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- Pharmacological Properties of Fructooligosaccharides Modulates the
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Gastrointestinal Tract Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Shreya
Abstract: Objective: The gut is a neuroendocrine-immune organ, vulnerable to stress, and toxic agents, including
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leading to gut dysbiosis and inflammation. The aim of present study was to evaluate the
pharmacological properties of prebiotic fructooligosaccharides (FOS) against the LPS-induced gut inflammation
in mice. Materials and Methods: The Swiss albino mice (female, 8 weeks) were divided into following four
groups (n = 6/group): Group-I/Control: received saline (0.9% NaCl), (II) Group-II/LPS (1 mg/kg for 5 days,
intraperitoneal), Group-III/LPS+FOS (LPS 1 mg/kg for 5 days followed by FOS 2 g/kg for 28 days), and
Group-IV/FOS (FOS 2 g/kg for 28 days, through oral gavaging). Results: The LPS exposure significantly
decreased the body and gut weight compared to control which, after the FOS treatment, increased to control level.
In LPS-exposed mice, the decreased of gut associated superoxide dismutase and catalase activity was enhanced
and normalized by FOS. Similarly, LPS-induced the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α level were
also decreased to control level after FOS treatment. Moreover, LPS exposure caused various histopathological
alterations in gut, such as lesions of epithelial layer, edema of villi, and disruption of goblet cells, in which
FOS modulated. Conclusion: The pharmacological prebiotic FOS shows the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory
properties which modulated the LPS-induced gut toxicity by decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress and
improving histological architecture.
PubDate: 2023-07-11
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4855
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Air Pollutants Causing Diseases, Their Detection and Measurement Using
Different Hyphenated Analytical Techniques: A Quick Insight
Authors: Deepika Bairagee
Abstract: Air pollution, a significant environmental risk factor, is regarded to be the root cause of certain ailments, including
asthma, lung cancer, and ventricular hypertrophy. According to the World Health Organization, some of the major
air pollutants include lead, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides, CO at ground level, and particle pollution. Both
short-term and long-term exposure to polluted air can have a number of toxicological consequences on the human
body, including respiratory and cardiovascular problems, neuropsychiatric issues, eye irritation, skin conditions,
and chronic illnesses like cancer. Different advanced analytical techniques such as gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry, infrared radiation absorption, and laser, where laser radiation is sent through a sample of atmosphere
to be investigated either as transmission, or the scattering of the light all the way through a different physical
process, produce a variety of different techniques for monitoring air quality. This article has detailed the primary
air pollutants, their sources of emission, their effects on human health, and the methods used to detect them to
discover solutions to minimize them.
PubDate: 2023-07-08
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4836
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- A Modern Method for Analyzing Related Substances of Cabotegravir and
Rilpivirine Using RP-HPLC, along with the Characterization of their
Degradation Products Via LCMS
Authors: Krishnaveni Gudela
Abstract: Introduction: The estimation, separation, and validation of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine along with their
impurities were performed using the RP-HPLC technique. Materials and Methods: Cabotegravir, Rilpivirine,
and their respective impurities were separated on an Inertsil ODS column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μ) using a
mobile phase consisting of 5 mM Ammonium Formate and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/min at room
temperature. The PDA detector from a Waters HPLC e-2695 quaternary pump was used with a wavelength of
231 nm. The linearity was investigated for 17 min with injection concentrations of 75–450 μg/mL of Rilpivirine,
50–300 μg/mL of Cabotegravir, and 1.25–7.5 μg/mL of each impurity of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine. The validity
of the proposed method was verified using the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.
Results and Discussion: The results of method validation including specificity, linearity, accuracy, ruggedness,
and robustness were within the permissible range. Conclusion: The HPLC-MS technique successfully validated
the chemical structures of the degradation products of Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine, and stress studies were carried
out in compliance with ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4872
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Nanotechnology Driven Approach with Collagen and Mupirocin-loaded Silver
Nanoparticles in Chitosan Hydrogel for Burn Wound Infection
Authors: Veintramuthu Sankar
Abstract: Aim: The present investigation was to formulate Mupirocin- and collagen-loaded silver nanoparticles in chitosan
hydrogel which has synergistic wound healing and anti-bacterial activity. Materials and Methods: Extraction
and characterization of acid-soluble collagen from tilapia fish scales were performed. Mupirocin and collagen
silver nanoparticles (Mup-AgNP-Col) were synthesized by chemical reduction method using sodium borohydride
as reducing agent. Using design expert software, Mup-AgNP-Col preparations were optimized. Chitosan hydrogel
was prepared and the optimized Mup-AgNP-Col formulation was loaded in the gel and evaluation parameters
were assessed. Results: The optimized Mup-AgNP-Col formulation with silver nitrate concentrations of 4.3 mM,
sodium borohydride concentration of 2 mM, and collagen concentration of 0.1 mg showed spherical structure
with particle size as 121 ± 1.18 nm. The entrapment efficiency was found to be 91.3 ± 2.8 % and at the end of 6 h
in vitro, release studies showed 91 ± 2.89% drug release in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Non-toxic and wound-healing
activity was confirmed by L929 fibroblast cell line study. The formulated gel was evaluated for its spreadability
and extrudability. Conclusion: Mup-AgNP-Col in chitosan hydrogel enhances burn wound healing.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4873
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Design and Development of Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems of
Tolvaptan
Authors: D. Madhuri
Abstract: Tolvaptan, a selective vasopressin receptor antagonist, is a poorly soluble drug. It is used to treat hyponatremia.
To solve the solubility problem and enhance bioavailability, a novel approach of self-emulsifying drug delivery
systems was used. These are isotropic mixtures of oil, surfactants, and cosurfactants, when they contact with
the GI fluid spontaneously produce fine oil-in-water emulsion and are subsequently absorbed into lymphatic
pathways, bypassing the first-pass hepatic effect. Cinnamon oil and orange oil were used as oils, Tween 80, Tween
60, and Tween 20 were used as surfactants and propylene glycol, poly ethylene glycol 400, and ethanol are used as
cosurfactants for the formulation and there by evaluated. The droplet sizes are in ranges of 37.8–176 μm and PDI
value is 0.271. The zeta potential value is −1.6 mV and the amount of drug release is that 81.50% was observed
in F5 formulation. It conclude that the self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system is suitable for Tolvaptan drug
to improve the drug release and there by bioavailabilty.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4874
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Development and Optimization of Intravaginal Mucoadhesive Microspheres of
Econazole Nitrate
Authors: Suresh Kumar Paswan
Abstract: The most common disease in the female vaginal tract is vaginal candidiasis caused by the microbe
Candida Albicans. The conventional formulation for the treatment of this disease shows a lack of retention of
the dosage form in the vaginal cavity due to the natural draining of vaginal fluid that leads to leakiness and
Messiness, which tends to escape during normal routine work. The mucoadhesive delivery of antifungal drugs in
the treatment of vaginal candidiasis is an alternative to delivering drugs for a longer time. In this research work,
econazole nitrate-loaded mucoadhesive microspheres were developed by spray drying method and compressed
into a vaginal tablet which disintegrates rapidly into microspheres in the vaginal cavity and adheres to vaginal
mucosa for a longer time. Methods and Materials: Econazole nitrate-loaded microspheres were prepared and
characterized in terms of particle size, drug loading, ex vivo mucoadhesion study, and in vitro drug release study.
A three-factor and three-level Box–Behnken design was employed to optimize the formulation, and the effect
of independent variables HPMC K 100M, Eudragit RSPO, and Eudragit RLPO on formulation was analyzed.
Results and Discussion: The particle size of the optimized formulation was found to be 25μ. The drug loading
and in vitro release study at 6 h were 23% and 93%, respectively. The data from the in vitro drug release study
show that the drug is released in a sustained manner due to release retarding polymer Eudragit RSPO and Eudragit
RLPO and the % mucoadhesion of the optimized microsphere was found to be 70 % after 8 h in contact with vaginal
fluid due to mucoadhesive property of HPMC K100M, tablet disintegrate rapidly into microsphere which adheres
to the vaginal wall and consistently release drug up to 6 h. Conclusion: The mucoadhesive microsphere prepared
by the spray dryer provides a mucoadhesion phenomenon that allows the adherence of the microsphere to the
vaginal mucosa so that drug retention time is increased. The prepared vaginal tablet overcomes the drawback of
conventional formulations and disintegrates rapidly into a mucoadhesive microsphere and adheres to the vaginal
lumen so that the retention time of the drug is increased.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4847
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Enhancement of Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Lumefantrine by
Pharmaceutical Cocrystals
Authors: V. B. Ghawate
Abstract: The solid-state properties of drug compounds, such as solubility and dissolution, can be changed by
cocrystallizing the drug with coformers. The purpose of the current effort was to identify potential coformers and
then develop, formulate, and assess the lumefantrine cocrystal. Methods: Lumefantrine cocrystals were created
using the solvent evaporation process. The crystalline phase’s melting temperature and solubility were established.
DSC, IR, and XRPD were used to characterize the putative cocrystal. Evaluations were also conducted on
solubility and dissolution rate, two additional medicinal qualities. Results and Discussion: Lumefantrine-adipic
acid cocrystals showed a range in solubility and melting points. Adipic acid and the cocrystals were combined
in a 1:1 ratio. The infrared research clearly showed that the lumefantrine distinctive bands were changing.
A notable variation in the 2θ of the strong peaks and the crystallinity of cocrystals were indicated by the X-ray
powder diffraction pattern. Cocrystal’s differential scanning calorimetry spectra revealed changed melting point
endotherms. Due to cocrystallization, the cocrystals showed a higher rate of dissolution, as seen by an increase
in the extent of dissolution. Conclusion: The lumefantrine cocrystal with modified properties was prepared with
adipic acid having greater solubility and dissolution rate of the drug.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4848
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Oral Formulation of Posaconazole in Nanosuspension: Development and
Optimization by Design of Experiments Approach
Authors: T. V. Gautham
Abstract: Introduction: FR and D scientists continuously try to increase the in vivo performance of low soluble and poor
bioavailable drugs using various formulation techniques. Nanosuspensions are relatively simple to develop and
fall within the novel drug delivery approaches. Materials and Methods: The polymers such as soya lecithin,
Tween 80, poloxamer, and polyethylene glycol were used for the preparation. Central composite design was used
to optimize the posaconazole nanosuspension and formulation was characterized for various parameters, that is,
particle size, morphology and physicochemical parameters were evaluated for in vitro and in vivo performance.
Results: Optimized nanosuspension contained an average particle size of 219 ± 0.25 nm and zeta potential was
−19.3 ± 6.73 mV. The optimized nanosuspension displayed a significant increase in dissolution profile, by more
than 4 folds on average as compared to the drug within 60 min. The results of the pharmacokinetic (PK) study
showed the optimized nanosuspension releases the drug with maximum bioavailability as compared to marketed
formulation. The formulation found stable up to 6 months. Conclusion: The development of nanosuspension
resulted in superior performance in PK effects over the marketed formulation.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4849
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Formulation Designing and Optimization of Loteprednol-loaded spanlastic
Nanocarriers for Treatment of Ocular Inflammation
Authors: Prakash K. Soni
Abstract: Objective: The objective of this scientific work was focused on formulation, optimization and evaluation of
loteprednol-loaded spanlastic nanocarriers for effective treatment of ocular inflammation with enhanced
transcorneal drug permeation, prolonged corneal residence time, and sustained drug release profile.
Materials and Methods: The spanlastic nanocarriers of loteprednol was prepared by ethanol injection method
using Span 60 and Tween 80 as vesicular components. A 23 factorial design was employed in the optimization studies
selecting independent variables such as Span 60, Tween 80, and drug content, whereas, the response variables such
as particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and cumulative % drug release. The
optimized formulation was evaluated for various in vitro and ex vivo parameters. Results and Discussion: The
optimized formulation of spanlastic nanocarriers of loteprednol was found to have 207.4 nm particle size, 0.41
polydispersity index, −0.62 mV zeta potential, and 58.23% entrapment efficiency. The cumulative % drug release
was 98.45% during 8-h period exhibiting sustained release and Korsmeyer-Peppas model release kinetics. The
ex vivo drug permeation study across goat eye cornea exhibited apparent permeability (Papp) of 11.95 cm/min-1
and steady-state flux (Jss)of 19.45 mg/cm2 min-1which was >5 times higher than marketed product. The developed
formulation maintained its physical characteristics and possessed all desired product quality attributes in the
ideal range. Conclusion: The developed loteprednol loaded spanlastic nanocarriers demonstrated all the quality
parameters very close to the software predicted values and also exhibited enhanced transcorneal drug permeation
which would lead to higher ocular drug bioavailability and need of less frequent drug administration in effective
management of ocular inflammation.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4851
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Formulation and Evaluation of Hair Tonic for Alopecia from Cow Urine
Authors: G. Wagh Jyoti
Abstract: Alopecia since the dawn of mankind, this issue has affected all ethnicities and both sexes to varying
degrees. In allopathy, the treatment of all hair problems is expensive and cannot be afforded by poor people.
Herbal hair preparations are free from various side effects that of chemically synthesized, for example, Minoxidil
has side effects that are local irritation, itching and burning sensations are frequent. Instead of using various
formulations for different hair problems, there is a necessity to formulate one single preparation which overcomes
maximum hair problems. Since ancient times, cow pee has been utilized to treat a variety of human illnesses. It
is a crucial and integral component of Panchgavya Chikitsa. Materials and Methods: Crude drug samples were
collected and authentified. 10–15 g methi, kept it in aloe vera for sprouting. Sprouted methi was collected in in
500ml cow urine and collected distillate. After boiling kept it for overnight standing, filter the formulation using
a muslin cloth, and packed in a suitable container. Results and Discussion: The protocol study was approved
by the Institute Animal Ethical Committee for animal experimentation. The study was performed gave good hair
growth activity. To improve people’s health and way of life, it is important to raise public awareness of the value
and variety of uses of cow urine. In this study, cow urine is used along with methi and aloe vera to formulate a hair
tonic to cure the alopecia. Conclusion: Formulated hair tonic is having excellent hair growth-promoting activity,
with good antifungal activity. It will act as a potent herbal alternative without any side effects.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4852
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery: Ezetimibe and Enteric-coated Atorvastatin
in Hard Gelatin Capsules
Authors: S. Subramanian
Abstract: Aims: Atorvastatin (ATV) and ezetimibe (EZT), being BCS class II drugs, are used to treat dyslipidemia. In this
study, the formulation of hard gelatin capsule containing a fixed dose combination of EZT and enteric-coated ATV
enhances the rate of dissolution through solubility using nanoprecipitation method. Materials and Methods: ATV
nanoparticles (NPs) and EZT NPs were prepared using polyvinyl pyrrolidine k-30 as an amorphous carrier in
various drug to polymer ratios. The formulated NPs of both drugs were characterized for their particle size, zeta
potential, and polydispersity index, and for optimized formulation entrapment efficiency and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) which were determined. AT VNPs were coated using ethyl cellulose and were characterized.
Flow characteristics of enteric-coated ATV and EZT NPs were assessed and filled into empty hard gelatin
capsules. The hard gelatin capsule containing powders of EZT and enteric-coated ATV NPs was also evaluated
for weight variation, disintegration time, in vitro drug release, and drug content. Results and Discussion: The
particle size for the formulation of ATV NP and EZT NP was found to be 470.5 nm and 469.2 nm, respectively.
The morphology of the best formulation for both NPs, determined using SEM, indicates that they are spherical in
shape. The in vitro release studies of enteric-coated ATV NPs show 5% release in an acidic pH for 2 h followed
by 92.89% release in a basic pH at the end of 3 h before loading into hard gelatin capsules to prove that there was
no release of ATV NPs in acidic medium. Hard gelatin capsules containing enteric-coated ATV NPs and EZT NPs
showed drug release of 98% and 99% within 45 min. Conclusion: The hard gelatin capsule of enteric-coated ATV
NPs and EZT NPs showed better drug release when compared to the marketed formulation.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4853
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Development of Tretinoin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier and
Hyaluronic Acid Topical Gel
Authors: S. Subramanian
Abstract: The current study was focussed on the fabrication of nanostructered lipid carrier (NLC) of tretinoin
(TRE) followed by its incorporation into hyaluronic acid (HA)-loaded carbapol 940 gel aiming to improve acne
treatment. Materials and Methods: The TRE-NLC was fabricated using melt-emulsification and ultrasonication
method. The fabricated NLC was studied for its particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, morphology,
and entrapment efficiency of TRE. The gel containing HA and TRE-NLC were evaluated for pH, spreadability,
extrudability, bloom strength, and viscosity. The in vitro release studies and in vitro occlusivity test for the
formulated gel and marketed gel were carried out. Results and Discussion: The formulated gel showed better
release of 86.32% when compared to marketed gel with 38.52% release in 8 h. Occlusion factor can be related
to skin hydration based upon the ability to prevent water loss from the surface of the skin which was found to
be 42.29% for the formulated gel and 4.76% for the marketed gel. Conclusion: The combination of TRE-loaded
NLCs and HA gel may provide a more effective treatment for acne by diminishing the dryness than either TRE
or HA gel alone.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4854
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions Regarding the Future of Artificial
Intelligence among Health-care Professionals
Authors: Nehad J. Ahmed
Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have been extensively employed in a variety of fields including
medicine. The present study aimed to describe Saudi Arabian health-care professionals’ knowledge, attitudes, and
perceptions of the future of AI. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study that was
carried out in November 2022 and included an online survey to describe Saudi Arabian health-care professionals’
knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of the future of AI. Results: The survey was filled out by 174 health-care
workers. About 87.9% of health-care professionals said they are familiar with AI and its uses. About 89.7% said
that they would like to use a software/program that can be helpful in disease diagnosis and treatment. More than
97% of health-care workers agreed that AI has a future in the medical field and 93.1% of them agreed that AI will
help them in making decisions. Conclusion: Health-care professionals are concerned about the possible effects
of its widespread application in clinical practice. Attending lectures, conferences, and workshops is essential for
enhancing health-care professionals’ knowledge and attitude regarding AI and reducing their conflict.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4856
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- UV Spectrophotometric Analysis of Miconazole Nitrate and Eugenol in
Topical Formulation
Authors: Aarti S. Zanwar
Abstract: Fungal infection remains a continuous and growing threat to human health. Combination therapy
may be an optional approach for the treatment of invasive fungal infections, and the potential antifungal mechanisms
provide new insights into novel antifungal drug development. Several papers have proven that blend of miconazole
nitrate and eugenol has synergistic antifungal effect. Therefore, a formulation used eugenol to increase the skin
penetration and increase the availability of miconazole nitrate in topical gels. As a result, a method for simultaneous
measurement of the aforementioned medicines in the formulation of emulgel has been devised and validated using
UV spectrophotometric analysis. Materials and Methods: In the simultaneous equation method, absorbance was
measured at 272 and 280 nm for the estimation of both drugs. Miconazole nitrate and eugenol were estimated at
281 and 271 nm in the first derivative (zero crossing) method, respectively. The ratio derivative method utilized
peak amplitudes at 283 and 274 nm for miconazole nitrate and 286 and 292 nm for eugenol. The developed
methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines, including parameters such as specificity, linearity,
range, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. Results and Discussion: All three assay
methods showed a direct relationship between response and concentration in the concentration range of 100–
600 μg/mL for miconazole nitrate and 53–318 μg/mL for eugenol. The level of dispersion was within 2% of the
RSD. Recovery studies for both drugs ranged from 97 to 102%, recommending that the methods are effective.
Conclusion: All of the proposed techniques were found to be quick, accurate, and inexpensive. As a result,
they can now be helpful for routine quality control analysis when calculating miconazole nitrate and eugenol in
emulgel formulation or formulations containing the aforementioned medications.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4857
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Prevalence and Pattern of the Elongated Styloid Process among a Saudi
Population
Authors: Salah Eldeen Dafalla
Abstract: Introduction: The objectives of this study were to assess the elongation of the styloid process (SP) on digital panoramic radiographs (DPRs) and to evaluate the prevalence of the elongation according to age, sex, and type. Materials and Methods: DPRs of 198 geriatric edentulous patients were analyzed. The radiographic length of the SP was measured on both sides using the measurement toolbars on the accompanying analysis software. The student’s t-test, Chi-square test, and analysis of variance test were used for statistical analysis. Results and Discussion: The elongated SP was seen in 87 of the 198 patients. It was observed that as age increased, elongation of the SP increased with a male predominance. Type I elongation was more common than other types of elongation. Bilateral elongation was more commonly found than unilateral elongation, and both types of elongation were frequently seen in males compared to females. Conclusions: The prevalence of the elongated SP in the present study was higher than the other reports from edentulous patients.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4858
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- An In-Silico and In-Vitro Study of Imatinib and Naringin Combination for
Inhibiting P-Glycoprotein and Delaying Drug Resistance in Chronic Myeloid
Leukemia
Authors: Kiranmai Gudimetla
Abstract: Introduction: The present study describes the potential use of naringin (NAR), a flavanone glycoside, in combination
with imatinib (IMT), a signal transduction inhibitor used in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The study aimed to
investigate whether NAR could help overcome the multidrug resistance of IMT by inhibiting the overexpression
of the P-glycoprotein gene. Materials and Methods: Molecular docking approach is used to investigate the
binding affinity of IMT and NAR to human P-glycoprotein. The results showed that IMT had stronger interactions
with P-glycoprotein than NAR, indicating better stability with a binding energy of −7.3 kcal/mol compared
to −5.6 kcol/mol for NAR. However, NAR demonstrated an excellent affinity toward human P-glycoprotein.
Results: To investigate the effect of NAR and IMT combination on P-glycoprotein expression, flow cytometry
technique on K562 cell lines is used. The results displayed that IMT alone at a concentration of 1 μM had a P-gp
expression of 73.6%. Nevertheless, P-gp expression was substantially decreased to 9.7% when coupled with NAR
at higher doses (5–30 µM). Moreover, pure NAR alone also showed suppression of P-gp expression. In summary,
the study suggests that the combinatorial approach of IMT with NAR could enhance anticancer activity and delay
drug resistance by reducing P-gp expression in K562 cell lines. Conclusion: These results support the potential
use of NAR as an adjuvant therapy to IMT in the management of CML. However, further studies are needed to
confirm the efficacy and safety of this approach in clinical settings.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4859
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- In silico-guided Molecular Docking Analysis of Doxorubicin with
Low-density Lipoprotein
Authors: Sanjay K. Jain
Abstract: Introduction: Brain tumor (BT), the most aggressive and difficult-to-treat malignancy, is the major cause of
death in cancer patients. BT poses serious health concerns mainly because of their fast development and poor
prognosis. BT includes a group of heterogeneous diseases, with unique biology that corresponds to the brain
and its microenvironment. The brain contains many cell types distinct from those found elsewhere in the body,
making it difficult to extrapolate the findings from brain cancers compared to other forms of cancer. Moreover, the
anatomy of the brain presents challenges for treating both BTs and brain metastases. The brain is the hub of many
proteins in which some of the proteins act as receptors for natural and synthetic ligands. Doxorubicin (DOX) is one
of the most commonly used anticancerous drugs with high efficacy. Materials and Methods: In silico analysis
provides key insights in designing effective drug delivery to the brain. Here, the molecular modeling package
Schrödinger software was used to establish the specific interaction between DOX and low-density lipoprotein
(LDL). Results and Discussion: DOX has good binding interactions (docking scores −8.526, −6.565, −6.667,
and −7.040, respectively) with LDL (PDB ID: IN7D and 3M0C). The docking study of DOX found potent activity
against BT with docking scores of −8.526, −6.565, −6.667, and −7.040. Conclusion: The present study may help
medicinal scientists to formulate potent formulation against LDL receptor for BT targeting.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4860
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Liquid Oral Floating In Situ GELS: A Review
Authors: Dr. J. P. Yanadaiah
Abstract: The oral route technique is the most common technique for the oral administration of drugs into the body. It
overcomes that the problems like drug targeting to organs can cause problems for administration through the oral
route. The ideal solution to solve the issues of the quick release and brief gastrointestinal residence of liquids is to
design a unique strategy, which is an in situ drug delivery system. It also prolongs the gastric residence time and
controls the rate of drug release which can improve oral bioavailability and reduce the frequency of dosing. It is a
particular variety of hydrogel that can hold a significant quantity of water and biological fluids without swelling.
In in situ gelling systems, polymers such as guar gum, gellan gum, xanthan gum, carrageenan, xyloglucan, pectin,
chitosan, and thiolate chitosan are used. The gel produced by the in situ gelling technique is thinner than the
duration of gastric retention. The main aim of this review is to focus on the in situ gel principle, classification,
advantages, disadvantages, and its application as a floating in situ gel system.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4839
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Artificial Intelligence in Pharma Industry - A Review
Authors: Niyati Shah
Abstract: The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in pharmaceutical technology has grown over time, and it may help save
time and money while also improving our understanding of the connections between various formulations and
process parameters. AI is a subfield of computer science called intelligence that focuses on the use of symbolic
programming to solve problems. It has significantly developed into a problem-solving science with numerous
applications in business, medicine, and engineering. The article discusses the development of novel peptides from
natural foods, the treatment and management of rare diseases, drug adherence and dosage, and challenges to the
adoption of AI in pharma. It also discusses manufacturing execution systems, automated control process systems,
and AI to predict new treatments.
Key words: ACPS, challenges to adoption
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4840
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- Vaccine Adduct Microneedle Fabrication through 3D Printing Technology: A
State-of-Art Review
Authors: Mamta Kumari
Abstract: The use of attractive, minimally invasive puncture devices called microneedles (MNs) penetrates the skin without
discomfort and enables the transdermal administration of active substances, including drugs and vaccines. MNs are
also significant in disease diagnosis, monitoring, and cosmetics. MN geometry and shape are essential factors in
affecting performance and therapeutic efficacy, whereas traditional manufacturing techniques including molding
might not be able to enable fast design changes. In this regard, the manufacturing of MNs through the use of 3D
printing technology allows for the quick and precise development of complicated MN prototypes as well as the
availability of MN devices that may be configured to have the appropriate shape and dimension. Additionally,
by combining MNs with 3D printing exhibits significant promise for the production of efficient transdermal
drugs and vaccine delivery systems as well as medical devices. Unlike traditional intramuscular or subcutaneous
delivery using hypodermic needles, MN-based vaccine created by 3D printing technology distributes vaccine
directly into the skin, which is thought to be an immunologically far more relevant vaccination location than
underlying tissue. The purpose of this review is to convey the benefits of using 3D printing technology as a novel
tool for MN fabrication. Different 3D printing techniques are shown, and typical MNs produced using such
techniques are highlighted in detail.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4841
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- China-India Rivalry in Health Diplomacy: Issue in South Asia
Authors: Priyanka Tanwar
Abstract: This paper focuses on China-India rivalry in health diplomacy in South Asia. To increase their geopolitical
influence particularly in South Asia, both countries continue to prioritize health diplomacy in their foreign
policies. China was given the responsibility for starting COVID-19, but concurrently, the same nation had taken
advantage of the global-health crisis using its health diplomacy at global level as a soft power instrument for
expanding its strategic influence in terms of hegemony. The paper also highlights the tussle between India and
China for strategic influence in South Asia. This paper examines India and China’s global health diplomacy during
COVID-19 particularly in South Asia. According to author, both countries compete with each other in South Asia.
The author concludes that China utilized the COVID situation better than India to improve its relations with South
Asian countries.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4842
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
- A Review on Herbal Approach to Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Dr. Rahul Trivedi
Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder. The disease mainly affects more than one joint in the
body. Many people are affected by this disease worldwide. RA is a long-term progressive disorder with different
stages. As the disease progresses, the condition of the joints gets worse and joint function terminates at last. It also
affects other organs in the body. Many factors, including environmental, age, weight, genetics, and lifestyle, are
responsible for RA. Several etiological factors, such as autoantibodies, inflammatory mediators, and genes, are
responsible for the generation of RA. The symptoms of the disease include swelling, pain, loss of appetite, joint
inflammation, fatigue, and pericarditis. The treatment objective for RA includes reducing pain and inflammation
and preventing joint dysfunction as well as joint deformity. Various drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, steroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, are used to alleviate the symptoms of RA. The uses
of synthetic drugs are associated with several life-threatening side effects. These side effects of synthetic drugs
are the main thirst of peoples for searching alternative medicines in RA. The main objective of this study is to
highlight the use of herbal medicines for RA for patient benefits. Herbal medicines and isolated phytoconstituents
from herbal drugs have the advantages of low cost, easy availability, better patient acceptance, and very few side
effects. These drugs also improve the patient’s condition and reduce stress. Many researchers have proven the
efficacy of herbal drugs and phytoconstituents for RA patients. In this study, we are aiming to draw attention to
the need to increase the use of herbal drugs for the treatment of RA.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.22377/ajp.v17i2.4843
Issue No: Vol. 17, No. 2 (2023)
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