 Subjects -> PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY (Total: 575 journals)
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- Botulism mortality in the USA, 1975-2009
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Authors: Kelly A. Jackson, Barbara E. Mahon, John Copeland, Ryan P. Fagan
Pages: 6 - 17
Abstract: Botulism had mortality rates >60% before the 1950s. We reviewed confirmed botulism cases in the USA during 1975-2009 including infant, foodborne, wound, and other/unknown acquisition categories, and calculated mortality ratios. We created a multivariate logistic regression model for non-infant cases (foodborne, wound, and other/unknown). Overall mortality was 3.0% with 109 botulism-related deaths among 3,618 botulism cases [18 (
Keywords: botulism mortality; infants; age groups; USA; United States; food; wounds; botulism-related deaths; Clostridium botulinum
Citation: The Botulinum J., Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015) pp. 6 - 17
PubDate: 2016-08-04T23:20:50-05:00
DOI: 10.1504/TBJ.2015.078132
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2016)
- Perspectives on mucosal vaccine against botulism
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Authors: Easwaran Ravichandran, Bal Ram Singh
Pages: 18 - 33
Abstract: Clostridium botulinum toxin is one of the potent and classic molecules known to this modern scientific research field. It has dualistic characters: on one hand it causes botulism by blocking release of acetylcholine at the cholinergic nerve endings and on the other hand the same toxin molecule when administered locally at sub-lethal dose relieves various neuromuscular disorders. If the toxin is used intentionally as an act of terrorism, FDA approved therapeutic agents would be needed to recover from the illness. In addition, to prevent from such situations in the future and to protect public from botulism, there is a strong need for a mucosal vaccine. Creating a multivalent mucosal vaccine delivery system would ease the burden at the time of delivery and reduce the cost.
Keywords: Clostridium botulinum; drug delivery; neurotoxins; toxicity; vaccines; mucosal vaccine; botulism
Citation: The Botulinum J., Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015) pp. 18 - 33
PubDate: 2016-08-04T23:20:50-05:00
DOI: 10.1504/TBJ.2015.078133
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2016)
- Historical aspects of botulinum toxin used clinically: part II:
overcoming resistance-
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Authors: Easwaran Ravichandran, Bal Ram Singh
Pages: 34 - 40
Abstract: After the extraordinary success of botulinum toxin serotype A in the 1980s to treat a wide range of spasmodic muscular conditions and movement disorders, a significant number of patients were found to stop responding to their treatments with time. When investigated, they were found to have become immune ('resistant') to the products. This second article in a series looks at the next botulinum toxin serotype used clinically after serotype A to overcome this resistance and how that choice was made.
Keywords: botulinum neurotoxins; BoNT; historical notes; second serotype; botulism; clinical use; drug resistance; drug immune; Clostridium botulinum; botulinum toxin serotype
Citation: The Botulinum J., Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015) pp. 34 - 40
PubDate: 2016-08-04T23:20:50-05:00
DOI: 10.1504/TBJ.2015.078134
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2016)
- RNA aptamer as potential antidote against botulism: an in vivo report
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Authors: Pavithra Janardhanan, Easwaran Ravichandran, Shuowei Cai
Pages: 41 - 54
Abstract: Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most toxic substances to mankind, and yet, there are no therapeutics available to reverse the paralysis, the deadly symptom of botulism caused by BoNTs. Here we report that RNA aptamer, selected through in vitro process against light chain of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) showed in vivo protection efficacy against botulism. Our results showed that RNA aptamer not only accelerated the recovery of local paralysis induced by BoNT/A through mouse exercise wheel assay, but also significantly delayed the time-to-death through mouse protection assay, and rescued one mouse (out of six) completely intoxicated by BoNT/A. Our results demonstrated the potential using RNA aptamer as antidote against deadly botulism.
Keywords: botulinum neurotoxins; BoNT; botulism antidote; therapeutics; RNA aptamer; Clostridium botulinum; local paralysis
Citation: The Botulinum J., Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015) pp. 41 - 54
PubDate: 2016-08-04T23:20:50-05:00
DOI: 10.1504/TBJ.2015.078135
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2016)
- Botulinum neurotoxins: from the gut to the nervous system
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Authors: Chloé Connan, Michel R. Popoff
Pages: 55 - 78
Abstract: Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent toxins, which block the neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junctions and are responsible for a severe disease, the botulism. In the natural disease, BoNTs are the most frequently acquired by the oral route. BoNT associates to non-toxic proteins (ANTPs), which have a main role in toxin protection against acidic pH and proteases, especially in the gastrointestinal tract. BoNTs which transit through the digestive tract, have first to cross the epithelial barrier. BoNTs are able to undergo a receptor-mediated transcytosis, which delivers the whole and active toxin at the basolateral side of epithelial cells. ANTPs containing hemagglutinins have an additional role in altering the intercellular junctions and facilitating a toxin passage through the paracellular way. Then, BoNT disseminates locally and at distance via the blood/lymph circulation and possibly via a retrograde axonal transport to the target motoneuron endings, where the toxin uses an endocytic pathway permitting the release of the light chain into the cytosol and its subsequent proteolytic activity towards the SNARE proteins involved in the neurotransmitter exocytosis.
Keywords: Clostridium botulinum; botulinum neurotoxins; BoNT; intestines; intestinal barrier; nervous system; gut; neurotransmitter release; neuromuscular junctions; botulism
Citation: The Botulinum J., Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015) pp. 55 - 78
PubDate: 2016-08-04T23:20:50-05:00
DOI: 10.1504/TBJ.2015.078139
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2016)
- Commentary: Is the scare of the new botulinum serotype over?
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Authors: Chloé Connan, Michel R. Popoff
Pages: 79 - 87
Abstract: The highly toxic nature of botulinum neurotoxins and their placement in category A biothreat agents list under tier 1 biosecurity regulations always attract public attention about any possibility of a new form of this agent. Last time, a new type of botulinum neurotoxin (type G) was discovered was over 40 years ago, and that was not even known to cause human botulism epidemiologically. Therefore, when a novel botulinum neurotoxin was isolated from an infant botulism case in California, it became a major concern for the public health and biothreat agencies. There has been controversy among the scientists about its nomenclature. The scientific debate has been robust, and although the novel neurotoxin is now confirmed to be a hybrid of types A and F botulinum neurotoxins, the issue of calling it a new serotype (H) remains unsettled.
Keywords: antitoxins; biothreats; botulinum neurotoxins; BoNT; nomenclature; botulinum serotype; Clostridium botulinum; botulism; biosecurity
Citation: The Botulinum J., Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015) pp. 79 - 87
PubDate: 2016-08-04T23:20:50-05:00
DOI: 10.1504/TBJ.2015.078158
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 1 (2016)
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