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Please help us test our new pre-print finding feature by giving the pre-print link a rating. A 5 star rating indicates the linked pre-print has the exact same content as the published article.
Abstract: Abstract Knowing the physical properties of biological products is of great importance in terms of developing harvesting technologies, innovating crop processing technologies and determining product drying properties. The aim of this study was to determine the dimensional and shape attributes of two different cherry types (‘10-5’ and ‘10-22’) and six different cherry varieties (‘Ferbolus Verdel’, ‘Lapins’, ‘Merton Late’, ‘Noir de Guben’, ‘Starks Gold’ and ‘Telegal’) and to put forth the differences and similarities of cherry varieties. For dimensional parameters, the greatest averages were observed in ‘10-22’ type and smallest averages were observed in ‘Telegal’ variety. Dimension properties of ‘Merton Late’, ‘Noir de Guben’ and ‘Starks Gold’ varieties were similar. ‘Telegal’ variety had the greatest sphericity value with an average of 89.48%. The sphericity decreased as the shape index increased. Accordingly, the greatest shape index was observed in ‘Starks Gold’ and ‘Merton Late’ varieties. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first three components explained 98.0% of total variation in dimensional and shape attributes. PC1, PC2 and PC3 explained respectively 67.0%, 19.6% and 11.4% of total variance. PC1 included dimensional parameters, PC2 included sphericity, shape index and shape attributes at vertical orientation, and PC3 included shape attributes at horizontal orientation. Scatter plots were generated by using the factor loads of the first three principal components and dimensional and shape differences between the cherry varieties were clearly observed. In this study, the elliptical Fourier analysis was performed for the closed contour of the cherry varieties and discriminant scores were determined to put forth the differences of cherry varieties. The first three components explained 76.8% of total variation. Cavity or single-sided hill formation at stalk section constituted the greatest source of variance. For shape similarity, elliptic Fourier analysis revealed three groups with a high similarity. The 1st group included ‘Telegal’ and ‘10-22’; the 2nd group included ‘Noir de Guben’ and ‘Lapins’ and the 3rd group included ‘Merton Late’, ‘Ferbolus Verdel’, ‘Starks Gold’ and ‘10-5’ varieties. In this study, the dimensional and shape descriptors of eight different cherry varieties were determined and their physical properties were compared. Furthermore, elliptic Fourier analysis method was successfully used to put forth the differences in shape of cherry varieties. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Study was aimed to examine the changes in organic matter, CaCO3, pH and some nutrient concentrations in the root zone soils of pear rootstocks depending on time and rootstock variations. For this reason, “Deveci” variety grafted on OHF 333, BA29, Quince A and Quince C rootstocks were used as plant materials. To monitor the variations, soil samples were taken monthly during 8 months from each tree canopy projection areas. According to the results, it was seen that organic matter and CaCO3 content did not vary with time and rootstock but EC varied with the season, pH varied with all factors. Soil nutrient concentrations except K showed variations with time and rootstocks and/or their interactions. Available nutrients in the root zone soils of QC and QA were relatively higher than that in other rootstocks. It was found that nutrient concentrations in root zones in warmer seasons were higher than other seasons. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Shortage of winter chill has reduced pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) fruit yield and quality from 2015 to 2018 in Iran. In this study accumulated chilling was determined by the chill hour (CH) and the dynamic (DM) model in five regions near Shahrebabak County, Kerman Province, Iran, for dormant season 2017–2018. The CH model has been routinely used in Iran for reporting chilling accumulation for pistachios. This study suggested that the DM better differentiated regional chill accumulations, the impact of chilling on phenological indices of growth and production between cultivars ‘Owhadi’ and ‘Akbari’, with and without rest-breaking (RB) treatments of Volk dormant oil. Volk oil treatment significantly improved vegetative and reproductive development, offset lack of chilling effects on pollination and nut filling, and may have advanced budbreak in some instances. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract In this research, proximate composition, mineral composition and color characteristics of hazelnuts grown by conventional and organic methods in East, Central and West Black Sea Regions (Turkey) that are the center of world hazelnut production were investigated. Commercially important ‘Çakıldak’, ‘Foşa’, ‘Mincane’, ‘Palaz’, ‘Sivri’ and ‘Tombul’ varieties were selected as research material. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that organic hazelnuts contain lower moisture and higher ash, no difference was found in protein, fat and carbohydrate amounts. In terms of all micro elements (boron, copper, iron, manganese, zinc) organic hazelnuts were found to be richer and potassium from macro elements were found to be higher in conventionally grown hazelnuts. Color properties were generally not affected by the production method and no loss of color was observed in organic hazelnuts. The high ash and micro element content of organic hazelnuts compared to the conventional hazelnuts would be a good alternative for the elimination of micro element deficiency, which is frequently seen in human nutrition. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract The purpose of this research is to perform the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of pistachio production. This research was performed for 2016 and 2017 production season in Adıyaman province of Turkey in dry conditions in 2017. The data supplied from research were collected from 152 different farms by face to face surveys with simple random sampling method. The agricultural input energies and output energies used in pistachio production were computed to determine the energy use efficiency. According to the research findings, the energy inputs in pistachio production were computed respectively as 4561.11 MJ ha−1 (35.50%) diesel fuel energy, 3206.24 MJ ha−1 (24.96%) chemical fertilizers energy, 2420.93 MJ ha−1 (18.84%) machinery energy, 1020.06 MJ ha−1 (7.94%) human labour energy, 715.69 MJ ha−1 (5.57%) animal labour energy, 656.95 MJ ha−1 (5.11%) farmyard manure energy and 266.16 MJ ha−1 (2.07%) chemicals energy. Total input energy was computed as 12,847.14 MJ ha−1. Energy values of pistachio yield were computed as 15,008.65 MJ ha−1. Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy computations were computed respectively as 1.17, 22.32 MJ kg−1, 0.04 kg MJ−1 and 2161.51 MJ ha−1. The consumed total energy input in pistachio production can be classified as 49.01% direct, 50.99% indirect, 18.62% renewable and 81.38% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was computed as 1123.72 kg CO2‑eqha−1 for pistachio production with the greatest portions for human labour (32.42%). The human labour followed up chemical fertilizers usage (23.21%), diesel fuel consumption (19.89%), machinery usage (15.30%), farmyard manure usage (5.65%), chemicals usage (3.25%) and animal labour usage (0.27%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was computed as 1.95 kgCO2‑eqkg−1 in pistachio production. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract The goal of this study was to determine the usability of nitrogen solution for hazelnut sucker management. This study was carried out from 2015 to 2016 at two hazelnut orchards; one established with the shrub (ocak) system in Atakum district and the other established with the multi-stemmed system in the Carsamba district, both in Samsun province. For sucker management, 21% ammonium sulphate (AS) and 26% calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) fertilizer solutions were used. Doses of 0, 10, 15 and 20% of solutions for both fertilizers were tested. In the study, hazelnut suckers were removed by knife in July 2015 and March 2016. Nitrogen solution applications were started in September 2015 when suckers reached 20–30 cm length. In 2016 four applications were made from April to August. Fifteen days after the applications, the wilting ratio (starting from the tip) and newly emerged suckers per bush were determined. Nitrate, pH, and EC analyses were made with soil samples collected at the beginning of the experiment and compared to those taken 15 days after each application. As a result, a 10% dose of 21% ammonium sulphate fertilizer gave the best results for hazelnut sucker management. Nitrogen solution application should be started 1 to 1.5 months after removal of suckers by cutting with a knife. Suckers should be removed when they reach 15–20 cm length and before they are lignified. For effective sucker management, nitrogen solution application should be applied at least three times in a year. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract This study was carried out to determine the distribution, population development, infestation and damage rate of the Cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae), which harmed the growing of cherries and sour cherries in Erzincan province, Turkey, in 2016–2018. The main materials of this study were the adult and preadult periods of R. cerasi. Attractive Rebell traps with ammonia salt, insect aspirator, culture cages, etc., were also used. The investigations had four steps: determination of the distribution, population development, flight period, and infestation and damage rate of the cherry fruit fly. Sampling was carried out according to the Lazarov and Grigorov (1961) method in randomly selected orchards. According to the results of the study, it was determined that the pest distributed in the cherry and sour cherry trees in all locations where the study was carried out in the Central and Üzümlü districts of Erzincan. The population development of the Cherry fruit fly was found to be highest in the orchards in the Üzümlü district with coordinates 39.715490° 39.704287° (164 adults) and 39.713162° 39.679763° (158 adults) in 2016, coordinates 39.715490° 39.704287° (24 adults) and 39.713162° 39.679763° (48 adults) in 2017, and coordinates 39.715490° 39.704287° (309 adults) and 39.711130° 39.688508° (376 adults) in 2018; among the orchards in the Central district, population development was highest in Ekmekli ([39.750837° 39.354710°] [438 adults]) and Bahçeliköy ([39.751601° 39.361090°] [1404 adults]) in 2016, Elmaköy ([39.790915° 39.357436°] [107 adults]) and Bahçeliköy ([39.751601° 39.361090°] [169.5 adults]) in 2017, and Elmaköy ([39.790915° 39.357436°] [1815.5 adults]) and Bahçeliköy ([39.751601° 39.361090°] [918.5 adults]) in 2018. The adult flight period was found to be 55–78 days, and the infestation rate of the pest was found to be 83.33% in Erzincan province. In addition, it was determined that the damage rate of the pest was between 52.6% and 54.6% in the Central district of Erzincan and between 26.2% and 31.2% in the Üzümlü district. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Myrtle growing naturally in the Mediterranean Region in Turkey, is among the economically important plant species. The present study emphasized on in vitro conservation of M. communis by encapsulating regenerated shoot tips. In this research we reported synthetic seed production and subsequent conversion of encapsulated shoot tips into plantlets comparing with nonencapsulated shoot tips for myrtle. Two different myrtle genotypes were used for synthetic seed production. Sodium alginate solution at the rate of 3.0% and 100 mM calcium chloride solution were prepared for encapsulation. Encapsulation was accomplished by mixing shoot tips into sodium alginate solution and dropping these in calcium chloride solution for 25–30 min. Encapsulated and nonencapsulated shoot tips were cultured in MS (Murashige and Skoog) media supplemented with different BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 2 mg L−1). After six weeks, all shoots were transferred to MS media containing 1 mg L−1 IBA for in vitro rooting. As a result, the highest germination rate was obtained on the BAP-free MS media. The best BAP concentrations were detected as 0.5 and 1 mg L−1 for micropropagation. Genetic stability of plants coming from encapsulated and nonencapsulated shoot tips was tested by ISSR markers. Based on the results, there were no genetic differences among the samples. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Total and specific phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were quantified over two seasons in flowers, leaves, fruitlets, and ripe fruit at harvest of the apple cultivars ‘Brookfield’, ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Fuji’, as well the crabapple cultivars ‘Hillary’ and ‘Manchurian’. The results showed that leaves had the highest phenol concentrations and antioxidant capacity. Phenolic and antioxidant content was progressively lower from flowers, fruitlets, and ripe harvested fruit. There were high concentrations of phloridzin in flowers and leaves, while concentrations were lower in fruitlets, peel, and entire fruit at harvest. The phenolic compound with the highest concentration in peel was quercetin glycoside, while in the entire fruit it was flavanols. The studied crabapple cultivars did not present differences between them in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract To establish a quality evaluation system of the fruit quality of pear, 15 evaluation indicators of 9 main cultivars of pear (Pyrus spp.) in North China were analyzed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to form a comprehensive evaluation model and select the characteristic indicators of the fruit quality. All of the 15 evaluation indicators showed significant differences from the results of ANOVA (P < 0.05) among different cultivars. The values for coefficient of variation (CV) among 15 evaluation indicators ranged from 1.46% to 326.38%. There were different degrees of correlations between the evaluation indicators based on the results of CA. PCA was used to remove the overlapped information between the indicators, and then there were new variables with less information, so that the principal component comprehensive model was established. The rank of the 9 cultivars based on comprehensive scores of the fruit quality was listed as follows: ‘Mili’ > ‘Xuehua’ > ‘Hongxiangsu’ > ‘Daguoxing’ > ‘Yali’ > ‘Huangguan’ > ‘Yuluxiang’ > ‘Hongxiaoli’ > ‘Anli’. By combining HCA and principal component comprehensive model, titratable acid content, sugar-acid ratio, h* and fruit shape index were selected to be the characteristic indicators for the evaluation of the fruit quality of the main cultivars of pear in North China. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract In modern pear cultivation, clonal quince and pear rootstocks are preferred because they are easy to maintain and harvest. Also, they form dwarf plants and improve fruit quality compared to pear seedling rootstocks. However, graft incompatibility can be involved between different species or genera. The aim of the study was to determine the graft compatibility of the ‘Deveci’ and ‘Williams’ pear cultivars with different pear and quince rootstocks by carbohydrate analysis. Carbohydrate accumulation in the graft union was also observed with iodized potassium iodide (KI) staining. In terms of rootstocks, there were no differences in starch and carbohydrate content, but statistically differences were found in sugar contents. Significant differences were also found between cultivars and graft union in terms of the examined traits. Sugar content was highest in OHxF 333 and lowest in seedling rootstocks. There were no statistical differences in the starch content between the graft unions of the ‘Deveci’ cultivar, while starch accumulation was higher above the graft union than below and graft union in the ‘Williams’ cultivar grafted on the quince rootstock. In the study, it was determined that there were higher carbohydrate accumulation in the scion and graft union than below the graft union in ‘Williams’ grafted quince rootstocks, which was also confirmed by staining with KI. As a result of the study, it was concluded that carbohydrate accumulation analysis can be used to determine the graft compatibility of the pear cultivars with the different quince and pear rootstocks. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract The study was carried out to determine the effect of melatonin on quality and postharvest life of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) cv. ‘Sweetheart’ during storage. The fruits were dipped at different concentrations of melatonin (0, 250, 500 and 1000 µmol l−1 for 10 min) and distilled water as control. The changes of sweet cherries were assessed at 7‑day intervals by evaluating the following quality parameters: firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, respiration rate, color values (L* and chroma), ascorbic acid content, total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that increasing the dose to 1000 µmol l−1 melatonin had a remarkable effect on maintaining the quality of sweet cherry. 1000 µmol l−1 and 500 µmol l−1 melatonin treatments significantly inhibited the decrease in firmness, ascorbic acid, total phenols, total anthocyanin, antioxidant content and reduced color changes and respiration rate. However, the total soluble solids content and titratable acidity of the fruit were not influenced by melatonin applications. These findings indicate that melatonin treatment may be effective in maintaining quality and bioactive compounds of sweet cherry fruit. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract In this study, the corresponding correlations, interdependencies, and relationships of nine traits of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) kernels were established. Here, the percentage of dehiscent shells, shell homogeneity, shell apex, position of suture opening, suture opening, number of pistachio kernels/100 g, (length/width) pistachio kernel ratio, pistachio kernel flavour and fat content of pistachio kernel were studied. The evaluation of experimental data was performed by applying a chemometric approach: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Bayesian Networks method and Network Meta-Analysis. In this regard, based on PCA the first principal component of shell and kernel had high loadings for shell homogeneity. By using Bayesian Networks method, dendrogram of selected pistachio varieties demonstrate a high similitude existing between varieties. Furthermore, the of shell and kernel dendrogram of studied pistachio varieties demonstrated that all studied accessions could be separated into four distinct groups. Based on cluster analysis, a detailed comparison between the varieties demonstrated that the accession named ‘KERMAN’ showed a significant similarity with the Tunisian genotype ‘ELGUETAR’. In this line, Network Meta-Analysis exhibited the different interdependencies between morphological parameters, and the hierarchical clustering via heat maps displayed relationships between studied factors. These results showed a potential use of desired characteristics at least in some infra-specific studies in Pistacia vera L. The findings of this study will help plant growers by highlighting hidden and eventual relationships between Pistacia vera L. varieties. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract In the study, the effects of different training systems (Steep Leader: SL, Spanish Bush: SB and Vogel Central Leader: VCL) on quality properties and bioactive components of “0900 Ziraat” sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L.) were investigated. The size, color and firmness values of the fruit varied depending on training system. The largest fruit was obtained in the SB training system. The fruit on trees trained VCL and SB had higher firmness than the fruit of trees trained SL. The color values of the fruit of VCL were higher than the other systems, while the vitamin C content was lower. The lowest acidity and soluble solids content (SSC) were measured in fruit trees trained SL. The highest values for bioactive compounds as phenolics, flavonoids were measured in fruit of SL training system. In the sweet cherry fruit, the major phenolic acid was catechin. The catechin, rutin, caffeic acid, 4‑hydroxybenzoic acid, 4‑aminobenzoic acid and transferulic acid content of the fruit in the SL training system were higher than those of SB and VCL. As a result, it was revealed that there is an effect of the training system on fruit quality; SB training system had higher values in terms of fruit size, whereas in terms of bioactive compound content, SL training system had higher values. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is one of the most widely grown and economically important fruit crops in the world. Skin colour is one of the most important criteria for marketing of apple fruits. Thus, improving fruit colouring is one of the main objectives of apple breeding programs. Even though environmental conditions may affect the colouring of apple, understanding the genetic basis of colouring is important to accelerate the breeding process. In recent years, molecular biology and genetic studies were conducted to explore the molecular basis of colouring in apple. Many genes responsible for the anthocyanin synthesis were identified and their associations with colouring of apple fruit flesh and/or skin were demonstrated. In addition, some DNA markers associated with fruit flesh and skin colour have been developed for screening apple cultivars and hybrids. In this study, 90 apple accessions of international, national, and local decents were selected from the genetic resources collection. Genomic DNA was isolated from leaf tissue of all acession and screened with four different DNA markers associated with fruit flesh and skin colour. Apple accessions in the collection were characterized and their genotypes and genetic potential for fruit colouration were determined by different DNA markers. Additionally, the use of these DNA markers in different apple accessions, well-characterized cultivars and uncharacterized local and national types were investigated. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract Prunus avium L. is one of the most important temperate zone fruits in the world. Most of the cherry cultivars always have difficulties of fertilization and fruit set due to self-incompatibility, so they need suitable and compatible pollinizers for commercial fruit production. In this experiment, pollination compatibility of cherry cultivars of ‘Napoleon’, ‘Burlat’, ‘Zhan’, and ‘Lambert’ was studied as both pollen recipients and donors. To determine the compatibility or incompatibility of pollinizers, percent of fruit set was calculated. This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The final average fruit set in studied cultivars was different under self or cross-pollination. The results showed that ‘Napoleon’, ‘Zhan’ and ‘Lambert’ cultivars are the suitable pollinizers for ‘Burlat’. Also, ‘Burlat’ is a cultivar which produced many fruits under self-pollination. Therefore, ‘Burlat’ can be used as monoculture for orchard establishment. Results showed that cultivar ‘Napoleon’ was cross-incompatible with ‘Lambert’. ‘Zhan’, ‘Napoleon’ and ‘Lambert’ cultivars are founded self-incompatible and require cross-pollinations to obtain fruits. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract The study was carried out to determine phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, total lipids, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of 18 different walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars and genotypes grown in Usak province, Turkey. The biochemical compounds were identified for each cultivar and genotype and a comparative evaluation was carried out. The results showed that most of the biochemical compounds are significantly varying among each other (p < 0.05). The existence and abundance of the biochemical compounds in the cultivars and genotypes have not only found to be a cause of differentiation, but they have been important parameters for the similarities among the cultivars and genotypes. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity ranged from 750.67 to 1245.64 mg GAE ml−1 and from 42.46 to 56.50% in kernels, respectively. The highest contents of the phenolic compounds were noted from gallic acid (11991 mg kg−1), ellagic acid (1057.16 mg kg−1), catechin (425.4 mg kg−1), and rutin (216.6 mg kg−1), as an average of all cultivars and genotypes. The highest lipid contents were noted from ‘Franquette’ and ‘Fernette’ as 64.28% and 63.26%, respectively, while the lowest content was noted from ‘Oguzlar 77’ (52.52%). A total of 42 VOCs were described from the 18 different walnut cultivars and genotypes. Overall, results showed that the phenolic profiles, fatty acids composition, and VOCs play an important role in similarities and diversities among the cultivars. According to the results, 7 different clusters were developed from the 18 cultivars and genotypes. Herein, ‘Fernor’, ‘Maras 18’, ‘Arslan Local Type’ and ‘Cisco’ cultivars were found to have the lowest biochemical compositions. The superior cultivars or genotypes, in terms of the abundance of the biochemical composition, were found to be ‘Gulizar Hanim Type’, ‘Lara’, ‘Pedro’, ‘Tulane’, ‘Fernette’, ‘Balkan’ and ‘Franquetta’, where they were found to develop 3 clusters by 1:3:3, respectively. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract In this study some bioactive properties of extracts of wild pear (Pyrus elaegnifolia), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), oriental hackberry (Celtis tournefortii), oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia), Japanese crabapple (Malus floribunda), rosehip (Rosa canina), pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), service tree (Sorbus domestica) and firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea) wildly growing in Turkey were investigated. The fruit extracts were analysed in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities (DPPH and phosphomolybdenum methods) and antimicrobial activity. In the results, TPC, IC50 value of DPPH and IC50 value of phosphomolybdenum for pedunculate oak were 454.35 mg GAE/g d.w., 340.52 mg AAE/g d.w. and 96.52%, respectively. Service tree and firethorn exhibited the lowest TPC (4.11 mg GAE/g d.w.) and IC50 value of DPPH (53.32 mg AAE/g d.w.), respectively. Moreover, antimicrobial activity of oleaster was 2.46%. The hackberry fruit extract had no inhibitory effect against the tested microorganisms whereas pedunculate oak extract (with 10%) had the highest inhibitory effect against Aeromonas hydrophila. Additionally, all the fruit extracts had no antimicrobial activity against the Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In conclusion, wild edible fruit extracts can be used as bioactive material due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in food industry and human nutrition. PubDate: 2022-06-01
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