β-lactam antibiotics such aspenicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, (2) inhibition of protein synthesis including tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and chloramphenicol, and (3) DNA synthesis inhibitors such as fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides that inhibit folic acid synthesis. In this chapter, we describe the three antibiotic classes, their mechanism of action, clinical uses, side effects, and their resistance by different bacteria PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4977 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Current Surgical Interventions for Treating Tuberculosis: Exploring the
Benefits and Risks Authors: Sunil Kardani Abstract: The main organs affected by the chronic infectious disease tuberculosis (TB) are the lungs. Although the main form of therapy for TB is medicinal, surgical intervention may be necessary if the disease is localized to a particular area of the lung and cannot be effectively treated with medicines alone. Segmentectomy, pneumonectomy, and lobectomy are the three primary surgical procedures used to treat TB, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, a minimally invasive technique, enables the removal of the diseased tissue. The surgical removal of one of the five lung lobes is known as a lobectomy. When TB is limited to one lobe of the lung and cannot be adequately treated with medication alone, surgery is often undertaken. Candidates for lobectomy include patients with cavitary lesions larger than 4 cm, a persistent cough, fever, hemoptysis, bronchopleural fistula, or localized abscess formation. The risk of problems can be reduced with appropriate pre-operative assessment, surgical technique, and post-operative care. The surgical removal of the complete lung is known as a pneumonectomy. It is normally saved for TB cases where medicine is ineffective and the disease has spread to affect a significant area of the lung. Pneumonectomy may be an option for patients who have severe cavitary lesions, extensive lung damage, considerable main bronchus involvement, or consequences including bronchopleural fistula, severe hemoptysis, or localized abscess formation. Similar to lobectomy, the risk of problems can be reduced with good pre-operative assessment, surgical technique, and post-operative care. A segment of a lung lobe is surgically removed, a procedure known as a segmentectomy or partial lobectomy. When TB is confined to a particular area of the lung and cannot be properly treated with drugs alone, surgery may be an option. Segmentectomy may be beneficial for patients with a tiny cavitary lesion, localized fibrosis, or a cavitary lesion that cannot be removed in the upper lobe of the lung or who are unable to have more comprehensive surgery. Once more, minimizing the risk of problems can be achieved through good pre-operative assessment, surgical technique, and post-operative care. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4968 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
- Nose to Brain Drug Delivery: A Directed Approach for Delivering Drug into
Brain Authors: Dr. Mangesh D. Godbole Abstract: Poor/delayed bioavailability and hepatic first pass metabolism are the major concern when most common oral route is chosen for the delivery of drug, which is why alternate therapies are constantly sought for. Oral route known to have first dissolution of drugs in stomach followed by absorption in systemic circulation which may lead to delay in the effect of drug and reduce the efficacy and potency of the drug. When it is a matter of targeting to the brain, less lipophilic drugs have limited accessibility to the brain and thereby delays therapeutic effect. These limitations about brain targeting system suggest the requirement for the development of delivery system that will transport the medication in to the brain with adequate concentration to get pharmacological action. Drug delivery to brain through nasal mucosa is nowadays emerging way of transport of drug. This method devotes of first pass effect, improves absorption and requires minimal dose. Nasal in situ gel, after administration, converts rapidly into gel from liquid after contact with nasal mucosal region allowing adhering of drug in to nasal region. Nasal epithelium allows molecular mass up to 500 Da to pass and thus, the rapid drug accumulation in brain. This review focuses on nasal administration of medicines as a new method of drug transport into the brain. The mechanism of drug absorption through the mucous membrane of the nose, different types of nasal drug administration, methods of production, and polymers required are all described in this paper. PubDate: 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i03.4969 Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 03 (2023)
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