Subjects -> ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (Total: 913 journals)
    - ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (810 journals)
    - POLLUTION (31 journals)
    - TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY (54 journals)
    - WASTE MANAGEMENT (18 journals)

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (810 journals)            First | 1 2 3 4 5     

Showing 601 - 378 of 378 Journals sorted alphabetically
Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 4)
Research Journal of Environmental Sciences     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
Resources     Open Access  
Resources and Environment     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
Resources, Conservation & Recycling     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 21)
Resources, Conservation & Recycling : X     Open Access   (Followers: 1)
Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
Rethinking Ecology     Open Access  
Reuse/Recycle Newsletter     Hybrid Journal  
Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies     Hybrid Journal  
Review of Environmental Economics and Policy     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 13)
Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais     Open Access   (Followers: 3)
Revista Brasileira de Meio Ambiente     Open Access  
Revista de Ciencias Ambientales     Open Access  
Revista de Direito e Sustentabilidade     Open Access  
Revista de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade - GeAS     Open Access  
Revista de Salud Ambiental     Open Access  
Revista Eletrônica de Gestão e Tecnologias Ambientais     Open Access  
Revista Kawsaypacha: Sociedad y Medio Ambiente     Open Access  
Revista Laborativa     Open Access  
Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável     Open Access   (Followers: 4)
RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety     Open Access  
Russian Journal of Ecology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 1)
Safety Science     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 32)
SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 1)
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health     Partially Free   (Followers: 14)
Science of The Total Environment     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 45)
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy     Open Access   (Followers: 8)
Social and Environmental Accountability Journal     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 3)
Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 3)
Soil and Tillage Research     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 10)
South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences     Hybrid Journal  
Southern African Journal of Environmental Education     Open Access  
Southern Forests : a Journal of Forest Science     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 4)
Sriwijaya Journal of Environment     Open Access  
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 4)
Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 4)
Studies in Conservation     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 18)
Sustainability     Open Access   (Followers: 26)
Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure     Hybrid Journal  
Sustainable Cities and Society     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 25)
Sustainable Development     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 14)
Sustainable Development Law & Policy     Open Access   (Followers: 12)
Sustainable Horizons     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 8)
Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 8)
TECHNE - Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment     Open Access   (Followers: 11)
Tecnogestión     Open Access  
Territorio della Ricerca su Insediamenti e Ambiente. Rivista internazionale di cultura urbanistica     Open Access  
The Historic Environment : Policy & Practice     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 4)
The International Journal on Media Management     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 7)
The Ring     Open Access  
Theoretical Ecology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 14)
Toxicologic Pathology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 8)
Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 2)
Toxicological Sciences     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 10)
Toxicology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 14)
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 16)
Toxicology and Industrial Health     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 6)
Toxicology in Vitro     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 8)
Toxicology Letters     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 12)
Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 7)
Toxicon     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 2)
Toxicon : X     Open Access  
Toxin Reviews     Hybrid Journal  
Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering     Open Access  
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 27)
Transportation Safety and Environment     Open Access   (Followers: 1)
Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research     Open Access  
Trends in Ecology & Evolution     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 293)
Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 3)
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 17)
Tropicultura     Open Access  
UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy     Open Access   (Followers: 3)
UD y la Geomática     Open Access  
Universidad y Ciencia     Open Access  
Urban Studies     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 81)
Urban Transformations     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
VertigO - la revue électronique en sciences de l’environnement     Open Access   (Followers: 1)
Villanova Environmental Law Journal     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
Waste Management & Research     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 7)
Water Conservation Science and Engineering     Hybrid Journal  
Water Environment Research     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 44)
Water International     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 20)
Water Security     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 6)
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution : Focus     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 7)
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution     Open Access   (Followers: 22)
Weather and Forecasting     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 41)
Weather, Climate, and Society     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 14)
Web Ecology     Open Access   (Followers: 3)
Wetlands     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 26)
Wildlife Australia     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 2)
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - Climate Change     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 34)
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews : Energy and Environment     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 8)
William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
World Environment     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 5)
World Journal of Environmental Engineering     Open Access   (Followers: 1)
Zoology and Ecology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 2)
Землеустрій, кадастр і моніторинг земель     Open Access   (Followers: 1)
气候与环境研究     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 2)

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Resources
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.688
Citation Impact (citeScore): 3
Number of Followers: 0  

  This is an Open Access Journal Open Access journal
ISSN (Online) 2079-9276
Published by MDPI Homepage  [258 journals]
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 102: Spray-Dried Jaboticaba Powder as Food
           Resource

    • Authors: Neiton C. Silva, Gabriela B. Andrade, Marcos A. S. Barrozo
      First page: 102
      Abstract: Jaboticaba, a popular Brazilian fruit, has recently garnered scientific interest due to its nutritional properties and high levels of bioactive compounds. However, this fruit is highly perishable due to its high moisture content and physical–chemical structure. Therefore, it is imperative to employ methods for preserving it and explore its potential as a food resource. This study investigates the use of a spray drying method to dehydrate whole jaboticaba fruits. The effects of air temperature (T) ranging from 67.9 to 132.1 °C, air flow rate (AF) from 1.54 to 1.86 m3/min, maltodextrin concentration (M) from 8.9 to 41.1%, and feed flow rate (FF) from 0.36 to 0.84 L/h on the moisture content, drying yield, and bioactive compounds (total phenolic, total flavonoid, citric acid, and ascorbic acid contents) were quantified. The results indicate that spray drying can produce a powder with reduced moisture content levels, a satisfactory drying yield, and high levels of bioactive compounds if performed under specific conditions. An optimization study using desirability analysis shows that having T, AF, M, and FF at 132.1 °C, 1.86 m3/min, 15.0%, and 0.4549 L/h, respectively, is the optimal condition for the studied variables. Spray drying has proven to be a very promising alternative for jaboticaba processing, enabling better applications as a food resource.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-23
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13080102
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 103: Mechanical Performance of Bentonite Plugs
           in Abandonment Operations of Petroleum Wells

    • Authors: Laura Rafaela Cavalcanti de Oliveira, Mário César de Siqueira Lima, Waleska Rodrigues Pontes da Costa, Ruth Luna do Nascimento Gonçalves, Anna Carolina Amorim Costa, Karine Castro Nóbrega, Elessandre Alves de Souza, Luciana Viana Amorim
      First page: 103
      Abstract: This study aims to evaluate how the operational procedure adopted for pellet placement and the exposure to subsurface conditions influence the mechanical integrity of bentonite plugs used as barrier elements in the abandonment of petroleum wells. To this end, the plugs were formed by hydrating the pellets directly in water, simulating the onshore procedure, while the offshore plugs were obtained from pellets hydrated in deionized water after immersion in diesel or olefin, which are suggested as displacement fluids. The plugs obtained were tested by compression and adhesion tests. These mechanical tests were also carried out for specimens obtained from plugs exposed to four formulations of synthetic formation waters. The results obtained demonstrated that, in the offshore procedure, the previous contact with olefin may adversely affects the mechanical stability of bentonite plugs, while plugs formed from pellets immersed in diesel presented satisfactory mechanical properties. However, the contact with formation water evidenced that the onshore plug presents superior resistance than the offshore plug previously immersed in diesel. The highly successful performance of the onshore plug was attested by the maintenance of the compressive strength, which exhibited a maximum reduction of 13%, even after exposure to the most saline formation waters.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-23
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13080103
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 104: Characterization of Beech Wood Pellets as
           Low-Emission Solid Biofuel for Residential Heating in Serbia

    • Authors: Vasilije Matijašević, Zdeněk Beňo, Viktor Tekáč, Van Minh Duong
      First page: 104
      Abstract: This study evaluated the suitability of two types of beech wood pellets as renewable, low-emission biofuel sources in order to combat the energy mix and poor air quality in Serbia. Key solid biofuel characteristics, including the heating values (18.5–18.7 MJ/kg), moisture content (5.54–7.16%), and volatile matter (82.4–84.4%) were assessed according to established standards. The elemental composition (mass fractions of 48.26–48.53% carbon, 6% hydrogen, 0.12–0.2% nitrogen, 0.02% sulfur, non-detected chlorine) and ash content (0.46–1.2%) demonstrated that the analyzed beech pellets met the criteria for high-quality classification, aligning with the ENplus A1 and ENplus A2 standards. The emissions of O2, CO2, CO, NOx, SO2, and TOC were quantified in the flue gas of an automatic residential pellet stove and compared with the existing literature. While combustion of the beech pellets yielded low emissions of SO2 (6 mg/m3) and NOx (188 mg/m3), the fluctuating CO (1456–2064 mg/m3) and TOC (26.75–61.46 mg/m3) levels were influenced by the appliance performance. These findings underscore the potential of beech wood pellets as a premium solid biofuel option for Serbian households, offering implications for both end-users and policymakers.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-25
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13080104
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 105: Assessment of Environmental Pollution and
           Risks Associated with Tailing Dams in a Historical Gold Mining Area of
           Ecuador

    • Authors: Bryan Salgado-Almeida, Arián Briones-Escalante, Daniel Falquez-Torres, Karla Filián-Haz, Fredy Guzmán-Martínez, Kenny Escobar-Segovia, Elizabeth Peña-Carpio, Samantha Jiménez-Oyola
      First page: 105
      Abstract: Tailings are a significant concern due to their potential release of toxic elements into the environment, posing risks to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, understanding their polluting potential is crucial for effective mitigation strategies. This study evaluates the contaminating potential of eight tailing dams in the upper basin of the Puyango River in southern Ecuador. A physicochemical and mineralogical characterization of the tailings was conducted. The contents of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V, and Zn were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The contamination index (IC) and the risk (RI) to the environment and population were evaluated. As a result, it was found that As, Cu, Pb, Se, and Zn exceeded the maximum permissible limits in all the samples according to Ecuadorian regulations. Six of the eight tailing dams presented very high pollution levels (21.28 < IC < 298.61), indicating a severe contamination risk. As, Sb, and Se were the most significant contributors to the index, with 29%, 31%, and 20% contribution to the overall IC, respectively. However, the risk assessment indicated a low risk (RI < 5) to both the population and the natural environment, mainly due to the distance between the tailing dams and the potential receptors. While the present risk associated with the studied tailing dams is low, there exists potential for long-term escalation.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-25
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13080105
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 106: Evaluating the Effects of Parameter
           Uncertainty on River Water Quality Predictions

    • Authors: André Fonseca, Cidália Botelho, Rui A. R. Boaventura, Vítor J. P. Vilar
      First page: 106
      Abstract: Due to the high uncertainty of model predictions, it is often challenging to draw definitive conclusions when evaluating river water quality in the context of management options. The major aim of this study is to present a statistical evaluation of the Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF), which is a water quality modeling system, and how this modeling system can be used as a valuable tool to enhance monitoring planning and reduce uncertainty in water quality predictions. The authors’ findings regarding the sensitivity analysis of the HSPF model in relation to water quality predictions are presented. The application of the computer model was focused on the Ave River watershed in Portugal. Calibration of the hydrology was performed at two stations over five years, starting from January 1990 and ending in December 1994. Following the calibration, the hydrology model was then validated for another five-year period, from January 1995 to December 1999. A comprehensive evaluation framework is proposed, which includes a two-step statistical evaluation based on commonly used hydrology criteria for model calibration and validation. To thoroughly assess model uncertainty and parameter sensitivity, a Monte Carlo method uncertainty evaluation approach is integrated, along with multi-parametric sensitivity analyses. The Monte Carlo simulation considers the probability distributions of fourteen HSPF water quality parameters, which are used as input factors. The parameters that had the greatest impact on the simulated in-stream fecal coliform concentrations were those that represented the first-order decay rate and the surface runoff mechanism, which effectively removed 90 percent of the fecal coliform from the pervious land surface. These parameters had a more significant influence compared to the accumulation and maximum storage rates. When it comes to the oxygen governing process, the parameters that showed the highest sensitivity were benthal oxygen demand and nitrification/denitrification rate. The insights that can be derived from this study play a critical role in the development of robust water management strategies, and their significance lies in their potential to contribute to the advancement of predictive models in the field of water resources.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-26
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13080106
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 107: Investigating of Spatial Urban Growth
           Pattern and Associated Landscape Dynamics in Congolese Mining Cities
           Bordering Zambia from 1990 to 2023

    • Authors: Yannick Useni Sikuzani, Médard Mpanda Mukenza, François Malaisse, Jan Bogaert
      First page: 107
      Abstract: This study investigates the spatial urban growth patterns of cities along the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Zambia border, a region of significant economic importance characterized by cross-border trade. This activity has led to rapid but unplanned urban growth. The objective is to quantify the spatial expansion of Congolese cities (Kipushi, Kasumbalesa, Mokambo, and Sakania) bordering Zambia and to evaluate associated landscape changes. The methodology of this study includes the supervised classification of Landsat images with a spatial resolution of 30 m for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2023. This classification was validated using field data. Subsequently, landscape metrics such as class area, patch number, Shannon diversity index, disturbance index, urban expansion intensity index, largest patch index, and mean Euclidean distance were calculated for each city and each date. The results reveal substantial landscape transformations in the border cities between 1990 and 2023. These changes are primarily driven by rapid urban expansion, particularly pronounced in Kasumbalesa. Between 1990 and 2023, forest cover declined from 70% to less than 15% in Kipushi, from 80% to 10% in Kasumbalesa, from 90% to 30% in Mokambo, and from 80% to 15% in Sakania. This forest cover loss is accompanied by an increase in landscape element diversity, as indicated by the Shannon diversity index, except in Kipushi, suggesting a transition towards more heterogeneous landscapes. In these border cities, landscape dynamics are also characterized by the expansion of agriculture and savannas, highlighted by an increase in the disturbance index. Analysis of spatial pattern changes shows that built-up areas, agriculture, and savannas exhibit trends of patch creation or aggregation, whereas forests are undergoing processes of dissection and patch attrition. Congolese cities bordering Zambia are undergoing substantial spatial changes propelled by intricate interactions between economic, demographic, and infrastructural factors. Our results underscore the need for sustainable development strategies to address urban sprawl through smart growth policies and mixed-use developments, mitigate deforestation via stricter land use regulations and reforestation projects, and enhance cross-border cooperation through joint environmental management and collaborative research initiatives.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-29
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13080107
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 108: Increasing the Sustainability of the
           Strategic Development of Oil Producing Companies in Mexico

    • Authors: Tatyana Semenova, Juan Yair Martínez Santoyo
      First page: 108
      Abstract: In the oil industry, there is a gap between the goals of sustainable development, the implementation of oil projects and its specific consequences. Oil projects are implemented in isolation from other variables, have an insufficiently targeted impact on the territory and often have a negative impact on the environment. The purpose of the study is to improve the efficiency of oil producing companies and increase their contribution to the development of the country’s economy as a whole. The methodology used in this article is based on the concept of sustainable development, systemic and integrated approaches, methodology of sub-potentials and modeling of business processes of a circular economy. The results of the study include a methodological approach to the formation of an effective business model for oil companies. We propose this methodological approach to select the projects of oil companies, taking into account economic, environmental and other factors, and the most promising prospects for Mexico. The significance of the study is that the proposed methodology makes it possible to increase the sustainability of the development of oil companies and integrate their business processes into the task of increasing the efficiency of operation and development of the territory. The novelty of the study lies in the application of the concept of sub-potentials and the calculation of critical indicator values for oil producing companies in Mexico to prevent the transition of sub-potentials of functioning and development into sub-potentials of threat and containment during project implementation.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-08-01
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13080108
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 109: Precious and Base Metal Minerals in Black
           Sands of the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast: Mineralogical and Geochemical
           Attributes

    • Authors: Abdel-Aal M. Abdel-Karim, Ahmed Gad
      First page: 109
      Abstract: This paper investigates the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics, as well as the possible sources, of gold, silver, platinum group elements (PGE), copper, and lead found in the beach sands along Egypt’s Mediterranean coast. Using scanning electron microscopy and electron probe micro-analysis, this study determines the morphology and micro-chemistry of separated grains to assess their economic potential and how various minerals respond to different transport distances. The analysis reveals that gold grains are of high purity (94.11 to 98.55 wt.%; average 96 wt.% Au) and are alloyed with Ag (1.28–2.32 wt.%) and Cu (0.16–3.15 wt.%). Two types of gold grains were identified, indicating differences in transport distances. Variations in morphology, surface features, inclusion types, rims, and chemistry of the native metals, including gold grains, suggest differences in composition, weathering degree, transport distance, deposit types, and host rocks. The average Ag concentration in gold grains (1.86 wt.%) suggests a link to mesothermal or supergene deposits. Most silver, copper, and lead grains are spherical, with some variations in shape. Silver grains have 71.66–95.34 wt.% Ag (avg. 82.67 wt.%). Copper grains have 92.54–98.42 wt.% Cu (avg. 94.22 wt.%). Lead grains contain 74.22–84.45 wt.% Pb (avg. 79.26 wt.%). The identified platinum group minerals (PGM) belong to the Pt–Fe alloys and sperrylite, both of which are PPGE-bearing minerals. These metals likely originate from the weathering of upstream Nile tributaries surrounded by igneous and metamorphic rocks from Ethiopian and Central African regions, with a minor contribution from the Egyptian Eastern Desert Mountains.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-08-09
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13080109
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 8 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 87: Circular Economy, Eco-Innovation and a
           

    • Authors: Carmen García-Castillo, Erandi Maldonado-Villalpando, Luis Seguí-Amórtegui, Hilda Guerrero-García-Rojas
      First page: 87
      Abstract: Wastewater treatment plants face enormous economic, environmental, technical, and regulatory challenges, including the high energy costs of their operation, waste generation, and the destination of treated water. In this regard, a proposal was made for the operation of municipal WWTPs in Mexico, based on the symbiosis of the circular economy and eco-innovation as strategies for sustainable change in their operation. As a result, it was possible to obtain an updated diagnosis of the situation of the WWTPs, a proposal for their operation was made, and a circular and innovative business model was established for these plants in order to channel decision-making and visualize the path for the transition of these facilities to sustainable operation.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-21
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070087
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 88: Identifying Hotspots and Most Relevant Flows
           for Red and White Wine Production in Brazil through Life Cycle Assessment:
           A Case Study

    • Authors: Panizzon, Bircke Salton, Schneider, Poletto
      First page: 88
      Abstract: This study undertakes a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of red and white wine production in Brazil, focusing on a leading winery in the Serra Gaúcha region. Given the notable lack of similar research in this area, our study employs LCA methodologies to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the winery stage. Our results indicate that although white wine generally exhibits a lower environmental impact than red wine, the specific impacts differ substantially across various environmental categories, highlighting the necessity for context-specific assessments. We also find that electricity consumption, sugar usage, and liquid CO2 production are the primary drivers of environmental impacts, especially in toxicity-related categories. Moreover, our research critically examines the suitability of the Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR) within the Brazilian context and proposes a revised set of impact categories. This revision enhances the accounted impacts from 55% in the existing PEFCR 2.0 to 80% in our recommended framework, suggesting the need for more tailored environmental impact assessment tools in regional settings. Through these findings, our study not only addresses a significant gap in LCA research within the Brazilian wine industry but also sets the stage for improved environmental management practices across Brazilian wine industries. These enhancements are crucial for aligning local production processes with global sustainability standards and advancing the environmental stewardship of the wine sector in Brazil.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-25
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070088
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 89: Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Aerial Parts
           (Italian ‘Finocchio di Isola Capo Rizzuto’ PGI): Valorization
           of Agri-Food Waste as a Potential Source of Lipase Inhibitors and
           Antioxidants

    • Authors: Mariangela Marrelli, Carmine Lupia, Maria Pia Argentieri, Roberto Bava, Fabio Castagna, Nadia Cozza, Vincenzo Mollace, Ernesto Palma, Giancarlo Statti
      First page: 89
      Abstract: A large amount of waste material derives from the horticultural industry. These plant matrices constitute a valuable source of active secondary metabolites with a wide spectrum of potential applications, including both human health and veterinary science. Italy is one of the leading European producers of fennel, and the ‘Finocchio di Isola Capo Rizzuto’ is a protected geographical indication (PGI) product, typical of the Calabria region. In this study, the waste material from this PGI Italian fennel was investigated for the first time as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Both bulbs and aerial parts were extracted with ethanol through maceration, and the phenolic content was assessed, together with the antioxidant properties. Moreover, the nutraceutical value was investigated by evaluating the potential anti-obesity effects. To this end, fennel extracts were studied for their inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase enzyme, which plays a pivotal role in dietary fat absorption. The aerial part extract demonstrated DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 293.13 ± 22.98 µg/mL) and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities (IC50 = 43.26 ± 1.90 µg/mL), and it was also effective in inhibiting pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 3.51 ± 0.09 mg/mL). Moreover, a significant positive correlation was highlighted between observed biological properties and fennel phenolic constituents. Obtained results show that ‘Finocchio di Isola Capo Rizzuto’ PGI by-products are a good candidate for further investigations as a potential source of antioxidant and anti-obesity agents useful as functional ingredients.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-26
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070089
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 90: Proposition and Application of a Conceptual
           Model for Risk Management in Rural Areas: Rural Basic Sanitation Safety
           Plan (RBSSP)

    • Authors: Rafaella Oliveira Baracho, Nolan Ribeiro Bezerra, Paulo Sérgio Scalize
      First page: 90
      Abstract: Safe access to drinking water and sanitation is a human right and a key goal of sustainable development, which must also be achieved in rural areas. This work proposes and simulates the application of a conceptual model for a basic sanitation safety plan tailored for rural areas, called the Rural Basic Sanitation Safety Plan (RBSSP). The methodology includes technical and scientific review approaches, followed by consultation with specialists through the Delphi method and simulation in a case study. The RBSSP framework includes six fundamental principles, six steps, and twenty actions to be performed. In the case study, the final conceptual model application was simulated for a rural settlement scenario, which led to significant changes in the actions, subdivisions and phases. Key findings highlight that community participation, involvement and empowerment are the most relevant factors for successful implementation. The necessary tools for RBSSP preparation, such as risk assessment methodologies and management plans, must be applied considering the scenario. Finally, after simulating the conceptual model, we conclude that it is necessary to adapt actions and apply methods and techniques developed and appropriate for rural areas to develop an effective RBSSP for each specific scenario.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-27
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070090
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 91: Assessing Food Loss and Waste in Chile:
           Insights for Policy and Sustainable Development Goals

    • Authors: Daniel Durán-Sandoval, Gemma Durán-Romero, Ana M. López
      First page: 91
      Abstract: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that Latin America and the Caribbean experienced the most rapid rise in food insecurity, with approximately 47.7 million individuals in the region affected by hunger in 2022. In Chile, almost three million people, 15.6% of the country’s population, do not have regular access to sufficient nutritious food and suffer from some form of food insecurity. Moreover, Chile is particularly susceptible to the impacts of climate change and contends with the depletion of several critical natural resources, notably water, stemming from severe and prolonged drought conditions. This article aims to comprehensively evaluate food loss and waste (FLW) in Chile and analyzes the implications of FLW on the sustainable development goal (SDG). This will be achieved by utilizing a top-down mass balance methodology that integrates various data sources and an in-depth analysis of the main food categories at different stages of the food supply chain (FSC). In 2021, Chile generated 5.18 million tons of FLW, with fruit being the largest contributor at 2.5 million tons (48% of total FLW). Vegetables accounted for 0.8 million tons (16%). Other food groups each contributed 1% to 10% of the total FLW. Per capita FLW was 295 kg. FLW varied by food group and FSC stage. Fruits, vegetables, starchy roots, and pulses had the most FLW early in the FSC, while cereals had it later. Comparing FLW with the domestic supply quantity of food, it is observed that 68% of the fruit available for the population was discarded. Vegetables and starchy roots also showed significant volumes of discarded food, with 48% and 29% of the availability of these products in Chile. Furthermore, we explore the implications of FLW on realizing SDG 2—zero hunger, particularly emphasizing its correlation with target 12.3. The research underscores the potential of its findings to significantly shape public policies and strategies concerning FLW and their alignment with the associated SDGs, making a tangible impact on the lives of millions.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-27
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070091
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 92: Hydrogen in Energy Transition: The Problem
           of Economic Efficiency, Environmental Safety, and Technological Readiness
           of Transportation and Storage

    • Authors: Svetlana Revinova, Inna Lazanyuk, Bella Gabrielyan, Tatevik Shahinyan, Yevgenya Hakobyan
      First page: 92
      Abstract: The circular economy and the clean-energy transition are inextricably linked and interdependent. One of the most important areas of the energy transition is the development of hydrogen energy. This study aims to review and systematize the data available in the literature on the environmental and economic parameters of hydrogen storage and transportation technologies (both mature and at high technological readiness levels). The study concluded that salt caverns and pipeline transportation are the most promising methods of hydrogen storage and transportation today in terms of a combination of all parameters. These methods are the most competitive in terms of price, especially when transporting hydrogen over short distances. Thus, the average price of storage will be 0.35 USD/kg, and transportation at a distance of up to 100 km is 0.3 USD/kg. Hydrogen storage underground in a gaseous state and its transportation by pipelines have the least consequences for the environment: emissions and leaks are insignificant, and there is no environmental pollution. The study identifies these methods as particularly viable given their lower environmental impact and potential for seamless integration into existing energy systems, therefore supporting the transition to a more sustainable and circular economy.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-01
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070092
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 93: A Review of Environmental Impacts of Wheat
           Production in Different Agrotechnical Systems

    • Authors: Kamran Kheiralipour, Miguel Brandão, Malgorzata Holka, Adam Choryński
      First page: 93
      Abstract: In light of the environmental challenges currently facing humanity, the issue of the environmental sustainability of crop production is becoming increasingly pressing. This is due to the fact that global population growth and the related demand for food are placing significant pressure on the environment. Wheat is a strategic crop globally due to its extensive cultivation area, high production and consumption levels, and vital nutritional properties. It is cultivated across diverse climatic conditions and within various agricultural production systems. It is of the utmost importance to pursue sustainable wheat production on a global scale, given the necessity to protect the environment and climate. The application of life cycle assessment (LCA) enables the identification of potential avenues for enhancing wheat production processes, thereby reducing the negative environmental impacts associated with these processes. This paper presents a synthesis of the existing literature on the environmental LCA of wheat grain production. It compares the impacts of different production systems, highlights critical stages in wheat cultivation, and provides recommendations for sustainable practices and directions for future research.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-01
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070093
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 94: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of
           Factors Influencing Water Use Behaviour and the Efficiency of Agricultural
           Production in South Africa

    • Authors: Heinrich C. Kotze, Mlibo S. M. A. Qotoyi, Yonas T. Bahta, Henry Jordaan, Markus A. Monteiro
      First page: 94
      Abstract: Water use behaviour and efficiency are essential topics regarding water scarcity. Water is a life-sustaining resource used for various activities within the three primary sectors: agricultural, industrial, and domestic. Increasing competition among these sectors could affect the availability and sustainability of water use. The higher demand for agricultural-related commodities emphasizes the efficient and productive use of water. Still, to achieve this, the behaviour of consumers regarding water use needs to be changed. This systematic review paper aims to highlight the factors affecting water use behaviour and efficiency for agricultural production in South Africa. It further aims to determine how agricultural producers change their behaviour to improve their water use efficiency. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria were used as a reporting framework and guidelines to identify the articles included in the review. The review only included articles focussing on agricultural water use behaviour and efficiency and articles written in English and excluded articles from web pages, blogs, magazines, etc. The databases used for the review were Google Scholar and Web of Science. The articles were reviewed by the five authors to avoid the risk of bias, along with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The final review included 30 peer-reviewed articles. A word frequency table was developed using the NVivo 14 software to conduct a thematic analysis for the review. The main factors which played a role in the water use behaviour and efficiency of farmers were (i) climate and adaptation strategies, (ii) policy and water pricing, and (iii) agricultural production and management. Each category elaborated on how water use could be improved and the different measures adopted to incorporate sustainable farm water use. This could be a guideline for farmers, stakeholders, and policymakers to improve and enhance water use behaviour and efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly South Africa. This could ultimately assist in efficiently using the water while enhancing sustainability within the agricultural sector and attaining Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) six, which is to increase water use efficiency. The limitation of this study was that it was only narrowed down to the geographical context of South Africa. This review was funded by the Water Research Commission (WRC) of South Africa (Project Number: C20222023-00798). This review was not registered.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-01
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070094
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 95: Quantifying Forest Cover Loss during the
           COVID-19 Pandemic in the Lubumbashi Charcoal Production Basin (DR Congo)
           through Remote Sensing and Landscape Analysis

    • Authors: Yannick Useni Sikuzani, Médard Mpanda Mukenza, Ildephonse Kipili Mwenya, Héritier Khoji Muteya, Dieu-donné N’tambwe Nghonda, Nathan Kasanda Mukendi, François Malaisse, Françoise Malonga Kaj, Donatien Dibwe Dia Mwembu, Jan Bogaert
      First page: 95
      Abstract: In the context of the Lubumbashi Charcoal Production Basin (LCPB), the socio-economic repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated pressures on populations dependent on forest resources for their subsistence. This study employs a comprehensive methodological approach, integrating advanced remote sensing techniques, including image classification, mapping, and detailed landscape analysis, to quantify alterations in forest cover within the LCPB during the pandemic period. Our findings reveal a consistent trend of declining forested area, characterized by processes of attrition and dissection observed throughout various study phases, spanning from May 2019 to November 2023. This reduction in forest cover, notably more pronounced in the vicinity of Lubumbashi city and the northern zone of the LCPB, proved to be less pronounced between November 2019 and September 2020, underscoring the influence of COVID-19 pandemic-induced confinement measures on forest management practices in the region. However, subsequent to this period of restriction, deforestation activity intensified, leading to significant landscape transformations within the LCPB, primarily attributable to expanded human activities, consequently resulting in a notable decrease in the proportion of land occupied by these natural ecosystems. Consequently, the size of the largest forest patch declined substantially, decreasing from 14.62% to 8.20% between May 2019 and November 2023, thereby fostering a heightened density of forest edges over time. Our findings provide a significant contribution to understanding the complex interactions between the COVID-19 pandemic and deforestation phenomena, emphasizing the urgent need to adopt adaptive management strategies and appropriate conservation measures in response to current economic challenges.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-05
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070095
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 96: Production of Motor Fuel Components by
           Processing Vegetable Oils Using a CoMo/Al2O3 Hydrotreating Catalyst and a
           ZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst

    • Authors: Daria Sosnina, Andrey Altynov, Maria Kirgina, Ilya Bogdanov
      First page: 96
      Abstract: Nowadays, there is a need to search for new renewable energy sources from which it is possible to obtain hydrocarbons that are similar in composition and properties to hydrocarbons of petroleum origin. This is due to a significant increase in demand for natural minerals and, as a consequence, the depletion of their reserves. Today, the most promising alternative renewable energy sources are various vegetable oils, which are used both in their pure form, adding them to commercial mineral fuels, and as products of catalytic processing using various catalysts. However, most studies in the field of alternative energy show that the use of fuels obtained from vegetable oils is limited by their properties as well as the climatic conditions of the areas where biofuels can be used. In this work, we propose an integrated approach to the processing of vegetable oils, which allows us to obtain products of a wide fractional composition with improved operational properties. This approach consists of sequential processing of vegetable oils, first using a CoMo/Al2O3 hydrotreating catalyst in order to obtain classical long-chain hydrocarbons with unsatisfactory properties, and then using a zeolite catalyst, ZSM-5 type, which is characterized by the active occurrence of cracking, isomerization, and aromatization reactions, which are accompanied by a decrease in the length of the hydrocarbon chain of the hydrocarbons obtained during the hydrotreating process and, as a result, improving the physicochemical and low-temperature properties of the resulting processed products.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-11
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070096
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 97: Critical Raw Materials Supply: Challenges
           and Potentialities to Exploit Rare Earth Elements from Siliceous Stones
           and Extractive Waste

    • Authors: Xinyuan Zhao, Faten Khelifi, Marco Casale, Alessandro Cavallo, Elio Padoan, Ke Yang, Giovanna Antonella Dino
      First page: 97
      Abstract: Critical raw materials (CRMs) supply is a challenge that EU countries have to face, with many thinking about domestic procurement from natural ore deposits and anthropogenic deposits (landfills and extractive waste facilities). The present research focuses on the possibilities linked to the supply of CRMs and the potential for exploiting rare earth elements (REEs), investigating a large variety of extractive waste and siliceous rocks in the Piedmont region (Northern Italy). Indeed, the recovery of REEs from the extractive waste (EW) of siliceous quarries and other siliceous ore deposits can be a valuable way to reduce supply chain risks. Starting with a review of the literature on mining activities in Piedmont and continuing with the sampling and geochemical, mineralogical, petrographic, and environmental characterization of EW facilities connected to siliceous dimension stones, of kaolinitic gneiss ore deposits, and of soils present near the investigated areas, this study shows that the degree of REEs enrichment differs depending on the sampling area (soil or EW) and lithology. The concentration of REEs in the EW at some sampling sites fulfils the indicators of industrial-grade and industrial recovery; the high cumulative production and potential market values of EW and the positive recovery effects through proven methodologies indicate a viable prospect of REE recovery from EW. However, REE recovery industrialization faces challenges such as the difficulty in achieving efficient large-scale recovery due to large regional differences in REE abundance, the mismatch between potential market value and waste annual production, etc. Nonetheless, in the future, EW from dimension stone quarries could be differentially studied and reused based on the enrichment and distribution characteristics of trace elements. The present paper shows investigation procedures undertaken to determine both CRMs potentialities and environmental issues (on the basis of literature data employed to select the more-promising areas and on sampling and characterization activities in the selected areas), together with procedures to determine the waste quantities and tentative economic values of REEs present in the investigated areas. This approach, tested on a large area (Piedmont region), is replicable and applicable to other similar case studies (at EU and non-EU levels) and offers decision makers the possibility to acquire a general overview of the potential available resources in order to decide whether and where to concentrate efforts (including economic ones) in a more detailed study to evaluate the exploitable anthropogenic deposits.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-15
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070097
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 98: Phytoremediation Characterization of Heavy
           Metals by Some Native Plants at Anthropogenic Polluted Sites in Jeddah,
           Saudi Arabia

    • Authors: Sameera A. Alghamdi, Manal El-Zohri
      First page: 98
      Abstract: Many anthropogenic activities have lately resulted in soil adulteration by heavy metals (HMs). The assessment of native plant species that grow in the polluted environments is of great importance for using these plants in phytoremediation techniques. This study was conducted in three industrial regions in Jeddah city, Wadi Marik, Bahra, and Khumrah, to assess the HM contamination level in them. This study also evaluated the phytoremediation ability of nine plant species collected from the studied regions. Soil physicochemical properties of the studied sites were investigated. Nine HMs, aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), and barium (Ba), have been evaluated in the collected soil, plant shoots, and root samples. Total thiol concentration in the plant shoots and roots was determined. The phytoremediation indexes, such as bioaccumulation factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF), were estimated. The results show that the soil of all the explored sites was sandy and slightly alkaline. It was found that Ni, Pb, and Cr were above the international permissible limit in all soil samples. The Wadi Marik region recorded the highest HM concentration compared to the other sites. In the Bahra region, Fe, Zn, Co, and Mn in all collected soil samples were below internationally permissible levels. In Khumrah, the highest concentration of Zn was found in the soil sample collected around F. indica plants, while Fe, Co, and Mn in all collected soil samples were below the international permissible limit. Depending on the BCF calculations, most of the investigated species showed phytostabilization ability for most of the studied HMs. Of them, E. indica, T. nubica, and P. divisum recorded the highest BCF values that ranged from 16.1 to 3.4. The BCF values of the studied HMs reduced in the order of Cr > Zn > Mn > Co > Ba > Fe > Al > Pb. Phytoextration of Co and Cr could be achieved by P. oleracea and F. indica, which showed TF values that reached 6.7 and 6.1, respectively. These plants showed high potential for phytoremediation and can be suggested as protective belts close to the contaminated regions of Jeddah.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-16
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070098
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 99: Navigating the Past through an Interactive
           Geovisualisation-Driven Methodology: Locating a 15th–19th Century
           Paddy Field as a Source of Agro-Ecological Knowledge (Thessaly, Greece)

    • Authors: Dimitris Goussios, Ioannis Faraslis
      First page: 99
      Abstract: The interconnection between the objectives of territorial development and those of the agro-ecological transition highlights the value of past knowledge in the sustainable management of resources and agro-ecological systems. However, the lack of data creates difficulties for retrospection in rural areas. This paper contributes to the search for such knowledge from the past by developing an interactive methodology capable of combining heterogeneous information sources with the activation of local collective memory. Its effectiveness is based on ensuring the interoperability of information and communication in an environment simultaneously shaped by geoinformatics and 3D geovisualisations. This virtual environment fostered participation and interactivity, supported by representations of the paleo-landscape (Ottoman period). Furthermore, synergies were achieved between information sources, which were integrated into local spatial systems. The application example involved identifying a rice field that existed between the 15th and 19th centuries in Thessaly, Greece. It is an interesting case because the research results indicated that the location and organisation of the crop, combined with the spatio-temporal coordination required, ensured the sustainable use of natural resources. The interplay between information and communication facilitated community participation and the activation of its collective memory as an information source that enriched the search itself and local intelligence.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-16
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070099
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 100: Valorization of Fine-Fraction CDW in Binary
           Pozzolanic CDW/Bamboo Leaf Ash Mixtures for the Elaboration of New Ternary
           Low-Carbon Cement

    • Authors: Javier Villar-Hernández, Ernesto Villar-Cociña, Holmer Savastano, Moisés Frías Rojas
      First page: 100
      Abstract: This paper presents the characterization of a binary mixture of construction and demolition waste (CDW) and bamboo leaf ash (BLAsh) calcined at 600 °C (novel mixture) and the study of its pozzolanic behavior. Different dosages in a pozzolan/Ca(OH)2 system were employed. The aim is the valorization of fine-fraction CDW that achieves a more reactive binary mixture and allows an adequate use of CDW as waste, as CDW is a material of limited use due to its low pozzolanic activity. The pozzolanic behavior of the mixture was analyzed using the conductometric method, which measures the electrical conductivity in the CDW + BLAsh/CH solution versus reaction time. With the application of a kinetic–diffusive mathematical model, the kinetic parameters of the pozzolanic reaction were quantified. This allowed a quantitative evaluation of the pozzolanic activity based on the values of these parameters. To validate these results, other experimental techniques were used: X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Also, mechanical compressive strength assays were carried out. The results show an increase in the pozzolanic activity of binary mixes of CDW + BLAsh for all the dosages used in comparison to the pozzolanic activity of CDW alone. The quantitative assessment (kinetic parameters) shows that the binary mixture CDW50 + BLAsh50 is the most reactive (reaction rate constant of 7.88 × 10−1 h−1) and is superior to the mixtures CDW60 + BLAsh40 and CDW70 + BLAs30. Compressive strength tests show higher strength values for the ternary mixes (OPC + CDW + BLAsh) compared to the binary mixes (OPC + CDW). In view of the results, the binary blend of pozzolans CDW + BLAsh is suitable for the manufacture of future low-carbon ternary cements.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-19
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070100
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 101: Characterization of Yield and
           Physico-Chemical Parameters of Selected Wild Indigenous Fruits in Rwanda

    • Authors: Gaudence Nishimwe, Suzana Augustino, Anna Sigrun Dahlin, Fidèle Niyitanga
      First page: 101
      Abstract: A study was carried out to assess the physico-chemical characteristics of wild fruits: Myrianthus holstii and Garcinia buchananii, consumed by rural communities in Rwanda. Although the species have been prioritized for domestication in the country, very little information has been documented on their yield potential, morphological traits, and nutritional compositions. Data were collected from nine fruiting trees for each species in the Bugesera and Nyamagabe districts. All fruits per tree were counted and 10 fruits were harvested for characterization. The proximate composition, vitamins, and minerals were analyzed using Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. Analyses of inferential statistics were performed to detect differences in means among the fruits from different populations. The highest yield (279 kg/tree) for M. holstii was recorded in the Musebeya population while the highest (15.12 kg/tree) for G. buchananii was recorded in the Juru populations. The quantities of vitamins A and C in M. holstii fruits ranged from 0.92 mg/100 g to 0.93 mg/100 g and from 19.22 mg/100 g to 19.94 mg/100 g, respectively. The quantities of vitamins A and C in G. buchananii fruits ranged from 0.56 mg/100 g to 0.95 mg/100 g and 33.82 mg/100 g to 34.84 mg/100 g, respectively. The most abundant mineral element recorded in this study was iron (15.95 mg/100 g) found in the M. holstii species and contributing 159.5% of the recommended daily allowance. The results obtained in this work suggest the potential value of G. buchananii and M. holstii for the development of novel products in the food industry. The findings also offer opportunities for tree selection to support their domestication and to reduce pressure on the remaining population in the wild.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-07-22
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13070101
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 7 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 70: Plant-Based Extracts as Reducing, Capping,
           

    • Authors: Zuamí Villagrán, Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza, Carlos Arnulfo Velázquez-Carriles, Jorge Manuel Silva-Jara, José Martín Ruvalcaba-Gómez, Edward F. Aurora-Vigo, Ernesto Rodríguez-Lafitte, Noé Rodríguez-Barajas, Iván Balderas-León, Fernando Martínez-Esquivias
      First page: 70
      Abstract: The synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles for diverse applications is an active research area that involves physical and chemical methods, which typically are expensive, involve hazardous chemical reagents, use complex equipment and synthesis conditions, and consume large amounts of time and energy. Thus, green synthesis methods have emerged as eco-friendly and easy alternatives for inorganic nanoparticle synthesis, particularly the use of plant-based extracts from fruit juice, leaves, seeds, peel, stem, barks, and roots, which act as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents, contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals and circular economy principles. Therefore, diverse inorganic nanoparticles have been synthesized using plant-based extracts, including gold, silver, titanium dioxide, zinc, copper, platinum, zirconium, iron, selenium, magnesium, nickel, sulfur, cobalt, palladium, and indium nanoparticles, which exhibit different biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, dye degradation, cytotoxic, analgesic, sedative, wound-healing, skin protection, sensor development, and plant-growth-promoting effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the advantages and limitations of plant-based extracts as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents for inorganic nanoparticle green synthesis.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-05-26
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060070
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 71: Why Do Small Earth Dams Deteriorate:
           Insights from Physical Investigations in the West African Sahel

    • Authors: Kaboré, Lawane, Yonaba, Biaou, Nadjibou, Pantet
      First page: 71
      Abstract: In West Africa, the construction of small earth dams is common against water scarcity. Burkina Faso, an inland country in West Africa, is home to 1001 dams that serve agricultural and pastoral needs. These embankments are predominantly made of compacted laterite, a cost-effective material abundant in over 2/3 of the country. However, these dams degrade over time, hindering their functionality. This study aims to establish a catalog of typical degradation occurring on small dams in Burkina Faso, which is virtually non-existent in the region while identifying and analyzing the potential causes. The study uses a diagnostic analysis followed up with technical visits on a representative sample of 24 dams in the Centre and Centre-South regions as a basis for future studies. The results reveal that these dams were constructed between 1965 and 2018, with capacities ranging from 150,000 to 4,740,000 m3. 33% of these dams have undergone total failure, likely attributed to factors such as internal erosion, pore overpressures, settlement, and deformation. Although 67% of the dams remain functional, their structural integrity could be improved. Erosion observed in riprap indicates vulnerability during high flood periods. Additionally, the absence of proper maintenance, as shown by the vegetation development weakening embankments, contributes to deterioration. The analysis also suggests that variability in construction techniques and lateritic material properties across time and regions may further exacerbate degradation. These findings inform infrastructure improvements and policy development for sustainable water resource management in Burkina Faso and similar regions.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-05-29
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060071
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 72: Mediterranean Wild Pear Fruits as a
           Neglected but Valuable Source of Phenolic Compounds

    • Authors: Maria Giovanna Molinu, Federico Sanna, Guy D’hallewin, Giovanni Antonio Re, Leonardo Sulas, Giovanna Piluzza
      First page: 72
      Abstract: The genus Pyrus has a long history in Sardinia (Italy), where two wild pear species (P. spinosa Forssk. and P. pyraster (L.) Burgsd.) and Pyrus communis L. cultivars are extensively distributed. Even if neglected, these taxa represent well-adapted key resources for redesigning sustainable farming systems. This report aims at shedding light on the phenolic fingerprint and antioxidant properties of wild pear fruits and comparing their traits with those of the studied pear cultivar germplasm (PCG). Fruits of wild pear species were collected, and flesh, peel, and core subsamples were analyzed. Moreover, available data from previous research on PCG were analyzed. The contents of total phenolics (TotP), total flavonoids (TotF), and condensed tannins (CT), as well as the antioxidant capacity, were similar in the flesh of the two wild species. However, P. spinosa had significantly higher values of TotP (89 g GAE kg−1 DM) and CT (33 g DE kg−1 DM) in the peel. Eleven individual phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the fruit flesh, 14 in both peel and core. For both wild species, arbutin and chlorogenic acid were the main phenolic compounds, followed by the quercetin glycosides. Comparing the antioxidant capacity and TotF fruit flesh values of wild pears with those of PCG, the latter resulted up to 15-fold lower. The wild types showed unique metabolite profiles. Results support novel insights on the phytochemicals of wild pear fruits.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-05-30
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060072
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 73: Element Cycling at Thermally Active
           Coal-Waste Dumps: A Case Study of Calamagrostis epigejos and Solidago
           canadensis

    • Authors: Anna K. Abramowicz, Oimahmad Rahmonov
      First page: 73
      Abstract: Coal-waste dumps in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin are usually colonized by tall grass Calamagrostis epigejos and Solidago canadensis, which influence the direction of vegetation formation and the soil chemistry. The aim of this study is to analyze and determine the content of major elements (Fe, Ca, P, Mg, Al, Na, K, S) and trace elements (Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, Sr, Cd, Cr) in aboveground and underground parts of the plants and the soil at the thermally active coal-waste dump. Analysis of the heavy metal concentrations reveals that they are higher in plant materials than in soil materials within the root zone of the plants. Environmental indicator analysis (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, translocation factor) shows that the studied species exhibit varying degrees of pollution, with cadmium and zinc showing the highest accumulation rates. The content of elements in the analyzed species, both in washed and unwashed specimens, does not show significant differences, which is confirmed by the enrichment factor. Statistical analysis shows a positive correlation between the amount of microelements in plants (roots, aerial part) and soil samples in both thermally active and inactive zones. These findings broaden the scientific inquiry and hold practical significance for the reclamation of post-industrial areas.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-05-30
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060073
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 74: Growth of Clones of Eucalyptus urophylla in
           Two Contrasting Soil Conditions in Plantations of Southeastern Mexico

    • Authors: Secundino Torres-Lamas, Pablo Martínez-Zurimendi, Marynor Ortega-Ramírez, Manuel Cach-Pérez, Marivel Domínguez-Domínguez
      First page: 74
      Abstract: Eucalyptus urophylla is important for the establishment of commercial forest plantations in Mexico. Genetic improvement programs are currently being implemented to increase timber productivity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the adaptability and growth stability of 26 clonal lines of E. urophylla in Acrisol and Fluvisol soils and to identify the most suitable genotypes for each soil type. Tree survival, diameter at breast height, and total height were measured annually for six years. These variables were used to estimate individual volume, volume per hectare, and mean annual (MAIv) and current annual (CAIv) volume increment. Survival ranged from 14 to 100% in the Acrisol soil and from 0 to 89% in the Fluvisol soil. Volume per hectare ranged from 65.3 to 488.7 m3, MAIv from 11.1 to 83.1 m3 ha−1 year−1, and CAIv from 2.4 to 134.7 m3 ha−1 year−1. Individual heritability (Hi2) was moderate (0.29–0.49) while the mean heritability of the cloned lines was high (0.73–0.90), indicating that growth is subject to high genetic control. Diameter, height, and volume presented no genotype × environment interaction effects, demonstrating stability in the growth of the clonal lines in both soil types.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-05-30
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060074
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 75: Post-Recycling Sodium Polyacrylate with
           Nanostructural Halloysite Additive as the Basic Components of the New
           Hybrid Soil Modifier—The Circular Economy Rules for SAP in
           Agriculture

    • Authors: Piotr Sakiewicz, Krzysztof Piotrowski, Mariola Rajca, Szczepan Cieślak
      First page: 75
      Abstract: Post-recycling sodium polyacrylate (SPA) derived from the selective recycling of personal hygiene products was tested as a potential key component of soil modifiers. Recycled SPA in combination with layered aluminosilicate (halloysite) with the sorption capacity of fertilizers allows for the creation of a fully functional, original system responsible for both water retention in soil and controlled dosing of fertilizers. The use of post-recycling SPA (possibly partially supplemented with virgin SPA) is advantageous for the natural environment. The results of different water types retention in post-recycling SPA (deionized water, rainwater, tap water) are discussed. The most beneficial effects of R-SPA swelling and water accumulation are achieved when it comes into contact with rainwater. The clear impact of Mg2+ ions on the sorption capacity of R-SPA introduces the need for a technological compromise between the solution composition (N, P, K or N, P, K, Mg) affecting its fertilization value and the possibility of obtaining maximum R-SPA swelling. The sorption capacity of R-SPA can be slightly increased by using R-SPA/V-SPA mixtures, but R-SPA still plays a decisive role in this system. The possibility of technological adjustment of the leaching rate of fertilizer components under dynamic conditions using different combinations of (R-SPA/V-SPA)/HAL was demonstrated by column tests.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-05-31
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060075
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 76: Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Resources and
           Waste Quantities from Buildings (as Urban Mining Potential) Generated by
           the European Metropolis of Lille: A Methodology Coupling Data from
           Construction and Demolition Permits with Geographic Information Systems

    • Authors: Cédric Mpié Simba, Emmanuel Lemelin
      First page: 76
      Abstract: The aim of this article was to conduct a spatial and territorial analysis of the urban mining potential of the European Metropolis of Lille (MEL), which had 1,174,273 inhabitants in 2018. This involved quantifying construction and demolition waste (CDW) deposits and analyzing their spatial distribution. The chosen quantification approach utilized building and demolition permits as input data, along with waste diagnostics for Construction and Building Materials Products (CBMPs) obtained from stakeholders in the building sector. Waste quantities were estimated using the production rate calculation method (GRC). Specifically, the calculation based on surface area combined with GIS geographic information systems. CDW quantities were categorized by demolition rehabilitation and construction; by type (hazardous non-hazardous inert); and by urban fabric. For the MEL area, the findings revealed that building sites covered the largest surface area, with over 8 million m² being constructed between 2013 and 2022. The construction activity, including renovation, is expected to constitute approximately 20% of the MEL’s building stock from 2013 to 2022. During the same period, 5.51% of the MEL’s building stock was demolished. This corresponds to nearly 6 million tons of CDW being generated during this period, averaging 661318 tons per year. Demolition sites contributed 73% of the total CDW production, compared to 22% for new construction and 4% for renovation sites. Inert waste continued to dominate the composition of waste, accounting for 90% of the total with 9% for non-hazardous waste and 1% for hazardous waste. Semi-detached and grouped houses business fabrics and townhouses or collective fabrics were identified as the primary type of waste-producing urban fabrics. Furthermore, our GIS-based methodology enabled the analysis of CDW quantity distribution by municipality, providing essential data for understanding the urban mining potential and the disparity between construction material requirements for new buildings and resources derived from building demolition. This approach facilitates the assessment of (1) a geographical area’s reliance on construction materials, and (2) the significance of reusing and recycling products equipment materials and waste (PEMW) in new construction to achieve circular economy objectives and to comply with the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) channel initiated in France in 2023. Over the period from 2013 to 2022, annual construction material requirements remained significantly higher than resources from building demolition and rehabilitation, ranging between 29% and 35%. Additionally, the analysis indicated a potential 41% rate of substitution of new construction materials with secondary primary materials in the MEL, varying by municipality and typology, with higher rates in rural communities and lower rates in urban communities.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-03
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060076
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 77: Systematic Literature Review of Land Use
           Conflicts in Northern Sweden—Lessons Learned and Ways Forward

    • Authors: Jerbelle Elomina, Ivana Živojinović
      First page: 77
      Abstract: Land use conflicts are intensifying in Northern Sweden due to the increasing global demand for resources coupled with the green transition. In line with this, a thorough understanding of land use conflicts in the area is becoming necessary as economic activities expand and newer ones are developed. Hence, this paper aims to provide a systematic literature review of research on land use conflicts specific to Northern Sweden, focusing on various economic activities such as forestry, mining, tourism, energy sector and reindeer husbandry. Additionally, we aim to determine lessons learned and suggested ways forward based on a systematic review. We used Scopus and Web of Science on June 2023 and through descriptive statistical analysis of 33 articles, we summarized research trends and gaps. We found three main typologies of conflicts and five main themes of suggested ways forward. Recommendations agree that there should be a broader understanding of the underlying interests of the stakeholders; and there should be an inclusive, more participatory approach to discussing potential solutions, not to create an agreement but to come to an understanding. Beyond academic insights, the findings hold practical relevance for shaping effective land use policies. This paper offers valuable lessons that extend beyond the local context, informing broader discussions and policy considerations for sustainable land management in the larger Arctic setting, where similar challenges and resource demands are unfolding.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-06
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060077
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 78: Production of Synthetic Carbonate Rocks
           Using Limestone Mining Waste: Mineralogical, Petrophysical and
           Geomechanical Characterization

    • Authors: Yago Ryan Pinheiro dos Santos, Igor Gomes, Analice Lima, José Barbosa, Osvaldo Correia Filho, Antonio Celso Dantas Antonino, Daniel Duarte, Marcos Rodrigues
      First page: 78
      Abstract: Carbonate rocks are important for the petroleum industry, as they contribute significantly to hydrocarbon reserves, although their analysis is complex due to the high cost of core sampling and their high heterogeneity; for this, synthetic rocks aim to provide relatively homogeneous samples with analogous characteristics to natural rocks. In this research, synthetic carbonate rocks were produced by mixing a fixed ratio between limestone powder, obtained from limestone mining waste, and epoxy resin as a cementing material, using compaction energy for consolidation. The work aimed to produce homogeneous samples with high strength, reproducing the intergranular pore system for future applications in rock–fluid interaction analysis. The characteristics and structure of the samples were investigated through X-ray computed microtomography, petrographic images, petrophysical, chemical and geomechanical tests. Results showed a direct increasing relationship between porosity and permeability and a tendency for mechanical strength (UCS) to decrease with increasing porosity. When compared with the natural carbonate rocks, these presented similarities in their mechanical properties and petrophysical measurements, showing that the methodology can be considered as an alternative for the obtention of a realistic material that can be used for future experiments regarding rock mechanics and rock–fluid interaction for prediction of carbonate rocks’ behavior.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-07
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060078
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 79: From Linear to Circular Economy: Embracing
           Digital Innovations for Sustainable Agri-Food Waste Management among
           Farmers and Retailers

    • Authors: Siraphat Padthar, Phaninee Naruetharadhol, Wutthiya Aekthanate Srisathan, Chavis Ketkaew
      First page: 79
      Abstract: Food waste is an issue throughout the food supply chain from production to consumption, especially in the later stages, such as retailing and final consumption. For the future of the developing world, changes in farming and retail practices are crucial. This study introduces a digital system for managing agricultural waste in Thailand that aims to encourage farmers and food retailers to sell their excess agricultural materials. The study’s objectives are as follows: (1) to explore factors that affect users’ behavioral intention to utilize an agriculture waste trading platform; (2) to compare the behavioral differences between farmers and retailers regarding their intention to use a digital platform for sustainable agriculture. Data were gathered from 570 fruit and vegetable sellers and farmers across five provinces in the northeastern region of Thailand. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationships between constructs based on the modified Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2), and multigroup analysis (MGA) was employed to analyze differences in path coefficients across groups. The key findings revealed that social influence (SI) had a more significant impact on retailers compared to farmers, while facilitating conditions (FC), habits (HB), and privacy (PR) were necessary for both groups. Unlike retailers, farmers were also motivated by hedonic motivation (HM) from using the platform. Explicitly, retailers’ behavioral intentions were influenced by a more significant number of factors than those of farmers. This research suggests that policymakers should develop targeted marketing campaigns leveraging social influence for retailers, improve platform usability and security, and create incentives for habitual use to enhance platform adoption. Additionally, policymakers should promote engaging features for farmers, provide comprehensive education and training, and advocate for supportive policies and financial incentives. Strategic actions to facilitate the transition toward a circular economy will improve the environmental sustainability and economic resilience of the agri-food sector.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-07
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060079
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 80: Disintegrated Waste-Activated Sludge
           (NO2/FNA Method) as a Source of Carbon for Denitrification in the
           Mainstream of a WWTP

    • Authors: Dorota Szypulska, Kamil Janiak, Bartosz Zięba, Anna Wizimirska, Marek Mołczan, Sławomir Szerzyna, Renata Tomczak-Wandzel
      First page: 80
      Abstract: The deficiency of readily biodegradable organic carbon can be a significant limitation to effective nitrogen removal during wastewater denitrification. Waste-activated sludge (WAS) is a source of carbon produced directly at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Raw WAS has a large molecular weight and complex chemical structure molecules that are not easily available for microorganisms. In this study, easily biodegradable organic fractions were released using pH control and/or nitrites and nitric acid (NO2/FNA). The obtained results indicated that WAS can be a sufficient carbon source for denitrification in WWTPs that are at risk of minor effluent violations. The implementation of WAS disintegration with the use of pH control and NO2/FNA allowed for the denitrification of an additional 0.5 and 0.8 mgN-NO3/L. WAS disintegration, besides being a source of carbon generation, reduces the volume of sludge and leads to the implementation of a closed-loop system.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-10
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060080
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 81: Biosurfactants: An Overview of Their
           Properties, Production, and Application in Mineral Flotation

    • Authors: Carolina Rossini Simões, Matheus Willian Pereira da Silva, Rodrigo Fernandes Magalhães de Souza, Ronald Roja Hacha, Antônio Gutierrez Merma, Maurício Leonardo Torem, Flávia Paulucci Cianga Silvas
      First page: 81
      Abstract: The quest for sustainable mining processes has directed research towards environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional beneficiation practices, with biosurfactants emerging as a viable option due to their lower environmental impact. This study reviews the application of biosurfactants as bioreagents in mineral flotation, exploring their production, their mechanisms of action, and the sustainability benefits they offer. Methods include a decade-long text mining analysis of relevant literature, utilizing software tools like Zotero on platforms like Web of Science to extract and analyze data. The results underscore the growing interest in biosurfactants over the last ten years, highlighting their increasing relevance in industrial applications such as mineral flotation, where they replace synthetic surfactants. Particularly, biosurfactants have shown effectiveness in enhancing the froth flotation process, leading to more efficient mineral recovery while mitigating environmental harm. In conclusion, the adoption of biosurfactants in mineral processing not only aligns with sustainability goals but also demonstrates potential improvements in operational efficiency, offering a dual benefit of environmental protection and enhanced resource recovery.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-14
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060081
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 82: Contemporary and Future Secondary Copper
           Reserves of Vietnam

    • Authors: Thi Van Le, Ryota Yamamoto, Sebastien Michael Rene Dente, Seiji Hashimoto
      First page: 82
      Abstract: As ASEAN countries, including Vietnam, approach the living standards of developed countries, their copper demand is set to rise. This study investigates Vietnam’s copper stock and flow from 1995 to 2050, employing dynamic material flow analysis and five socioeconomic pathway scenarios (SSPs). Based on this, the secondary copper reserves of Vietnam were assessed. The results showed that the domestic copper demand is expected to grow to 526–1062 kt, resulting in a rapid increase in scrap generation. In 2022, Vietnam’s secondary copper reserves stood at 2.2 Mt and are projected to reach 6.8–8.6 Mt by 2050 under the SSP2 scenario. This corresponds to 3.6–4.6 times the 1.8 Mt primary copper reserve of Vietnam. However, these primary and secondary reserves cannot meet the cumulated demand by 2050. On the other hand, a large amount of copper, 8.9 Mt to 10 Mt, will become difficult-to-recover resources, such as waste in landfill sites, dissipated materials, or mixed metal loss. To promote the sustainable use of copper in Vietnam, we recommend increased geological expedition and mining investment, and improved waste management systems related to secondary resources.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-14
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060082
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 83: Geophysical Assessment of Structurally
           Controlled Mineral Resources at Wadi El-Nakheel, Eastern Desert, Egypt

    • Authors: Mohamed Al Deep, Arwa Ibrahim, Ahmed Saleh
      First page: 83
      Abstract: It is of great importance to evaluate simple methods to identify mineral occurrence for the future development of society. Applying a reconnaissance magnetic data analysis can help detect the main structural trends mounted to the occurrence of minerals. In this study, geological and geophysical data were analyzed to evaluate the main structural trends affecting mineralization in the area of Wadi El-Nakheel. Geomagnetic data were processed to remove the earth’s magnetic field and reduce the magnetic pole. Some mathematical filters related to detecting and enhancing boundaries between rock units, depending on their magnetization affinity, were applied, including the first vertical derivative, the analytic signal, and 3D Euler deconvolution. After structural analysis of these data, we reached the following findings: The main structural trends from the surface and subsurface estimations were the northwest–southeast trend and the northeast–southwest trend. The orientation and origin of Wadi El-Nakheel are aligned with the main structural trend affecting the area that formed during the Red Sea Rift movement and the Pan-African orogeny. The depth of the deep-seated structure controlling the valley is 1500 m and all mineral occurrence is mainly structurally controlled in the studied area; phosphate ore outcrops are usually aligned with the northwest–southeast geological trend, and metallic ores are related to basement rock succession and the main dominant geological structures in the studied area. Finally, the magnetic method was demonstrated to be a reliable tool for detecting the subsurface boundary between geologic units.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-18
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060083
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 84: Hg Pollution in Groundwater of Andean Region
           of Ecuador and Human Health Risk Assessment

    • Authors: Irene Passarelli, Demmy Mora-Silva, Mirian Jimenez-Gutierrez, Santiago Logroño-Naranjo, Damaris Hernández-Allauca, Rogelio Ureta Valdez, Victor Gabriel Avalos Peñafiel, Luis Patricio Tierra Pérez, Marcelo Sanchez-Salazar, María Gabriela Tobar Ruiz, Katherin Carrera-Silva, Salvatore Straface, Carlos Mestanza-Ramón
      First page: 84
      Abstract: In Ecuador, illegal gold mining has led to significant environmental impacts, with the release of harmful elements such as mercury (Hg) into the environment. Mercury, due to its physical–chemical characteristics and the transport elements involved between different environmental matrices, can easily percolate through the soil and reach groundwater. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mercury concentration levels in the Andean region in order to perform a human health risk assessment. For this purpose, 175 water samples were analyzed, of which 9.71% exceeded the maximum permissible limit (MPL) established for drinking water in accordance with Ecuadorian regulations. The risk analysis was conducted by applying two approaches: deterministic and probabilistic. The deterministic approach involves a specific analysis based on the calculation of the risk quotient (HQ) and risk index (HI) for both receptors (adults and children) and scenarios (residential and recreational) considered; the probabilistic approach is based on the use of stochastic simulation techniques. The results obtained from the two approaches show a discrepancy, with the deterministic analysis providing more conservative results; however, they coincide in showing higher risk for the child population; decision-makers could use these results to identify areas to be monitored and plan more detailed investigation plans.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-19
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060084
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 85: Nature-Based Options for Improving Urban
           Environmental Quality: Using Black Poplar Trees for Monitoring Heavy
           Metals Pollution in Urbanized Contexts

    • Authors: Gilda Perri, Domenico Gargano, Luciana Randazzo, Sergio Calabrese, Lorenzo Brusca, Ilaria Fuoco, Carmine Apollaro, Mauro Francesco La Russa
      First page: 85
      Abstract: Several researchers recognize the importance of plants as effective tools for environmental biomonitoring. The black poplar (Populus nigra L.) often emerges as a useful bioindicator of air quality in urban environments, where this tree species is widely employed for urban areas. Here, we used ICP-MS analysis to assess the presence and concentration of trace elements, with a special focus on heavy metals (HMs), in black poplar leaves and soil samples from three urbanized sites showing varying degrees of environmental quality. Specifically, the foliar concentrations of Zn (173.3 ppm), Cd (0.7 ppm), Co (1.1 ppm) and As (0.2 ppm) exceeded reference values for unpolluted sites, indicating potential environmental hazards. Additionally, we correlated the foliar concentrations of HMs with those quantified in soil and with air quality data provided by the regional air quality-monitoring network. Subsequently, we estimated the values of foliar fluctuating asymmetry, and evaluated their relationships with HM concentrations in both leaves and soil. Our results suggest that element concentrations in black poplar leaves are related to soil contamination and atmospheric quality, and the extent depends on the proximity to relevant pollution sources. Furthermore, the study species showed a pronounced accumulation capacity for some HMs (i.e., Zn, Cd) commonly found in particulate matter. The extent of foliar fluctuating asymmetry is related to atmospheric quality and HM soil concentration, possibly because of the growth anomalies induced by this kind of environmental contamination. Overall, our data indicate the study species can supply an effective biomonitoring service in urbanized contexts, offering valuable insights into the occurrence and biological implications of heavy metal contamination.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-19
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060085
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 86: Experience in Processing Alternative Crude
           Oils to Replace Design Oil in the Refinery

    • Authors: Dicho Stratiev, Ivelina Shiskova, Vesislava Toteva, Georgi Georgiev, Rosen Dinkov, Iliyan Kolev, Ivan Petrov, Georgi Argirov, Veselina Bureva, Simeon Ribagin, Krassimir Atanassov, Svetoslav Nenov, Sotir Sotirov, Radoslava Nikolova, Anife Veli
      First page: 86
      Abstract: A comprehensive investigation of a highly complex petroleum refinery (Nelson complexity index of 10.7) during the processing of 11 crude oils and an imported atmospheric residue replacing the design Urals crude oil was performed. Various laboratory oil tests were carried out to characterize both crude oils, and their fractions. The results of oil laboratory assays along with intercriteria and regression analyses were employed to find quantitative relations between crude oil mixture quality and refining unit performance. It was found that the acidity of petroleum cannot be judged by its total acid number, and acid crudes with lower than 0.5 mg KOH/g and low sulphur content required repeated caustic treatment enhancement and provoked increased corrosion rate and sodium contamination of the hydrocracking catalyst. Increased fouling in the H-Oil hydrocracker was observed during the transfer of design Urals crude oil to other petroleum crudes. The vacuum residues with higher sulphur, lower nitrogen contents, and a lower colloidal instability index provide a higher conversion rate and lower fouling rate in the H-Oil unit. The regression equations developed in this work allow quantitative assessment of the performance of crucial refining units like the H-Oil, fluid catalytic cracker, naphtha reformer, and gas oil hydrotreatment based on laboratory oil test results.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-06-20
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13060086
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 6 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 60: Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on
           Snowfall Conditions in Poland Based on the Snow Fraction Sensitivity Index
           

    • Authors: Urszula Somorowska
      First page: 60
      Abstract: This study focuses on temperature and snowfall conditions in Poland, both of which were analyzed from 1981 to 2020. A 40-year record of daily snow fraction time series values was reconstructed using a unique and global multi-source weighted-ensemble precipitation (MSWEP) product, which provided a spatially and temporally consistent reference for the assessment of meteorological conditions. The average states and trends in snow fraction and temperature were analyzed across several years, focusing on the 6-month cold season (November–April). The impact of temperature on the snow fraction pattern was assessed by introducing a snow fraction sensitivity index. To predict short-term changes in snow conditions, a proxy model was established; it incorporated historical trends in the snow fraction as well as its mean state. This study provides clear evidence that the snow fraction is principally controlled by increases in temperature. A warming climate will thus cause a decline in the snow fraction, as we observed in vast lowland areas. Given the ongoing global warming, by the 2050s, snow-dominated areas may go from covering 86% to only 30% of the country’s surface; they will be converted into transient rain–snow areas. Our results demonstrate that a decline in snow water resources has already occurred, and these resources are expected to diminish further in the near future. New insights into the sensitivity of the snow fraction to climate warming will expand our collective knowledge of the magnitude and spatial extent of snow degradation. Such widespread changes have implications for the timing and availability of soil and groundwater resources as well as the timing and likelihood of floods and droughts. Thus, these findings will provide valuable information that can inform environmental managers of the importance of changing snowfall conditions, guiding them to include this aspect in future climate adaptation strategies.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-24
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13050060
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 5 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 61: Environmental and Economic Life Cycle
           Assessment of Enzymatic Hydrolysis-Based Fish Protein and Oil Extraction

    • Authors: Bashir Bashiri, Janna Cropotova, Kristine Kvangarsnes, Olga Gavrilova, Raivo Vilu
      First page: 61
      Abstract: As global fish consumption rises, a large amount of waste is generated that is generally neglected. Considering the value embedded in these resources, sustainable methods become more important in extracting valuable ingredients from fish processing residues. Enzymatic hydrolysis is a fast and easily reproducible method for recovering protein ingredients and obtaining valuable by-products. To confirm its advantages, an environmental and economic impact assessment is essential. This study overviewed the sustainability and economic viability of extracting protein compounds and oil from Atlantic mackerel processing residues using enzymatic hydrolysis. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) methods were employed. It was found that the climate change impact of the whole process was 0.073 kg CO2-eq per 1 g of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH). As the process produces FPH as the main product and fish oil as the by-product, economic allocation was used to distribute the impacts of FPH and fish oil. The findings of the LCCA showed that producing 1 g of FPH costs EUR 3.68. The contribution analysis indicated the crucial role of electricity and fish in environmental impacts. To ensure the accuracy of the calculation, the results of an LCA study published previously were recalculated. The sensitivity analysis showed that the results were susceptible to the region and source of electricity production. This research provides valuable insights into the sustainability and economic aspects of using enzymatic hydrolysis for extracting protein ingredients and oils from Atlantic mackerel. This can inform future investigations of environmentally friendly and economically viable solutions for extracting fish ingredients.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-24
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13050061
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 5 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 62: Different Approaches of Forest Type
           Classifications for Argentina Based on Functional Forests and Canopy Cover
           Composition by Tree Species

    • Authors: Guillermo J. Martínez Pastur, Dante Loto, Julián Rodríguez-Souilla, Eduarda M. O. Silveira, Juan M. Cellini, Pablo L. Peri
      First page: 62
      Abstract: Modern forestry systems rely on typologies of forest types (FTs). In Argentina, several proposals have been developed, but they lack unified criteria. The objective was to compare different approaches, specifically focusing on (i) phenoclusters (functional forests based on vegetation phenology variations and climate variables) and (ii) forest canopy cover composition by tree species. We conducted comparative uni-variate analyses using data from national forest inventories, forest models (biodiversity, carbon, structure), and regional climate. We assessed the performance of phenoclusters in differentiating the variability of native forests (proxy: forest structure), biodiversity (proxy: indicator species), and environmental factors (proxies: soil carbon stock, elevation, climate). Additionally, we proposed a simple FT classification methodology based on species composition, considering the basal area of tree species. Finally, we compared the performance of both proposals. Our findings showed that classifications based on forest canopy cover composition are feasible to implement in regions dominated by mono-specific forests. However, phenoclusters allowed for the increased complexity of categories at the landscape level. Conversely, in regions where multi-specific stands prevailed, classifications based on forest canopy cover composition proved ineffective; however, phenoclusters facilitated a reduction in complexity at the landscape level. These results offer a pathway to harmonize national FT classifications by employing criteria and indicators to achieve sustainable forest management and conservation initiatives.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-24
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13050062
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 5 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 63: The Comminution of Chert Gravel by Microwave
           Irradiation

    • Authors: Mark Tzibulsky, Vladimir Frid
      First page: 63
      Abstract: Chert, a by-product rock of sand quarrying, has historically posed economic challenges for aggregate production, resulting in significant “waste” accumulation in quarries. Our study investigates the effect of microwave irradiation on the mechanical properties of chert gravel, a mineralogically homogenous material composed of fine quartz grains. The results, which demonstrate that increased irradiation time leads to a substantial decrease in chert gravel strength (by a factor of 4–6 for 2.5 min of irradiation), underscore the potential impact of this research on comminution processes. With quenching altering the fractional content of the samples after the crushing test, reducing the Gravel-to-Sand ratio, this study is driven by the promising potential of crushed chert gravel as a pivotal aggregate within the concrete and asphalt industries, offering a practical solution to their material needs. The urgent need to rehabilitate previously utilized quarry areas, offering an environmentally beneficial solution for which we all should be responsible, motivated the present study.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-26
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13050063
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 5 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 64: Transformation of Energy Resources in the
           Visegrad Group: Strategies, Results, and Climate Effectiveness

    • Authors: Izabela Jonek-Kowalska, Sara Rupacz
      First page: 64
      Abstract: The climate challenges posed by the European Union are particularly difficult for emerging and developing economies. This causes reluctance to undertake them and even denial of their validity. For this reason, this article seeks to answer the question of whether it is possible to carry out an effective transformation of energy resources in the developing economies of the Visegrad Group. Analyses in this area are conducted in a long-term, 58-year research perspective (1965–2022) and concern the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. The effectiveness of the examined transformation is assessed in two dimensions as follows: (1) resource and (2) emission, which are then synthesized using a multi-criteria analysis. This research shows that an effective resource transformation aimed at a zero-emission economy is possible even in emerging and developing economies, although it undoubtedly requires time and consistency in the implementation of the once-chosen energy policy. Hungary—a leader in assessed climate effectiveness—has systematically decarbonized while reducing the use of total non-renewable resources. The Hungarian resource transition strategy assumed the use of nuclear energy and an increase in the share of renewable resources. The result of these activities is a quite diversified energy mix, which is greater resource self-sufficiency and low carbon dioxide emissions. The Czech Republic also achieved a similar strategy and results. Poland and Slovakia coped much worse with the climate challenge: although they gave up coal, they replaced it largely with other non-renewable resources. It is worth emphasizing that Poland has managed to significantly increase the use of renewable resources, and nuclear energy and hydropower have also appeared in the Slovak mix. Nevertheless, this did not allow for achieving good climatic results.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-26
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13050064
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 5 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 65: Chemical Leasing (Ch.L.) and the Sherwood
           Plot

    • Authors: Georgios Karakatsanis, Christos Makropoulos
      First page: 65
      Abstract: Although the Circular Economy (CE) has made remarkable technological progress by offering a wide range of alternative engineering solutions, an obstacle for its large-scale commercialization is nested in the adoption of those business and financial models that accurately depict the value generated from resource recovery. Recovering a resource from a waste matrix conserves natural reserves in situ by reducing demand for virgin resources, as well as conserving environmental carrying capacities by reducing waste discharges. The standard business model for resource recovery is Industrial Symbiosis (IS), where industries organize in clusters and allocate the process of waste matrices to achieve the recovery of a valuable resource at an optimal cost. Our work develops a coherent microeconomic architecture of Chemical Leasing (Ch.L.) contracts within the analytical framework of the Sherwood Plot (SP) for recovering a Value-Added Compound (VAC) from a wastewater matrix. The SP depicts the relationship between the VAC’s dilution in the wastewater matrix and its cost of recovery. ChL is engineered on the SP as a financial contract, motivating industrial synergies for delivering the VAC at the target dilution level at the market’s minimum cost and with mutual profits. In this context, we develop a ChL market typology where information completeness on which industry is most cost-efficient in recovering a VAC at every dilution level determines market dominance via a Kullback–Leibler Divergence (DKL) metric. In turn, we model how payoffs are allocated between industries via three ChL contract pricing systems, their profitability limits, and their fitting potential by market type. Finally, we discuss the emerging applications of ChL financial engineering in relation to three vital pillars of resource recovery and natural capital conservation.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-05-08
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13050065
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 5 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 66: Influence of Carbons on Metal Stabilization
           and the Reduction in Soil Phytotoxicity with the Assessment of Health
           Risks

    • Authors: Agnieszka Pusz, Magdalena Wiśniewska, Arkadiusz Kamiński, Peter Knosala, Dominik Rogalski
      First page: 66
      Abstract: Despite notable achievements in the development and application of the remediation of metal-contaminated soils, the search for and study of promising immobilizing agents continues. This article presents a new approach to using brown coal and activated carbon and their application for metal stabilization. An experiment was conducted to test Medicago falcata L. on soils from industrial areas contaminated with varying levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) with the addition of carbons. This plant is a stress-tolerant leguminous species. In this study, the total content of metals in soil and the available forms to plants (single extractions with 0.02 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA) were determined, along with metal contents in the plant. The use of carbons lowered the phytoavailable forms of metals for plants and thus, resulted in a reduction in the phytotoxicity of the soils. The contents of the tested metals in the roots and shoots were lower than in the combinations of soils with no carbon added. The activated carbon had a stronger effect on limiting the availability of metals than brown coal in relation to plants growing on soils without added carbon; the percentage of reduction for the shoots was Cr (18.2%) > Zn (11.5%) > Ni (10.7%) > Cu (10.3%) > Cd (8.9%) > Pb (2.4%) and Cu (13.3%) > Cr (12.5%) > Zn (10.5%) > Pb (9.0%) > Ni (5.7%) > Cd (4.6%) for roots. Metals reduced the growth of Medicago falcata L. roots from 44 to 21%, while the growth of shoots was reduced from 25 to 2%. Adding carbons to soils in all combinations resulted in a decrease in the following pollution indices: pollution index (PI), pollution load index (PLI), and non-carcinogenic (HQ) and carcinogenic risk factors (ILCR).
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-05-09
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13050066
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 5 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 67: Novel Chymotrypsin Purified and
           Biochemically Characterized from Digestive Organs of Bigfin Reef Squid
           (Sepioteuthis lessoniana)

    • Authors: Jirapan Satjarak, Sappasith Klomklao, Yi Zhang, Karun Thongprajukaew
      First page: 67
      Abstract: Chymotrypsin from the digestive organs of bigfin reef squid, a major commercial squid species in Thailand, was purified to 41-fold with 5.7% yield by a sequential purification process including ammonium sulfate precipitation, size exclusion, and ion exchange chromatography. According to SDS-PAGE, the molecular weight of purified chymotrypsin was 43 kDa. Native-PAGE analysis revealed a single band for this purified enzyme. The optimum pH and temperature for chymotrypsin activity of the purified enzyme were a pH of 7.0 with a temperature of 55 °C. The purified chymotrypsin remained stable throughout a wide range of pH levels (6–11) and at relatively high temperature (55 °C). It was significantly inhibited by PMSF and TPCK. The values of the kinetic constants Km and Kcat were found to be 1.33 mM and 31.46 s−1, respectively. The purified chymotrypsin has the N-terminal amino acid IVGGQEATPGEWPWQAALQV. This study provided new information about the biochemical properties of pure chymotrypsin from bigfin reef squid, which will be useful in the future investigation, aquaculture, and application of bigfin reef squid.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-05-14
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13050067
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 5 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 68: Spondias tuberosa and Spondias mombin:
           Nutritional Composition, Bioactive Compounds, Biological Activity and
           Technological Applications

    • Authors: Jaqueline Souza de Freitas, Alex de Aguiar Novo, Claudete Norie Kunigami, Davyson de Lima Moreira, Suely Pereira Freitas, Virgínia Martins da Matta, Eliane Przytyk Jung, Leilson de Oliveira Ribeiro
      First page: 68
      Abstract: The genus Spondias has two species of native trees from Brazil that deserve to be highlighted: Spondias tuberosa (“umbu”) and Spondias mombin (“cajá”). Their fruit contain bioactive compounds which have been associated with several biological activities. However, they remain little exploited in the development of food and pharmaceutical products. In this perspective, the present review summarizes the literature data about the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics, bioactive compounds, potential health benefits, and industrial applications of these fruit, including their pulp, seed, and peel. The current scenery mapping for scientific articles was performed in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The study also considered patent applications collected in the Derwent database. Results showed an increase in scientific publications in recent years for both species. Many applications are related to food technology; nevertheless, due to the composition of their non-edible fractions, they have the potential for use in biorefinery, being their use an opportunity for bioeconomy. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive overview of these Brazilian native fruit to offer a theoretical foundation and valuable data for future investigations and exploitation.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-05-14
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13050068
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 5 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 69: The Use of Phosphogypsum as a Source of Raw
           Materials for Gypsum-Based Materials

    • Authors: Kseniya Levickaya, Nataliya Alfimova, Ivan Nikulin, Natalia Kozhukhova, Aleksander Buryanov
      First page: 69
      Abstract: Gypsum binders and the products based on them are widely in demand in the construction materials market, which is due to their easy production technology, lower energy consumption, and low environmental impact in relation to Portland cement. Not only natural gypsum (NG), but also phosphogypsum (PG), which is a by-product of the synthesis of orthophosphoric acid from phosphorite rock, can be used as a source of raw materials for the production of gypsum materials. PG is produced annually in large quantities throughout the world. In chemical composition, PG mainly consists of calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO4·2H2O, so it is a good potential analogue of natural gypsum, which is used as the main component of gypsum building materials. Thus, the useful recycling of PG as a technogenic resource with valuable properties will expand the raw material base for the production of gypsum materials. This approach to handling technogenic resources fits well with the principles of a circular economy. However, like any technogenic resource, PGs from different enterprises normally differ in their deposits of the original phosphate rock and production technologies. Therefore, PG contains a large number of undesirable impurities, the proportion and composition of which vary over a wide range. This feature does not allow for predicting the properties of PG-based materials without a preliminary detailed study of PG. This research was aimed at carrying out a comprehensive study of the characteristics of PGs from three different industrial plants to evaluate their relationship with the properties of gypsum materials based on them. It was found that PGs have significant differences in their structural and morphological characteristics both in relation to each other and in relation to NG. Also, binders based on PG and NG have significant differences in their physical properties. The average density, compressive strength, and flexural strength for the PG binders with equal workability are lower than those of NG binders. At a water/solid ratio (W/S) < 0.7, all PG binders exhibit comparable compressive strength to NG binders. Thus, PG can act as an alternative to natural gypsum in gypsum binders.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-05-14
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13050069
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 5 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 49: Hydrochar as an Alternative to Coal: A
           Comparative Study of Lignocellulosic and Nonlignocellulosic Biomass

    • Authors: Numan Luthfi, Takashi Fukushima, Xiulun Wang, Kenji Takisawa
      First page: 49
      Abstract: Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a widely used process for converting biomass with a wide range of moisture. Biomass selection poses challenges in producing hydrochar with desired properties because of their different constituents. In this study, we investigated the fuel properties of hydrochar of sorghum bagasse (SB) and microalgae (MA) at different severity factors (SFs = 4.08, 4.43, 5.56, 5.90, and 6.63) and their potential as alternatives to coal. The results show that during HTC, both biomasses underwent dehydration, in addition to the noticeable decarboxylation of MA. Fixed carbon increasingly developed in the SB hydrochar, in contrast to the MA hydrochar, which formed volatile hydrocarbon; thus, the MA hydrochar released heat values of 26.7–36.2 MJ·kg−1, which was higher than that of SB at 19.7–28.0 MJ·kg−1. However, owing to the stable hydrocarbons, SB hydrochar is assumed to combust more stably and ignite more decently, as indicated by its fuel ratio (0.83), approaching 0.9–1.5. Moreover, the greater number of solids recovered in SB after carbonization makes its conversion more techno-commercially viable, retaining 1.8 times more of the original energy. Conflating these fuel properties reveals that SB hydrochar (SF = 6.63) is a promising alternative to steam coal, and MA hydrochar is an attractive alternative to both steam (SF = 4.08–5.90) and coking coals (SF = 6.63). Concisely, both biomasses are practically promising as value-added hydrochars, but only SB can be developed beyond the current HTC severity owing to the thermal stability of its hydrocarbons.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-31
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13040049
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 4 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 50: The Circularity of Materials from the
           Perspective of a Product Life Cycle: A Life Cycle Assessment Case Study of
           Secondary Fence Boards—Part 1 (Baseline Scenario)

    • Authors: Joanna Kulczycka, Anna Lewandowska, Katarzyna Joachimiak-Lechman, Przemysław Kurczewski
      First page: 50
      Abstract: In the era of the circular economy, solutions aimed at increasing the circularity of materials and products are highly welcome. Eco-design and waste management strategies are crucial for ensuring circularity and resource-saving. Strategies should be driven by assessing life cycle-based environmental performance. Tools to measure this performance should take into account two recycling-oriented parameters: recycled content and recycling rate. This paper presents the results of a life cycle assessment case study for a secondary fence board (baseline scenario). The circular footprint formula has been used to allocate burdens and credits between the supplier and the user of recycled materials. The potential environmental impact and the most significant issues have been calculated, identified, and presented. A general recommendation for further environmental development of the secondary fence board is to improve the production-related energy efficiency of recycling processes and increase the recycling rate of the board (to avoid landfilling).
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-01
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13040050
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 4 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 51: Separation of Cellulose from Wastewater and
           Valorisation via Pyrolysis: A Case Study in the Czech Republic

    • Authors: Denisa Djordjevićová, Marco Carnevale Miino, Jakub Raček, Tomáš Chorazy, Petr Hlavínek, Zuzana Vranayova
      First page: 51
      Abstract: Currently, the recovery of resources from urban wastewater (WW) represents a priority. On this topic, the potential recovery of cellulose for its subsequent reuse in different sectors is gaining interest. In this work, a large-size conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was selected as a case study. A preliminary mechanical treatment was used, with the aim of separating, quantifying, and characterizing cellulose in WW. The results suggest that the per-capita production of dry primary cellulosic sludge (D-PCS) is equal to 1.46 ± 0.13 kgD-PCS PE−1 y−1, with an average calorific value of 21.04 MJ kg−1DM. Cellulosic fibres have an average length of >100 µm and a thickness of 2–5 µm. The D-PCS was subsequently treated via medium-temperature pyrolysis; a total of 29.5% of the initial D-PCS was converted into pyrolyzed primary cellulosic sludge (P-PCS) and only 26% into pyrolytic gas. More than 44.5% of the dried cellulose can be converted into pyrolytic oil. Moreover, three different scenarios of recovery have been considered, and the impact of cellulose separation in terms of COD fluxes entering the WWTP and potential energy recovery has been studied. The results suggested that, in this case study, the potential separation of the primary cellulosic sludge from the influent water flux would have no significant impact on COD load entering the biological treatments and biogas production in the anaerobic digestion of the secondary sludge.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-05
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13040051
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 4 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 52: The Circularity of Materials from the
           Perspective of the Product Life Cycle: A Case Study of Secondary Fence
           Board, Part 2 (Scenario Analysis)

    • Authors: Joanna Kulczycka, Anna Lewandowska, Katarzyna Joachimiak-Lechman, Przemysław Kurczewski
      First page: 52
      Abstract: Recycling strategies demonstrate different life cycle environmental performance. In order to assess this performance, a life cycle assessment may be used. In such studies, the recycling should be linked with multifunctionality and allocation. This requires it to be modelled accordingly, especially in terms of environmental burdens and credits. The paper presents a case study of open-loop recycling. A flow of mixed post-consumer multi-material waste was reprocessed into another product with a new application—a fence board made of recycled material (secondary fence board). Although many allocation-related case studies are provided in the literature, no example of a comparison between different substitution scenarios for open-loop recycling has been found. In order to fill the gap, various hypothetical market-mix-based alternatives related to the virgin production and durability of products have been examined. The goal of the study is to assess the potential environmental impact of 1 m2 of secondary fence board modelled in different substitution scenarios. The paper is the second part of a two-part study. In Part 1, life cycle assessment results were presented for a baseline scenario (1A). Part 2 focuses strongly on allocation considerations. In order to ensure a consistency between the results of Part 1 and Part 2, the entire life cycle of the fence board has been taken into account in both calculations. The case study has shown that the results may be highly sensitive to the choice of substitutes and the choice of quality attributes impacting the reference flows (in our example, the durability of products).
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-07
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13040052
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 4 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 53: Risks to Human Health from the Consumption
           of Water from Aquifers in Gold Mining Areas in the Coastal Region of
           Ecuador

    • Authors: Irene Passarelli, Demmy Mora-Silva, Carla Arguello Guadalupe, Thalía Carrillo Arteaga, Rogelio Ureta Valdez, Luz María Orna Puente, María Gabriela Tobar Ruiz, Guicela Ati-Cutiupala, Marcelo Sanchez-Salazar, Salvatore Straface, Carlos Mestanza-Ramón
      First page: 53
      Abstract: Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) is a source of supply in many areas of the world, especially in developing countries. This is often carried out illegally using toxic substances such as mercury. Mercury, due to its chemical–physical properties and the transport factors involved between the different environmental matrices, can percolate through soil and from surface water to groundwater. The objective of this study was to conduct a human health risk assessment. For this purpose, a screening of mercury concentrations was carried out, collecting 67 water samples at selected points, and a risk assessment was performed applying both a deterministic and a probabilistic approach. A deterministic approach is a specific analysis based on determining the values of the risk quotient (HQ) and the risk index (HI) for each receptor category (adults and children) and scenario (residential and recreational) considered; a probabilistic approach is based on stochastic simulation techniques and the evaluation of the statistical quantities. There was found to be a discrepancy between the results provided by the two approaches, with the deterministic approach suggesting a more worrisome picture. However, in general, the results showed a greater exposure in the provinces of El Oro and Esmeraldas, and a greater vulnerability of child receptors.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-08
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13040053
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 4 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 54: Combined Contaminant Levels from Local
           Harvested Food Items in the Norwegian–Finnish–Russian Border
           Region

    • Authors: Anna Nalbandyan-Schwarz, Kristine Bondo Pedersen, Anita Evenset, Eldbjørg Heimstad, Torkjel M. Sandanger, Päivi Myllynen, Arja Rautio
      First page: 54
      Abstract: This paper presents the results of a multidisciplinary study with the aim of assessing the potential combined risk from consuming locally harvested food products in the Euro-Arctic region of Norway, Finland, and Russia. The three important contaminant groups—radioactive substances, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs)—were measured in food samples such as berries, mushrooms, fish, birds, reindeer, and moose; they were sampled in 2013–2015. To assess the combined pollution levels and investigate the trends, similarities, and variations between different contaminant groups, subsequent multivariate statistical analysis was performed. The results showed that, in general, the levels of radioactive substances, toxic elements, and POPs were below the permitted EU maximum content in food products. However, statistical analysis revealed some correlations, similarities, and peculiarities between the accumulation of different contaminants in various species, which allowed for a better understanding of the mechanisms of accumulation and interaction between different contaminant groups. It also gave a better insight into the possible added risks and helped pinpoint species that could serve as reference markers for the accumulation of different contaminants in food. Mushrooms, fish, and reindeer were found to be important markers in the combined risk assessments for the contents of metals and radioactive substances. Further research, as well as the development of methodologies for combined assessments, are recommended.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-08
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13040054
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 4 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 55: Production and Quality Characteristics of
           Royal Jelly in Relation to Available Natural Food Resources

    • Authors: Dimitrios Kanelis, Vasilios Liolios, Maria-Anna Rodopoulou, Fotini Papadopoulou, Chrysoula Tananaki
      First page: 55
      Abstract: Royal jelly is a secretion produced from the hypopharyngeal glands of worker bees, which requires significant pollen reserves to stimulate gland secretion. The natural sources of food available to the hive during beekeeping season can greatly affect the quantity and quality of produced royal jelly. In this study, samples of royal jelly were collected throughout the beekeeping season, and their physical and chemical characteristics were analyzed to understand how natural variations in bee diet affect royal jelly production. Before each sample collection, the bees’ food reserves were removed from the experimental colonies so that the royal jelly was produced solely from natural sources. The results showed that the production was significantly lower during the summer months compared with spring and autumn. Additionally, the moisture, protein, fructose, and glucose content of fresh royal jelly also showed significant changes in the summer, and all physical and chemical characteristics decreased when the fresh samples were converted into dry matter. It seems that the quality of pollen entering the hives has a direct impact on the physical and chemical properties of the final product, highlighting the crucial role of available resources in stimulating bees to produce royal jelly.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-08
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13040055
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 4 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 56: Navigating Legal and Regulatory Frameworks
           to Achieve the Resilience and Sustainability of Indigenous Socioecological
           Systems

    • Authors: Stephen Chitengi Sakapaji, Jorge García Molinos, Varvara Parilova, Tuyara Gavrilyeva, Natalia Yakovleva
      First page: 56
      Abstract: The sustainability of Indigenous Socioecological Systems (ISES) largely depends on well-crafted policy regulations. In particular, Indigenous traditional food systems (ITFS) are an essential component of ISES that provide a variety of culturally accepted, healthy foods while also playing an important role in cultural, spiritual, and economic value to the Indigenous people (IP). Thus, sustainably managing these traditional natural resources must be a priority. As custodians of much of the world’s ecological system, IP have, for generations, exhibited sustainable lifestyles in governing these systems. However, Indigenous perspectives and voices have not been properly reflected in the ISES sustainability discourse, and few comparative case studies have addressed this issue. This study contributes to fill this research gap using a desktop research method based on the Political Ecological Theoretical Framework (PETF) to examine how existing regulatory policies may affect the resilience and sustainability of ISES-ITFS, especially in relation to growing environmental and climatic pressures. Two Indigenous communities, the Karen in Thailand and different Indigenous groups in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in Russia, are examined as case studies. Our study provides crucial insight that should help the development of robust policy interventions that integrate Indigenous concerns into policies and regulations, emphasizing self-determination, cultural preservation, and land rights. The findings emphasize the necessity for comprehensive legal frameworks prioritizing Indigenous involvement and concerns in climate and sustainability policy implementations. The ultimate goal is to foster meaningful dialogues between policymakers and IP in navigating the climate and sustainability challenges of our time.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-08
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13040056
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 4 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 57: The Role of Internet and Social Interactions
           in Advancing Waste Sorting Behaviors in Rural Communities

    • Authors: Xiaolan Wang, Liz Maribel Robladillo Bravo, Ricardo Fernando Cosio Borda, Luis Alberto Marcelo Quispe, James Arístides Pajuelo Rodríguez, Józef Ober, Nihal Ahmed, Nisar Ahmed Khan
      First page: 57
      Abstract: Addressing the global challenge of sustainable waste management, this research investigates the influence of social dynamics and digital connectivity on rural residents’ willingness to adopt waste classification practices, essential for sustainable environmental management. Through a comprehensive analysis of 5413 rural participants surveyed in the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS), this study employs a novel mixed-methods approach. It integrates quantitative analysis with the Manski social interaction framework and a Recursive Bivariate Probit model to explore the intricate interplay between community interactions, internet access, and environmental behaviors. Our methodology stands out for its unique combination of social theory and econometric modeling to address a pressing environmental issue. Results highlight a significant effect of mobile internet use and social interactions within communities on enhancing willingness towards waste classification. Notably, digital connectivity emerges as a key facilitator of environmental engagement, mediating social influences, and fostering a collective approach to waste management. Considering these insights, we propose targeted policy interventions that blend digital strategies with traditional community engagement efforts. Recommendations include crafting digital literacy programs and leveraging social media to bolster community-centric environmental governance. By harnessing the synergistic potential of digital tools and social dynamics, these strategies aim to elevate the effectiveness of waste classification initiatives in rural China, offering a scalable model for environmental sustainability.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-09
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13040057
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 4 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 58: Evaluation of the Effect of a Spray Coating
           Applied on Open-Air-Stored Woodchips

    • Authors: Gianni Picchi, Carla Nati, Lorenzo Brilli, Alessandro Cinotti
      First page: 58
      Abstract: The present study aimed at testing the benefits of protecting woodchips with an acrylic crusting product developed for the coal energy industry. In the test carried out, four conical wood chips piles were built, two consisting of fresh biomass, the other two of dry wood chips. A fourth larger pile was built as a reference. One dry and one fresh pile were superficially treated with 25 kg of protective acrylic solution diluted in 250 L of water, providing an average application of coating agent of approximately 85 g m−2, while the other two worked as controls. To monitor the piles’ temperature variation, thermal sensors were placed in the inner part of the five piles during their construction. Moisture content (MC) and dry matter (DM) variations in woodchip piles were recorded. The piles treated with the coating agent did not show any significant differences with the untreated piles: in wet material, the protective film slightly reduced the moisture dispersal from the pile from evaporation rather than limiting water intake from rain; in dry material, this confirms the inability of the coating agent to limit water intake from rainfall.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-15
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13040058
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 4 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 59: Environmental and Land-Use Changes as a
           Consequence of Land Reform in the Urej River Catchment (Western
           Tajikistan)

    • Authors: Oimahmad Rahmonov, Bartłomiej Szypuła, Michał Sobala, Zebiniso B. Islamova
      First page: 59
      Abstract: Mountain societies are strongly linked to natural resources and their rational management. The growing population has led to the management of mountain areas according to emerging human needs. The study was conducted in the Urej River catchment (The Fann Mountains, Tajikistan). This paper aims to present changes in land use in 1988–2023 resulting from environmental conditions and land reform. Pasturelands predominate in the study area (93.8%), while built-up with kitchen garden and irrigated areas cover 1.8% and 4.0% of the area, respectively. Kitchen gardens and irrigated areas provide food for the residents. Significant land-use changes were observed along the Uroz River, where the irrigation system was developed in areas that have not yet been used for plant cultivation. This is typical of many areas in Tajikistan, where it is impossible to obtain crops without irrigation due to climatic conditions. Until 1988, the study area was not as intensively cultivated as it is today. Under the ongoing lease system based on the Dehkan Farm Act, grazing land is still owned by the state, but inhabitants have access to it. The leased land does little to improve the economic situation of households but contributes to preventing ecosystem degradation on the slopes caused by humans.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-04-19
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13040059
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 4 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 34: Reformulation of Persimmon Value-Added
           Model: Product Downstream Development Strategy for Farmers in East Java,
           Indonesia

    • Authors: Ayu Erfiana Asmy, Abdul Rauf, Rahmawaty, Badaruddin, Umrotul Khasanah
      First page: 34
      Abstract: This research aims to reformulate the value-added model of persimmon fruit as an instrument to increase farmers’ income by developing a product downstream strategy. This research was conducted in Malang and Tulungagung in East Java through observation and interviews. Then, we used SWOT analysis technique (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) to identify various factors in reformulating and developing strategies systematically. The results show that farmers must consider product diversification, improved quality and packaging, certification and label, increased nutritional value, marketing and promotion, network and partnership development, training and capacity building, access to capital and financing, research and innovation, and farmer empowerment. Then, in downstream development, it is necessary to carry out strategies in the form of increased production quality, sustainable agricultural practices, processed product development, preparation of partnerships with private parties, effective marketing and promotion, intelligent packaging, product diversification, logistics and distribution optimization, business and financial management, and organic and sustainable certification. This research also identified that persimmon fruit production has great potential, with a large amount land and a high amount of production. In addition, various downstream persimmon products in the form of processed food and beverages can provide significant added value and have the potential to increase farmers’ incomes.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-02-22
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030034
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 35: A Review on the Recovery and Separation of
           Gallium and Indium from Waste

    • Authors: Joanna Kluczka
      First page: 35
      Abstract: Gallium and indium are crucial metals in various industries, such as the medical and telecommunication industries. They can find applications as pure metals, alloys and alloy admixtures, oxides, organometallic compounds, and compounds with elements such as nitrogen or arsenic. Recovery of these two metals from waste is an important issue for two main reasons. First, gallium and indium are scattered in the Earth’s crust and their minerals are too rare to serve as a primary source. Second, e-waste contributes to the rapidly growing problem of Earth littering, as its amount increased significantly in recent years. Therefore, it is essential to develop and implement procedures that will enable the recovery of valuable elements from waste and limit the emission of harmful substances into the environment. This paper discusses technological operations and methods that are currently used or may be used to produce pure gallium and indium or their oxides from waste. The first step was described—waste pretreatment, including disassembly and sorting in several stages. Then, mechanical treatment as well as physical, chemical, and physicochemical separations were discussed. The greatest emphasis was placed on the hydrometallurgical methods of gallium and indium recovery, to be more precise on the extraction and various sorption methods following the leaching stage. Methods of obtaining pure metals or metal oxides and their refining processes were also mentioned.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-01
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030035
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 36: Coastal Acid-Sulfate Soils of Kalimantan,
           Indonesia, for Food Security: Characteristics, Management, and Future
           Directions

    • Authors: Yiyi Sulaeman, Eni Maftuáh, Muhammad Noor, Anna Hairani, Siti Nurzakiah, Mukhlis Mukhlis, Khairil Anwar, Arifin Fahmi, Muhammad Saleh, Izhar Khairullah, Indrastuti Apri Rumanti, Muhammad Alwi, Aidi Noor, Rina Dirgahayu Ningsih
      First page: 36
      Abstract: Coastal acid-sulfate soils are crucial for producing crops and thus, for food security. However, over time, these soil resources experience degradation, leading to higher agro-input, lower yields, and environmental hazards that finally threaten food security. The optimal use of this fragile resource is only attained by implementing vigorous integrated water–soil–crop management technologies amid the climate change impact. This study aimed to review the distribution, properties, use, and management of acid-sulfate soils in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Acid-sulfate soils cover about 3.5 Mha of the coastal area in Kalimantan and have high acidity, high-risk iron and aluminum toxicity, and low fertility, requiring precise water management, amelioration and fertilizer application, crop variety selection, and rice cultivation technologies. Lime, biochar, organic fertilizer, compost, ash, and fly ash are ameliorants that raise pH, reduce iron and aluminum toxicity, and improve crop yield. Rice cultivation has developed from traditional to modern but needs re-designing to fit local conditions. Depending on the soil nutrient status, rice cultivation requires 80–200 kg ha−1 of urea, 50–150 kg ha−1 of SP36, 50–150 kg ha−1 of KCl, and 125–400 kg ha−1 of NPK compound fertilizer, but is affected by CH4 and CO2 emissions. Good water management impacts the effective implementation of amelioration and fertilizer application technologies. The remaining challenges and future directions for water management, amelioration, fertilizer application, crop varieties, cultivation techniques, land use optimization, climate change adaptation and mitigation, technology adoption and implementation, and resource conservation are outlined. Acid-sulfate soils remain a resource capital that supports food security regionally and nationally in Indonesia.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-06
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030036
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 37: Utilization of Biomass Waste at Water
           Treatment

    • Authors: Isabel Pestana da Paixão Cansado, Pedro Francisco Geraldo, Paulo Alexandre Mira Mourão, José Eduardo Castanheiro, Elisabete Palma Carreiro, Suhas
      First page: 37
      Abstract: This work presents some preliminary results on the direct use of untreated biomass from agricultural activities as adsorbents for water treatment. Waste was also used to produce activated carbons (ACs) by chemical activation with KOH. The efficacy of agricultural waste such as stubble, sawdust from Teak (Tectona Grandis), fibers from Imbondeiro (Adansonia digitata L.), bamboo flowers, and other regional plants were tested on methylene blue (MB) removal from the aqueous phase. Adsorption studies were conducted in a batch system and the influence of kinetics, pH, and temperature was evaluated. The adsorption performance of the natural adsorbents was significantly high concerning MB. In particular, Imbondeiro presented a maximum removal capacity of 188.3 mg per gram. This amount was similar to or even higher than the values obtained on ACs produced by their predecessors at 873 K. The studies were finished by constructing slow filters containing natural adsorbents or ACs. The maximum amounts of MB removed on a continuous flux were lower than those obtained for a diversity of untreated biomass types on a batch system. However, these amounts were comparable to the published results obtained on a diversity of untreated biomasses in batch mode.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-08
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030037
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 38: Are Land Use and Cover Changes and
           Socioeconomic Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Dengue Fever' A
           Case Study in Minas Gerais State, Brazil

    • Authors: Ana Clara Andrade, Luiz Alberto Dolabela Falcão, Magno Augusto Zazá Borges, Marcos Esdras Leite, Mário Marcos do Espírito Santo
      First page: 38
      Abstract: Several studies have already demonstrated the relationship between the loss of natural habitats and the incidence of diseases caused by vectors, such as dengue, which is an acute fever disease that is considered a serious public health problem. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the number of dengue cases and land use and cover changes (LUCC) and socioeconomic and climatic factors by municipality, using the state of Minas Gerais as a case study. For this, secondary data obtained from openly available sources were used. Natural vegetation cover data were obtained from the MAPBiomas platform and dengue occurrence data from the Ministry of Health, in addition to eight socioeconomic parameters from the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics and precipitation data from the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais). Between 2015 and 2019, 1,255,731 cases of dengue were recorded throughout the state of Minas Gerais, ranging from 0 to 227 per thousand inhabitants between municipalities. The occurrence of dengue was distributed throughout all regions of Minas Gerais and was associated with LUCC and socioeconomic factors. In general, municipalities with a net loss of natural vegetation, predominantly located in the Cerrado biome, had the highest number of dengue cases in the studied period. Additionally, the occurrence of dengue was associated to three socioeconomic parameters: population density, human development index (both positively), and Gini inequality index (negatively). These results indicate that, contrary to expectations, municipalities with better social conditions had more dengue cases. Our study indicates that natural vegetation is, directly or indirectly, involved in the ecosystem service of dengue control, despite the occurrence of this disease being affected by multiple factors that interact in a complex way. Thus, policies towards reducing deforestation must be complemented by a continuous investment in public health policies and a reduction in social inequalities to efficiently control dengue fever.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-08
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030038
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 39: Influence of Geology, Hydrogeology, and
           Climate on Ground Source Heat Pump Distribution in Slovenia and Selected
           European Countries

    • Authors: Simona Adrinek, Mitja Janža, Rao Martand Singh
      First page: 39
      Abstract: Shallow geothermal energy (SGE) is a renewable energy that could contribute to the decarbonatization of the heating and cooling sector. SGE is predominantly harnessed through ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems. The choice of which type of GSHP system depends on various factors. Understanding these factors is crucial for optimizing the efficiency of GSHP systems and fostering their implementation. In this paper, we have analysed the spatial distribution of GSHPs in Slovenia. We identified 1073 groundwater and 1122 ground-coupled heat pump systems with a total heat pump capacity of almost 30 MW. We quantitatively assessed the influence of geological, hydrogeological, and climate conditions on their spatial distribution. Using the χ2 test and information value method, we identified hydrogeological conditions as the most influential factor for the GSHP systems’ spatial distribution. We also performed the spatial analysis of geological and hydrogeological data in 22 European countries, including Slovenia. We collected the reported numbers of installed GSHP units in 2020 and were able to distinguish the shares of groundwater and ground-coupled heat pump systems for 12 of these countries. The analysis showed that ground-coupled heat pumps predominate in most countries, even if the natural conditions are favourable for groundwater heat pumps.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-08
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030039
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 40: Removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
           from Aqueous Solutions Using Al2O3/Graphene Oxide Granules Prepared by
           Spray-Drying Method

    • Authors: Alexandra Yu. Kurmysheva, Ekaterina Kuznetsova, Marina D. Vedenyapina, Pavel Podrabinnik, Nestor Washington Solís Pinargote, Anton Smirnov, Sergey N. Grigoriev
      First page: 40
      Abstract: Within this study, aluminum oxide granules with 0.25%vol. of graphene oxide were prepared by a spray-drying method to make an adsorbent for the 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide removal from aqueous solutions. The obtained adsorbent was studied using infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The presence of graphene in the spray-dried powder was confirmed. The adsorption removal of 2,4-D using the obtained material was performed at an ambient temperature by varying the process parameters such as pH and adsorption time. The adsorption of 2,4-D was a monolayer chemisorption according to the Langmuir isotherm pattern and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of the monolayer was 35.181 mg/g. The results show that the Al2O3-0.25%vol. GO powder obtained by spray drying is suitable for the production of adsorbents for toxic herbicides.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-11
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030040
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 41: Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Storage in
           Mangrove Forests in Southeastern Mexico

    • Authors: Carlos Roberto Ávila-Acosta, Marivel Domínguez-Domínguez, César Jesús Vázquez-Navarrete, Rocío Guadalupe Acosta-Pech, Pablo Martínez-Zurimendi
      First page: 41
      Abstract: The aboveground contributions of mangroves to global carbon sequestration reinforce the need to estimate biomass in these systems. The objective was to determine the aboveground biomass storage and quantify the carbon and CO2e content in Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, and Laguncularia racemosa present in southeastern Mexico. Based on the Forest Protocol for Mexico Version 2.0 methodology, published by Climate Action Reserve, 130 circular plots were randomly selected and established in an area of 930 ha of mangrove vegetation, and the aboveground biomass and stored carbon were determined. The mangrove had a density of 3515 ± 428.5 individuals per hectare. The aboveground biomass of the three species was 120.5 Mg ha−1. The biomass of L. racemosa was 99.5 Mg ha−1, which represents 82.6% of the total biomass. The biomass of R. mangle was 20.33 Mg ha−1, and that of A. germinans was 0.32 Mg ha−1. The total carbon retained in the trees was 60.25 Mg C ha−1 and 221.1 Mg CO2e ha−1. Laguncularia racemosa generated the highest contributions of CO2e. The area of mangroves accumulated 112,065 Mg of aboveground biomass. The carbon contained in this biomass corresponds to 205,623 Mg CO2e. This mangrove contributes to mitigating the effects of climate change globally through the reduction in greenhouse gases.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-12
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030041
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 42: The Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Water
           Resources (Rainfall and Snow) in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range
           (Southern Spain)

    • Authors: Eulogio Pardo-Igúzquiza, Sergio Martos-Rosillo, Jorge Jódar, Peter A. Dowd
      First page: 42
      Abstract: This paper describes the use of a unique spatio-temporally resolved precipitation and temperature dataset to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of water resources over a period of almost seven decades across the Sierra Nevada mountain range, which is the most southern Alpine environment in Europe. The altitude and geographical location of this isolated alpine environment makes it a good detector of climate change. The data were generated by applying geostatistical co-kriging to significant instrumental precipitation and temperature (minimum, maximum and mean) datasets. The correlation between precipitation and altitude was not particularly high and the statistical analysis yielded some surprising results in the form of mean annual precipitation maps and yearly precipitation time series. These results confirm the importance of orographic precipitation in the Sierra Nevada mountain range and show a decrease in mean annual precipitation of 33 mm per decade. Seasonality, however, has remained constant throughout the period of the study. The results show that previous studies have overestimated the altitudinal precipitation gradient in the Sierra Nevada and reveal its complex spatial variability. In addition, the results show a clear correspondence between the mean annual precipitation and the NAO index and, to a much lesser extent, the WeMO index. With respect to temperature, there is a high correlation between minimum temperature and altitude (coefficient of correlation = −0.84) and between maximum temperature and altitude (coefficient of correlation = −0.9). Thus, our spatial temperature maps were very similar to topographic maps, but the temporal trend was complex, with negative (decreasing) and positive (increasing) trends. A dynamic model of snowfall can be obtained by using the degree-day methodology. These results should be considered when checking the local performance of climatological models.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-12
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030042
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 43: Bioaccumulation of Cr, Zn, Pb and Cu in
           Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Erigeron canadensis L.

    • Authors: Volodymyr Laptiev, Samuel Obeng Apori, Michelle Giltrap, Furong Tian, Nataliia Ryzhenko
      First page: 43
      Abstract: The city of Dnipro, a prominent industrial hub in Ukraine, is recognized for its particularly its significant industrial development. This study focused on two prevalent plant species, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Erigeron canadensis L., within the vicinity. Sampling was conducted at points located 12.02 km away from the emission sources associated with battery production and recycling plants in Dnipro. Analysis of heavy metal concentrations such as, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn was conducted using atomic emission spectrometry from the soil and plants tissues of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Erigeron canadensis L. The translocation coefficient (TF) was calculated for both plant species. The results revealed that Cu and Zn exhibited the highest bioaccumulation in the examined plants, whereas Pb demonstrated the lowest. The order of metal uptake by both plants was determined as Cu > Zn > Cr > Pb. Significantly higher concentrations of these metals were observed in the two studied plants compared to the soil (Ftheor < Fexp, p < 0.05), suggesting the bioavailability of metals for these plants. The translocation coefficient (TF) represented the ratio of metal concentration in the shoot/the root. The TF value of Erigeron canadensis L. exceeded 1 for four metals. On the other hand, the TF value of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. surpassed 1 for Cr, Cu, and Zn. Consequently, both species emerge as potential phytoremediators for soils contaminated with these studied metals.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-13
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030043
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 44: Historical Analysis of the Effects of
           Drought on Rice and Maize Yields in Southeast Asia

    • Authors: Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen, Pavinee Chanvichit
      First page: 44
      Abstract: This study performs an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to study the relationship between rice and maize productivities and the different time scales of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), including 1-month, 6-month, and 12-month time scales in Southeast Asia during the years 1970–2019. For the 1-month time scale, the averaged SPEI values are in the range of −1.0 to 1.0, indicating a moderate degree of dryness and humidity. Both 6-month and 12-month time scales suggest that many countries in Southeast Asia are experiencing mostly wet conditions, with SPEI values reaching up to 1.5. The relationship analysis by using EOF was indicated by the first and second principal components (PC1 and PC2) suggesting that drought events exhibit a positive orientation to crop productivity, especially maize in Southeast Asia. The pattern of climate oscillations, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), is likely related to crop productivity in Southeast Asia. The findings emphasize the importance of considering temporal climatic patterns in agricultural decision-making, with implications for enhancing regional climate resilience and ensuring sustainable food security in the face of global climate change.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-18
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030044
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 45: Assessment of Environmental Impacts of
           Thermal Caisson Geothermal Systems

    • Authors: Pouria Abbasi, Masih Alavy, Pavel Belansky, Marc A. Rosen
      First page: 45
      Abstract: This paper investigates the total environmental impacts of a thermal caisson (TC) system by implementing a life cycle assessment methodology. The total environmental impacts consider the comprehensive effect on the environment across two life cycle stages: manufacturing and operation. A comparison between the TC results and two different HVAC systems, including air-conditioning/furnace and conventional ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems, was made by adopting the ReCiPe 2016 methodology. This study reveals that the operation phase is the predominant contributor to environmental impacts across systems, mainly due to its extended duration. Specifically, the operational impacts of GSHPs are substantial, accounting for approximately 87% of total environmental impacts. A TC GSHP system demonstrates a notable environmental advantage, achieving a 79% reduction in total environmental impact when compared to traditional AC/furnace systems. This represents a 21% improvement over conventional GSHP systems. Despite this substantial reduction in total environmental impact, the TC GSHP system shows an almost 5% increase in the resource availability damage category relative to the conventional GSHP, which is attributed to its higher material consumption. These results highlight the TC GSHP system’s superior efficiency in reducing environmental impacts and its potential as a more sustainable alternative in residential heating and cooling applications.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-19
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030045
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 46: Circular Economy in Guaiamum and
           Uçá Crab Waste in Brazil: Potential By-Products—A
           Systematic Literature Review

    • Authors: Joel Joaquim de Santana Filho, Pedro Dinis Gaspar, Ana Costa de Souza, Arminda do Paço
      First page: 46
      Abstract: This study aimed to fill a gap in the sustainable management of the reverse supply chain of Guaiamum and Uçá crab waste in Brazil, an endangered species. The study focused on the circular economy, governance, and recent developments, and identified circular economy practices in the utilization of solid waste from the fishing and collection of these species in extractive regions, in line with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A systematic literature review was conducted in major scientific databases. The selection of the 20 research publications followed pre-established criteria, including relevance to the SDGs and systematic review methodology. The results highlighted key variables related to the characteristics of by-products and the factors that influence the adoption of circular economy practices, in line with relevant SDGs. The most mentioned by-products include animal feed, organic fertilizer, biofuels, crab shell chitin biocomposite derivatives, as well as Chitosan-based composites for food packaging applications due to their non-toxicity, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties. The study also identified future research opportunities covering education, policy, and management, in line with the UN SDGs. This study emphasizes the importance of the circular economy for solid crab waste in Brazil, a country with 12% of the world’s mangroves, which are essential both as a nursery for crabs and for ocean nutrition. It also analyzes current trends and initiatives in the reverse management of Guaiamum and Uçá crab waste, in the context of Supply Chain and Sustainable Management.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-19
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030046
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 47: The Environmental Oxidation of Acetaminophen
           in Aqueous Media as an Emerging Pharmaceutical Pollutant Using a Chitosan
           Waste-Based Magnetite Nanocomposite

    • Authors: Manasik M. Nour, Maha A. Tony
      First page: 47
      Abstract: Clean water is a precious and limited resource that plays a crucial role in supporting life on our planet. However, the industrial sector, especially the pharmaceutical industry, significantly contributes to water consumption, and this can lead to water body pollution. Fenton’s reagent was introduced in the current investigation to oxidize acetaminophen as an emerging pollutant in such effluents. Therefore, we employed a straightforward co-precipitation method to fabricate chitosan-coated magnetic iron oxide, which is referred to in this study as Chit@Fe3O4. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), scanning electron microscopy (TEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to characterize the sample. It is crucial to treat such effluents due to the rapid increase in emerging pollutants. In this study, a photo-Fenton system was introduced as a combination of a Chit@Fe3O4 catalyst augmented with hydrogen peroxide under ultraviolet (UV) illumination conditions. The results reveal that only 1 h of irradiance time is efficient in oxidizing acetaminophen molecules. Doses of 20 and 200 mg/L of Chit@Fe3O4 and H2O2, respectively, and a pH of 2.0 were recorded as the optimal operational conditions that correspondingly oxidize 20 mg/L of acetaminophen to a 95% removal rate. An increase in the reaction temperature results in a decline in the reaction rate, and this, in turn, confirms that the reaction system is exothermic in nature. The sustainability of the catalyst was verified and deemed adequate in treating and oxidizing acetaminophen, even up to the fourth cycle, achieving a 69% removal rate. A kinetic modeling approach is applied to the experimental results, and the kinetic data reveal that the oxidation system conforms to second-order kinetics, with rate constants ranging from 0.0157 to 0.0036 L/mg·min. Furthermore, an analysis of the thermodynamic parameters reveals that the reaction is exothermic and non-spontaneous, predicting an activation energy of 36.35 kJ/mol. Therefore, the proposed system can address the limitations associated with the homogeneous Fenton system.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-19
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030047
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 48: Biomass Densification to Improve Management
           Efficiency and to Obtain High Value Products in México

    • Authors: Rigoberto Rosales-Serna, Artemio Carrillo-Parra, Julio César Ríos-Saucedo, Damián Reyes-Jáquez, Donaji Sierra-Zurita, Saúl Santana-Espinoza, Rafael Jiménez-Ocampo, Pablo Alfredo Domínguez-Martínez, Cynthia Adriana Nava-Berumen
      First page: 48
      Abstract: In México, the utilization of fast-growing plant species for biomass production presents transportation-related issues such as freshness reduction, the transportation of large volumes with minimal weight due to low density, limited storage availability, and logistical challenges. To enhance understanding in this field, the research aimed to evaluate the densification potential of a variety of organic materials, with a specific emphasis on the biomass derived from eight species of rapidly growing plants, three animal species’ manure, and concentrated feed. After conditioning, 100 g samples underwent particle size analysis and were categorized into seven sizes. Pellets and briquettes (40 g, 10% moisture, 15 MPa pressure, 5 min processing, 80 °C temperature) were produced and evaluated for bulk density (BD) and pellet (PD) and briquette durability (BDU). The predominant particle sizes were 0.850 mm and 0.425 mm. Original biomass bulk density (OBBD) varied notably, with ovine manure (0.50 g cm−3) and cattle feed (0.49 g cm−3) exhibiting the highest values. Caprine manure (0.83 g cm−3) and ovine manure (0.78 g cm−3) yielded the densest pellets at 1.76 and 1.84 g cm−3, respectively. Apple tree pellets achieved premium quality with the highest hardness (97.9%). Cattle manure (1.25 g cm−3) and cattle feed (1.25 g cm−3) had the densest briquettes, with notable BBD/OBBD ratios in pine sawdust (4.6) and corn (4.5). Caprine manure and Acacia biomass briquettes showed premium quality with the highest hardness (99.1%), emphasizing densification variations and the need for tailored approaches based on organic material characteristics.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-03-20
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13030048
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 3 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 18: Saltwater Intrusion and Agricultural Land
           Use Change in Nga Nam, Soc Trang, Vietnam

    • Authors: Phan Chi Nguyen, Pham Thanh Vu, Nguyen Quoc Khuong, Huynh Vuong Thu Minh, Huynh Anh Vo
      First page: 18
      Abstract: Under the effects of saltwater intrusion from rising sea water levels, climate change, and socioeconomic issues, the Nga Nam district in Vietnam has suffered damage to its agriculture and changes in agricultural land use. This study aimed to investigate the factors that influenced land use changes and to propose approaches to limit the changes in agricultural land use. The damage caused by saltwater intrusion on agricultural production was evaluated via the use of secondary data collected from the Department of Infrastructure Economics of the Nga Nam district in the period of 2010–2021. The results show that during the 2010–2015 period, agricultural production areas were affected in 2010, 2012, and 2015. In the period of 2015–2021, the trend of saltwater intrusion along the damaged area remarkably decreased due to the work of saltwater-preventing structures. In this period, the area of annual plants increased, while that of perennial trees decreased. In the area comprising annual plants, the area using the triple rice land use type converted into an area using the double rice and double rice–fish ones. Lands for perennial trees transitioned from mixed farming to specialized farming to raise the economic efficiency for farmers. These changes were affected by four main factors: the physical factor, the economy, society, and the environment. The environmental and economic factors were seen to play the most important role as drivers of changes in land use. The factors of saltwater intrusion and acid-sulfate-contaminated soil, consumer markets, floods, drought, profit, and investments were noted to be significant drivers in agricultural land use change. Thus, both structural and non-structural approaches are suggested to inhibit the safeguard changes in the future.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-01-23
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020018
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 19: Natural Resource Optimization and
           Sustainability in Society 5.0: A Comprehensive Review

    • Authors: César Ramírez-Márquez, Thelma Posadas-Paredes, Alma Yunuen Raya-Tapia, José María Ponce-Ortega
      First page: 19
      Abstract: In this study, we examine Society 5.0, defined as a future framework where advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and other digital innovations are integrated into society for sustainable resource management. Society 5.0 represents an evolution from the industrial focus of Industry 4.0, aiming for a harmonious balance between technological progress and human-centric values, consistent with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Our methodology involves a detailed literature review, focusing on identifying and evaluating the roles of AI, IoT, and other emerging technologies in enhancing resource efficiency, particularly in the water and energy sectors, to minimize environmental impact. This approach allows us to present a comprehensive overview of current technological advancements and their potential applications in Society 5.0. Our study’s added value lies in its synthesis of diverse technological strategies, emphasizing the synergy between circular economy practices and sustainable economic development. We highlight the necessity for resilience and adaptability to ecological challenges and advocate for a collaborative, data-informed decision-making framework. Our findings portray Society 5.0 as a holistic model for addressing contemporary global challenges in resource management and conservation, projecting a future where technology aligns with sustainable, equitable, and human-centered development.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-01-24
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020019
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 20: Soybean Oil as a Green Solvent for the
           Recovery of Carotenoids from Banana Peel: Evaluation of the Storage and
           Processing on Final Product

    • Authors: Nara Michi de Faria Ishikiriyama, Isabele Policarpo da Silveira, Joyce Viana Silva, Beatriz Pereira de Freitas, Claudete Norie Kunigami, Eliane Przytyk Jung, Leilson de Oliveira Ribeiro
      First page: 20
      Abstract: This study aimed to recover carotenoids from banana peel by employing a solid-liquid extraction using soybean oil as a green solvent. The oil with the highest total carotenoid content was evaluated for storage stability (30 °C/90 days) and thermal processing (100 and 200 °C/1–2 h). The results for changing temperature (33–67 °C), solid-liquid ratio (1:6–1:74 w/w), and agitation (132–468 rpm) were combined to evaluate the recovery of carotenoids from banana peel in extractions performed for 1 h. The highest total carotenoid concentration obtained from banana peel with 13% residual moisture was 756 µg of β-carotene/mL of oil at 50 °C with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:6 and 300 rpm agitation, resulting in a 55% recovery, which is superior to the extraction using acetone as the solvent (50%). Nutritionally, the carotenoid-rich oil can substantially increase vitamin A intake since a 13-mL serving can correspond to 63–117% of the daily intake of vitamin A for different groups. Regarding storage, no differences were observed in the fatty acid profile of the carotenoid-rich oil and the control (pure soybean oil) after 90 days (p > 0.05). The fatty acid profile also remained the same after thermal processing, regardless of temperature and exposure time, except for linolenic acid. 84% retention of total carotenoids was observed after storage. For thermal processing at 100 and 200 °C, regardless of the processing time, a 91 and 31% retention were observed, respectively. Therefore, the use of banana peel as a raw material to obtain carotenoids using soybean oil as a green solvent can add value to production chains, and it is aligned with Sustainable Development Goals 2 and 12 of the UN 2030 Agenda, which aims to end hunger, achieve food security, promote sustainable agriculture and ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns, respectively.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-01-29
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020020
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 21: The Bioenergetic Potential from Coffee
           Processing Residues: Towards an Industrial Symbiosis

    • Authors: Lorena Torres Albarracin, Irina Ramirez Mas, Lucas Tadeu Fuess, Renata Piacentini Rodriguez, Maria Paula Cardeal Volpi, Bruna de Souza Moraes
      First page: 21
      Abstract: Coffee processing generates a large amount of organic waste, which has the potential for energy use through biogas production. Although Brazil dominates world coffee production, treating its residue with biogas technology is not a practice, especially due to this product’s seasonality, which hampers continuous digester operation. The implementation of biogas production from coffee residues in a concept of industrial symbiosis could overcome this. This work evaluates the biogas energy potential from the main liquid residues of coffee processing (i.e., mucilage and wash water) and their integration with glycerin and cattle manure. Around 2773 m3 biogas day−1 would be produced (75% CH4), used as biomethane (734 thousand m3 year−1), or thermal energy (23,000,000 MJ year−1), or electricity (2718 MWh year−1), which could supply, respectively, all the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel demands of the farm, all the thermal energy demands of the grain drying process, as well as electricity for 30 residences. Considering the short coffee season, the results have a broader context for the application of biogas production on coffee processing farms, envisaging that the Agroindustrial Eco-Park concept has the potential to integrate various agroindustrial sectors for energy production, residue exchange, and water recirculation.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-01-31
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020021
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 22: Dynamic Capabilities: Unveiling Key
           Resources for Environmental Sustainability and Economic Sustainability,
           

    • Authors: Jacqueline de Almeida Barbosa Franco, Ary Franco Junior, Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle, Barbara Stolte Bezerra
      First page: 22
      Abstract: This paper examines the role of dynamic capabilities as resources for achieving environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and corporate social responsibility within the pillars of the Sustainable Development Goals. Economic growth and technological progress, while driving societal advancements, have also contributed to challenges such as inefficient resource utilization, social inequality, climate change, and unsustainable production. Through an integrative review, the paper identifies sixteen dynamic capabilities incorporated into a business framework. These capabilities aim to support environmental and economic sustainability, along with corporate social responsibility in line with the Sustainable Development Goals. The paper emphasizes opportunities for companies and academia to adopt sustainable practices. This contribution aims to advance the broader objective of sustainable development by promoting a balance between societal progress and responsible resource management.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-02-01
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020022
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 23: Non-Uniform Distribution of Geoheritage
           Resources in Geoparks—Problems, Challenges and Opportunities

    • Authors: Piotr Migoń, Edyta Pijet-Migoń
      First page: 23
      Abstract: Geoparks are territorial organizations, whose primary aim is to foster sustainable local development through the promotion of geoheritage, geotourism and geoeducation. Sites of significant interest from the perspective of geosciences (geosites), as well as the overall geodiversity of the territory, are the fundamental resources for geopark activities. The distribution of these resources in the geographical space of geoparks may, however, be uneven. We first review four cases of UNESCO Global Geoparks from different European countries (Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Portugal) where such a situation occurs, with consequences on tourism development. Then, we place particular focus on an aspiring geopark of the Land of Extinct Volcanoes in SW Poland, providing evidence of its geoheritage and geodiversity values. The aspiring geopark integrates a mountainous–upland terrain and a lowland part, the latter with much fewer sites of interest and, apparently, fewer opportunities to successfully develop geotourism. Recognizing the challenges emerging from the non-uniform distribution of resources and learning from established geoparks, we highlight various opportunities to encourage (geo)tourism in the less diverse sections of the geoparks. Implementation of the ABC (abiotic–biotic–cultural) concept could be particularly helpful, as could be various events organized in these areas.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-02-02
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020023
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 24: An Investigation of Willingness to Pay for
           Geopark Management and Conservation: A Case Study of Geotourists in the
           Greater China Region

    • Authors: Wei Fang, Gloria Rui Gou, Lewis T. O. Cheung, Lincoln Fok, Alice S. Y. Chow, Ke Zhang
      First page: 24
      Abstract: Willingness to pay (WTP) for geological protection is essential for market-based geopark conservation tactic formulations. Whether geotourists are willing to pay and how much they prefer to pay might be influenced by different determinants. The present study aims to (1) investigate the probability of paying and the payment amount for geopark conservation and (2) examine how factors influence the intention and amount to pay for the upkeep of geoparks. The results suggest that geotourists would contribute financially to geological conservation and geopark management. The findings also revealed that geotourists’ intentions and payment for conservation were associated with educational background and monthly income level. In addition, geotourist attachment and satisfaction concerning visiting geoparks positively affected intention and payment. This study might provide empirical references for geopark management and conservation in the Greater China Region.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-02-05
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020024
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 25: Modelling Possible Household Uses of Grey
           Water in Poland using Property Fitting Analysis

    • Authors: Józef Ober, Janusz Karwot, Charli Sitinjak
      First page: 25
      Abstract: One of the most important methods of optimising water consumption is grey water recycling. From a technological point of view, the treatment of grey water guarantees that it can be reused for domestic or corporate purposes, but it raises the issue of the social acceptance of the use of such water. This study aimed to assess the possibility of using grey water in households in Poland. The originality of this research study lies in the application of the PROFIT method for the separate construction of models of the benefits of grey water according to user groups. Four groups were identified, differentiated by gender and age; age and possession of an irretrievable water meter; gender and place of residence; place of residence and possession of an irretrievable water meter. To answer the formulated research questions, a diagnostic survey method was used, in which 807 randomly selected respondents from all over Poland were surveyed. The results of the survey indicate that homeowners perceive the potential use of grey water as beneficial, pointing most often to the following factors: rebuilding groundwater levels, reduced extraction of drinking water from rivers and other water bodies, and increased vegetation growth. On the other hand, they are concerned about the need to reconstruct the existing water and sewerage systems in order to produce drinking water from grey water as well as about the high cost and parameter stability of drinking water produced from grey water. Furthermore, men and older people attribute less importance to measures related to the introduction of good practices based on the reuse of recycled water in water management. Women, on the other hand, appreciate almost all opportunities to use grey water to a greater extent than men.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-02-05
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020025
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 26: Waste Management during the Production
           Drilling Stage in the Oil and Gas Sector: A Feasibility Study

    • Authors: Andrey Lebedev, Alexey Cherepovitsyn
      First page: 26
      Abstract: Drilling-waste management is of great importance in the oil and gas industry due to the substantial volume of multi-component waste generated during the production process. Improper waste handling can pose serious environmental risks, including soil and water contamination and the release of harmful chemicals. Failure to properly manage waste can result in large fines and legal consequences, as well as damage to corporate reputation. Proper drilling-waste management is essential to mitigate these risks and ensure the sustainable and responsible operation of oil and gas projects. It involves the use of advanced technologies and best practices to treat and utilize drilling waste in an environmentally safe and cost-effective manner. This article describes a feasibility study of four drilling-waste management options in the context of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug of Russia. For ten years of the project life, the NPV under the base scenario is equal to RUB −3374.3 million, under the first scenario is equal to RUB −1466.7 million, under the second scenario is equal to RUB −1666.8 million and under the third scenario is equal to RUB −792.4 million. When considering projects, regardless of oil production, the project under the third scenario pays off in 7.8 years and the NPV is RUB 7.04 million. The MCD and MCV parameters were calculated to be 106 km and 2290 tons, respectively. Furthermore, the study estimates the ecological damage prevented and the environmental effect of each option. Quantitative risk assessments, conducted through sensitivity analysis, reveal that the fourth option, involving the conversion of drilling waste into construction materials, emerges as the most economically feasible. The study also evaluates the interaction between business and government and analyzes the current situation in the sphere of drilling-waste management, concluding with concise recommendations for both companies and official bodies.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-02-05
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020026
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 27: Ways to Improve the Effectiveness of
           

    • Authors: Ilya Bogdanov, Yana Morozova, Andrey Altynov, Alina Titaeva, Maria Kirgina
      First page: 27
      Abstract: Diesel fuel is the main fuel for transport and power generation for remote areas, especially the Arctic. For these territories, it is important to produce low-freezing fuel grades. The most effective way to improve the low-temperature properties of diesel fuels (cloud point, pour point, and cold filter plugging point) is the use of depressant additives. Existing research shows that the depressant additives’ effectiveness is influenced by many factors. The most important factors are diesel fuel composition, additive concentration, and the temperature of additive introduction into the fuel (adding temperature). The purpose of this work is to find ways to increase the efficiency of depressant additives for the production of low-freezing diesel fuels by choosing the most effective additive concentration and adding temperature for fuels of various compositions. During the work, low-temperature properties were determined and the effectiveness of three depressant additives was assessed on four samples of diesel fuel at four concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 c.u., where c.u. (conditional unit) is the concentration recommended by the manufacturer of the additives). In addition, low-temperature properties for blends of six depressant additives and two samples of diesel fuel at five adding temperatures (15, 25, 35, 45, and 55 °C) were determined. In this work, in contrast to existing works, it was established for the first time that the composition of the fuel affects not only the depressant additives effectiveness, but also the dependence of the additive effectiveness on the concentration in which it is used. It is shown that the higher the content of paraffins in the composition of the diesel fuel, the less the depressant additive’s effectiveness in relation to cold filter plugging point depends on the concentration and the more the depressant additive’s effectiveness in relation to the power point depends on the concentration. An inverse relationship was revealed for the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuel. It was also found for the first time that an increase in the adding temperature of depressant additives up to 35–55 °C enhances the effectiveness of their action in relation to the cold filter plugging point (maximum at 6–7 °C). It is shown that the greater additive effect on the cold filter plugging point of the diesel fuel, the more strongly the depressant effectiveness depends on the adding temperature. The work provides recommendations for obtaining the most low-freezing classes of fuel based on the samples considered. The regularities identified in the work will make it possible, depending on the composition of the fuel, to select the optimal concentration of the additive and the temperature of its adding, which will increase the efficiency of the additives, as well as the volume of low-freezing grades of diesel fuel production.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-02-08
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020027
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 28: Multi-Decadal Nutrient Management and Trends
           in Two Catchments of Lake Okeechobee

    • Authors: Cooper, Ergas, Nachabe
      First page: 28
      Abstract:  Despite years of efforts to improve water quality, harmful algal blooms remain a chronic phenomenon, with devastating environmental, economic, and social impacts in many regions worldwide. In this study, we assessed the complexity of nutrient pollution attributed to harmful algal blooms in South Florida (USA) by analyzing 20 years of flow and nutrient data within two headwater basins in the Lake Okeechobee (LO) watershed. The study used an established advanced regression method, the Weighted Regression on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS) method, as an analysis framework to examine the impact of nutrient management practices on water quality trends. The WRTDS method produced total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) concentration and flux trends, which were then compared with existing and historic nutrient management records within the basin. Results from this study highlight divergences in progress to improve water quality. Nutrient management practices only had a weak impact on TP and TN flux trends in one of the two basins, where TP flux decreased 2% per year, and TN flux decreased 0.1% per year. TP and TN flux increased in the second basin. Variances of improvement between the two basins are likely attributable to differences in contemporary point source loading and legacy nutrient pools from non-point source inputs 20 years or more before the analysis period. The long-lasting impacts of legacy nutrients also emphasize a need for investments in technologies and practices that can withdraw nutrients from enriched soil and water. 
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-02-13
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020028
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 29: Edaphic Drivers Influencing Forage
           Grasslands in Bujagh National Park, Iran

    • Authors: Mohsen Mahfouzi, Amir Hossein Hamidian, Mohammad Kaboli
      First page: 29
      Abstract: The edaphic and environmental changes in Bujagh grasslands have led to a gradual decline in the wintering waterbird populations in the associated national park. This has particularly affected foraging habitats for birds, especially migratory geese. Our aim was to identify the reasons for the loss of habitat quality by examining the structure of the plant community and the edaphic factors that have been instrumental in shifting the grass community pattern to a Rush–Rubus type along the succession route. Bujagh National Park is surrounded by marine, riverine fresh water, and lagoon habitats, and the seasonal floodings of the Sefidrud and Ushmak rivers impact the grassland area along the deltaic pathway to the Caspian Sea. We used the TWINSPAN classification function to extract plant groups and their dominant species. Subsequently, we analyzed land cover changes in the study area over two times (2010 and 2020) to identify alterations in the coverage of main plants and land uses. Following the evaluation of unconstrained ordination methods and the selection of NMDS ordination, we compared the dominant species of groups to the main edaphic predictors. The results indicated that the chemicals and heavy metals in the soil did not play a direct role in the shift from grassland to Rush–Rubus plant type. However, these elements could have a significant impact on the evolution of the structure and the competitive capability among the main dominant species of the grass group. In conclusion, the dominance of the Rush–Rubus type is likely related to other unmeasured environmental and anthropogenic factors that support and enhance their reproductive attributes and herbal proliferation in the grassland territory.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-02-13
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020029
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 30: Animals Feed in Transition: Intricate
           Interplay of Land Use Land Cover Change and Fodder Sources in Kurram
           Valley, Pakistan

    • Authors: Kamal Hussain, Fazlur Rahman, Ihsan Ullah, Zahir Ahmad, Udo Schickhoff
      First page: 30
      Abstract: Land use land cover (LULC) changes have emerged as a pivotal driver of environmental challenges in the Northwestern mountainous belts of Pakistan. These changes are increasingly recognized for their pervasive impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The conversion of pastures and rangelands into other land uses is a key facet of LULC change, posing a substantial threat to the availability of animal feed sources. This study aims to evaluate LULC changes and investigate their consequences on animal feed sources in the Upper Kurram Valley, located in the Koh-e-Safid mountain of Northwestern Pakistan. The study employs a multidisciplinary methodological approach that incorporates remotely sensed data, focus group discussions, interviews, and field observations. The study findings uncover a notable decline in rangeland (26.6%) and forest cover (28.7%) over a span of more than three decades (1987–2019). The shrinkage of rangeland has spurred an increased reliance on crop residues and fodder crops. The free grazing practices have been replaced by stall-feeding and controlled grazing methods. This declining rangeland resources has negatively affected animal husbandry, and the average number of livestock per household decreased from 32 in 1980 to 3.7 in 2019. In essence, this transition has not only impacted animal feed sources but also reshaped the livelihoods of local communities closely connected to animal husbandry.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-02-13
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020030
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 31: Biochar: A Key Player in Carbon Credits and
           Climate Mitigation

    • Authors: Alaa Salma, Lydia Fryda, Hayet Djelal
      First page: 31
      Abstract: The creation of the carbon market came forth as a tool for managing, controlling, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, combining environmental responsibility with financial incentives. Biochar has gained recognition as one of potential carbon offset solution. The practical and cost-effective establishment of biochar carbon credit standards is crucial for the integration of biochar into carbon trading systems, thus encouraging investments in the biochar industry while promoting sustainable carbon dioxide sequestration practices on a global scale. This communication focuses on the potential of biochar in carbon sequestration. Additionally, it spotlights case studies that highlight how biochar effectively generates carbon credits, as well as discussing the evolving carbon removal marketplace. Furthermore, we address knowledge gaps, areas of concern, and research priorities regarding biochar implementation in carbon credits, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of its role in climate change mitigation. This review positions biochar as a versatile and scalable technology with the potential to contribute significantly to carbon credits, aligning with sustainable development goals. It calls for continued research, transparency, and international cooperation to explore the full potential of biochar in climate change mitigation efforts.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-02-14
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020031
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 32: Evaluation of Synthetic-Temporal Imagery as
           an Environmental Covariate for Digital Soil Mapping: A Case Study in Soils
           under Tropical Pastures

    • Authors: Fabio Arnaldo Pomar Avalos, Michele Duarte de Menezes, Fausto Weimar Acerbi Júnior, Nilton Curi, Junior Cesar Avanzi, Marx Leandro Naves Silva
      First page: 32
      Abstract: Digital soil maps are paramount for supporting environmental process analysis, planning for the conservation of ecosystems, and sustainable agriculture. The availability of dense time series of surface reflectance data provides valuable information for digital soil mapping (DSM). A detailed soil survey, along with a stack of Landsat 8 SR data and a rainfall time series, were analyzed to evaluate the influence of soil on the temporal patterns of vegetation greenness, assessed using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Based on these relationships, imagery depicting land surface phenology (LSP) metrics and other soil-forming factors proxies were evaluated as environmental covariates for DSM. The random forest algorithm was applied as a predictive model to relate soils and environmental covariates. The study focused on four soils typical of tropical conditions under pasture cover. Soil parent material and topography covariates were found to be similarly important to LSP metrics, especially those LSP images related to the seasonal availability of water to plants, registering significant contributions to the random forest model. Stronger effects of rainfall seasonality on LSP were observed for the Red Latosol (Ferralsol). The results of this study demonstrate that the addition of temporal variability of vegetation greenness can be used to assess soil subsurface processes and assist in DSM.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-02-14
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020032
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 33: Technogenic Reservoirs Resources of Mine
           Methane When Implementing the Circular Waste Management Concept

    • Authors: Vladimir Brigida, Vladimir Ivanovich Golik, Elena V. Voitovich, Vladislav V. Kukartsev, Valeriy E. Gozbenko, Vladimir Yu. Konyukhov, Tatiana A. Oparina
      First page: 33
      Abstract: From a commercial viewpoint, mine methane is the most promising object in the field of reducing emissions of climate-active gases due to circular waste management. Therefore, the task of this research is to estimate the technogenic reservoirs resources of mine methane when implementing the circular waste management concept. The novelty of the authors’ approach lies in reconstructing the response space for the dynamics of methane release from the front and cross projections: CH4 = ƒ(S; t) and CH4 = ƒ(S; L), respectively. The research established a polynomial dependence of nonlinear changes in methane concentrations in the mixture extracted by type 4 wells when a massif is undermined as a result of mining in a full-retreat panel. And the distance from the face to the start of mining the panel is reduced by 220 m. For this reason, the emission of mine methane, in case of degasification network disruption in 15 days, can amount to more than 660 thousand m3 only for wells of type no. 4.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-02-17
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13020033
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 2 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 10: Resources of Urban Green Spaces and
           Sustainable Development

    • Authors: Farshid Aram
      First page: 10
      Abstract: Urban green spaces are considered one of the most valuable natural resources in cities [...]
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-01-10
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13010010
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 11: Success Factors and Challenges: Implications
           of Real Options Valuation of Constructed Wetlands as Nature-Based
           Solutions for Wastewater Treatment

    • Authors: Casper Boongaling Agaton, Patricia Marie Caparas Guila
      First page: 11
      Abstract: Constructed wetlands (CWs) are engineered water treatment systems that mimic the features and functions of natural wetlands. As a nature-based solution (NBS) for wastewater treatment, CWs are sustainable and cost-effective while providing various ecosystem services. However, their widespread application faces several uncertainties, particularly in developing countries. This study aims to analyze the success factors and challenges in implementing CW projects. Using the case of successful CWs in Bayawan City in the Philippines, this study surveyed 270 household heads from the community benefiting from the CWs and interviewed various CW stakeholders, including the project planner, management, community leader, social workers, and CW workers. The results showed that 89% of the respondents were aware of the existence of CWs in the community and 73% believed in their long-term sustainability. Among the identified factors for the successful implementation of the CW project were government support (43%), good governance (32%), and public support (14%). On the other hand, the implementation was challenged by improper maintenance (63%), overcrowding in the community (11%), foul smells (4%), funding (4%), and climate-related uncertainties, including natural calamities (4%), flooding (7%), earthquakes (4%), and sea level rise (11%). The implications of these success factors and challenges were discussed in the application of real options valuation to CW projects by incorporating the identified uncertainties into flexible decision making in the scaling up and widespread implementation of a more sustainable NBS to water resources management.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-01-14
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13010011
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 12: Comparison of Trenchless and Excavation
           Technologies in the Restoration of a Sewage Network and Their Carbon
           Footprints

    • Authors: Tomáš Chorazy, Petr Hlavínek, Jakub Raček, Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik, Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak, Šárka Keprdová, Zdeněk Dufek
      First page: 12
      Abstract: The restoration of aging sewer networks is a fundamental remediation approach with the aim of renewing or improving existing systems. Remediation methods include repair, renovation, and replacement (renewal). The restoration of a sewer network itself can be performed using either excavation or trenchless technologies. While these technologies offer various advantages, they also present disadvantages. The choice of a restoration technology depends on numerous parameters, including economic factors and local conditions (such as the construction of the existing sewage network, available working space, traffic load, and environmental safety restrictions). In addition to the parameters influencing the choice of restoration technology, recent considerations have been given to constraints related to greenhouse gas emissions and the corresponding carbon footprint. Carbon footprint serves as an indicator of the restoration activity’s dependence on fossil fuels, both during implementation and operation. In the 21st century, concerns regarding carbon footprints have rapidly escalated. The reduction in carbon footprints is a crucial objective from both an economic and an ecological point of view. This article specifically addresses the prospects of monitoring the carbon footprint concerning the partial restoration of a sewer network within the historical core of the city of Brno, located in the Czech Republic. This aspect constitutes the unique and innovative contribution of the paper. The intensity of the energy demand of excavation and trenchless technologies is utilized as a direct measure of the carbon footprint of each technology. The comparative assessment demonstrates that the trenchless technology used achieves a reduction of 59.2% in CO2 emissions compared to the excavation technology. The carbon footprint of Variant 1 (trenchless technology) is 9.91 t CO2 eq., while the carbon footprint of Variant 2 (excavation technology) is 24.29 t CO2 eq. The restoration of open pipelines produces more emissions due to the higher energy consumption, making it more expensive in terms of fuel costs, waste disposal costs, and the corresponding environmental hazards.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-01-15
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13010012
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 13: Groundwater Ecosystem Services: Redefining
           and Operationalizing the Concept

    • Authors: Vasileios G. Iliopoulos, Dimitris Damigos
      First page: 13
      Abstract: In the last decade, the publication of research studies in the field of groundwater ecosystem services and their classification has increased dramatically. Several academic and other institutions have developed ecosystem service classification systems for use in environmental policy research. However, the existing classification systems need to be optimized in the following areas: (a) the weak correlation between concepts and the definitions assigned, which creates double counting in economic valuation, (b) the absence of correlation of the concept of use value with the ecosystem service, (c) the non-categorization of final and intermediate services, and (d) the overlapping of wetland, soil, and groundwater regulating ecosystem services. Our research aims, through the results of a literature analysis and the synthesis of the results of an expert consultation process, to develop a unified categorization system for groundwater ecosystem services. In the context of the conceptualization of groundwater ecosystem services, this research implemented an expert judging elicitation process where subject discussions and targeted interviews were performed, combined with a literature review analysis. Through the completion of a specific questionnaire and expert interviews, a new groundwater ecosystem services classification system, namely GROUNDWES, was established.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-01-16
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13010013
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 14: The Optimal Transportation Option in an
           Underground Hard Coal Mine: A Multi-Criteria Cost Analysis

    • Authors: Patrycja Bąk, Marian Czesław Turek, Łukasz Bednarczyk, Izabela Jonek-Kowalska
      First page: 14
      Abstract: The issue of transport in underground hard coal mines is very rarely described in the literature. The financial aspects of this issue are even less often analyzed. Publications in this area focus on technical issues and the safety of mining crews. More attention is paid to transport in open-pit mines. The above premises and practical needs imply the need to conduct economic analyses of transport systems in underground hard coal mines. This paper is a scientific communication, which presents the concept of a multi-criteria cost analysis as a tool to support the selection of the optimal transportation option in an underground hard coal mine. Considerations in this area have not been carried out in the relevant literature, and the problem of selecting a transportation option is a complex and necessary issue in the practice of underground mines with extensive mine workings. The methodology presented includes five cost criteria (costs of carrying out the transportation task; route expansion costs; rolling stock maintenance costs; depreciation costs; and additional personnel costs). The simultaneous application of criteria relating to utility properties in addition to cost criteria makes it possible to adopt a specific technical and organizational model of the transportation system based on the indication of the optimal solution, resulting from the mathematical construction of functions of objectives relating to utility and cost. The optimal variant of the designed system and configuration of the material transportation system in underground workings takes into consideration the following: (1) seven utility criteria (KU1—transportation task completion time; KU2—compatibility of transportation systems; KU3—continuous connectivity; KU4—co-use with other transportation tasks; KU5—safety; KU6—inconvenience; KU7—operation under overplanning conditions) and (2) five cost criteria (KK1—costs of implementing the transportation task; KK2—costs of route expansion; KK3—rolling stock maintenance costs; KK4—depreciation costs; KK5—additional personnel costs). Based on the aforementioned criteria, two objective functions are built for each option: utility and cost. They present divergent goals; therefore, they are non-cooperative functions. Both utility and costs strive for the maximum. In the developed methodology, an ideal point is usually a fictitious solution representing a set of maximum values among all the achievable values in a set of solutions, but it is impossible to achieve this simultaneously based on all the criteria. This point illustrates the maximum utility and lowest cost among the alternatives considered, which is obviously impossible for any of the variants to meet at the same time, although it indicates the possibilities of the technique and the range of costs. For the developed method, a so-called “PND” nadir point is also determined, representing the least-preferred level of achievement of all goals simultaneously, determined from the set of optimal points in the Pareto sense. The originality of the conceptual considerations undertaken stems from: filling the gap in the economic methodology of complex transportation systems evaluation; embedding considerations in the trend concerning complex transportation systems of underground mines; and focusing considerations on the pre-investment phase, making it possible to optimize costs before expenditures are incurred.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-01-17
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13010014
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 15: The Use of Geosites in Education—A
           Case Study in Central Poland

    • Authors: Wojciech Zgłobicki, Izabela Nowak, Bogusława Baran-Zgłobicka, Aleksandra Głuszek
      First page: 15
      Abstract: One of the important ways to promote geoheritage values is to use geosites in school education. Particularly useful for this are nature reserves that include interesting geological and geomorphological sites. The area of Świętokrzyskie Province is one of the most interesting geological regions of Poland. In 2021, the Holy Cross Mountains UNESCO Global Geopark was established. The main objective of this study was to determine the school students’ knowledge of geoheritage sites and their use in geotourism and education. The province’s nature reserves are well accessible by transportation from school. Diverse geoheritage sites were selected for the assessment of their geotourism values. An assessment of their geotourism values was made. The problem of knowledge and perception of geoheritage was studied using a questionnaire survey among students of high schools located in the city of Starachowice. The results showed that despite the presence of sites of high value, unique in the country and Europe, they are rarely visited by students and even less frequently used in formal education (field classes). On the other hand, students declare that geoheritage assets can be treated as important tourism attractions. Researchers in the field of geoeducation and geotourism should place greater emphasis on disseminating this knowledge among teachers and the public. An opportunity for the development of geoeducation will certainly be the establishment of a geopark.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-01-19
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13010015
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 16: Microstructure and Mechanical
           Characterization of Rice Husks from the Tolima Region of Colombia

    • Authors: Oscar Araque, Nelson Arzola, Ivonne X. Cerón
      First page: 16
      Abstract: The under-utilization of rice husk, a milling by-product, demands attention due to its widespread disposal and limited usage. This research aims to assess the physical properties and mechanical behavior of three rice husk varieties (F 2000, Orizyca, and Panorama 394), to determine their strength capacities and potential applications. Mechanical properties are evaluated through a non-standardized tension test using a universal machine. Subsequent analyses include measuring the moisture content following ASTM D1348, determining the particle size distribution through ASAE Standard S319, and establishing the bulk density using ASAE Standard S269 Method 4. Mechanical resistance in the rice husk varieties ranged from 60 MPa to 130 MPa, with a particle density exceeding 300 kg/m3 and an average apparent density of 140 kg/m3. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the husk structures, identifying epidermis, hypodermis, and sub-hypodermis layers. The mechanical stress of the Orizyca variety was 1.89 times higher than that of F 2000, and 1.18 times higher than that of Panorama 394. Potential applications include brick manufacturing and thermoformed materials for Orizyca and Panorama 394, while F 2000 could be utilized for producing fuel briquettes or cardboard, among other possibilities.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-01-19
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13010016
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2024)
       
  • Resources, Vol. 13, Pages 17: Comparison of Mixed and Door-to-Door Systems
           for Urban Waste Collection in Terms of Effectiveness and Greenhouse Gas
           Emissions: A Case Study from Two Mountainous Italian Valleys

    • Authors: Alberto Pietro Damiano Baltrocchi, Lucrezia Maggi, Marco Carnevale Miino, Vincenzo Torretta, Elena Cristina Rada
      First page: 17
      Abstract: Collecting urban solid waste (USW) is a critical and essential phase for proper waste management and valorization. To date, many data are available for large cities, but few studies have focused on low-density areas, such as mountainous regions. Considering this lack in the literature, this study aimed to compare two separate waste collection systems in two mountainous valleys in terms of effectiveness and GHG emissions. In the first scenario, a mixed collection system (door-to-door + centers) was used, while in the other, waste was separately collected by a full door-to-door system. The results suggested that the full door-to-door system achieved better performance than the mixed collection system (door-to-door + centers), with a fraction of separate waste collection compared to the unit equals (0.84 ± 0.01 vs. 0.79 ± 0.02). Moreover, the full door-to-door system represented the best option for collecting separate waste in mountainous areas in terms of GHG emissions, with 11.21 kgCO2, eq twaste−1 emitted vs. 15.62 kgCO2, eq twaste−1 in the case of the mixed system. Despite utilities emitting a higher amount of GHGs in the door-to-door scenario (4.66 kgCO2, eq inh−1 y−1), they were fully compensated for by the low GHG emissions from citizens in the mixed scenario (1.77 kgCO2, eq inh−1 y−1 vs. 6.65 kgCO2, eq inh−1 y−1). Given the low amount of data on this topic, this work could be considered as a pioneer study of waste management in mountainous areas by comparing the results of two systems regarding effectiveness and GHG emissions. The outcomes of this study could be helpful for waste utilities, institutional agencies, and local communities and also serve as a tool for decision-making in the case of comparing the different options for USW collection systems.
      Citation: Resources
      PubDate: 2024-01-22
      DOI: 10.3390/resources13010017
      Issue No: Vol. 13, No. 1 (2024)
       
 
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  Subjects -> ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (Total: 913 journals)
    - ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (810 journals)
    - POLLUTION (31 journals)
    - TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY (54 journals)
    - WASTE MANAGEMENT (18 journals)

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (810 journals)            First | 1 2 3 4 5     

Showing 601 - 378 of 378 Journals sorted alphabetically
Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 4)
Research Journal of Environmental Sciences     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
Resources     Open Access  
Resources and Environment     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
Resources, Conservation & Recycling     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 21)
Resources, Conservation & Recycling : X     Open Access   (Followers: 1)
Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
Rethinking Ecology     Open Access  
Reuse/Recycle Newsletter     Hybrid Journal  
Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies     Hybrid Journal  
Review of Environmental Economics and Policy     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 13)
Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais     Open Access   (Followers: 3)
Revista Brasileira de Meio Ambiente     Open Access  
Revista de Ciencias Ambientales     Open Access  
Revista de Direito e Sustentabilidade     Open Access  
Revista de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade - GeAS     Open Access  
Revista de Salud Ambiental     Open Access  
Revista Eletrônica de Gestão e Tecnologias Ambientais     Open Access  
Revista Kawsaypacha: Sociedad y Medio Ambiente     Open Access  
Revista Laborativa     Open Access  
Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável     Open Access   (Followers: 4)
RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety     Open Access  
Russian Journal of Ecology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 1)
Safety Science     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 32)
SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 1)
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health     Partially Free   (Followers: 14)
Science of The Total Environment     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 45)
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy     Open Access   (Followers: 8)
Social and Environmental Accountability Journal     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 3)
Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 3)
Soil and Tillage Research     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 10)
South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences     Hybrid Journal  
Southern African Journal of Environmental Education     Open Access  
Southern Forests : a Journal of Forest Science     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 4)
Sriwijaya Journal of Environment     Open Access  
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 4)
Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 4)
Studies in Conservation     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 18)
Sustainability     Open Access   (Followers: 26)
Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure     Hybrid Journal  
Sustainable Cities and Society     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 25)
Sustainable Development     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 14)
Sustainable Development Law & Policy     Open Access   (Followers: 12)
Sustainable Horizons     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 8)
Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 8)
TECHNE - Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment     Open Access   (Followers: 11)
Tecnogestión     Open Access  
Territorio della Ricerca su Insediamenti e Ambiente. Rivista internazionale di cultura urbanistica     Open Access  
The Historic Environment : Policy & Practice     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 4)
The International Journal on Media Management     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 7)
The Ring     Open Access  
Theoretical Ecology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 14)
Toxicologic Pathology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 8)
Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 2)
Toxicological Sciences     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 10)
Toxicology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 14)
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 16)
Toxicology and Industrial Health     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 6)
Toxicology in Vitro     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 8)
Toxicology Letters     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 12)
Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 7)
Toxicon     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 2)
Toxicon : X     Open Access  
Toxin Reviews     Hybrid Journal  
Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering     Open Access  
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 27)
Transportation Safety and Environment     Open Access   (Followers: 1)
Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research     Open Access  
Trends in Ecology & Evolution     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 293)
Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 3)
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 17)
Tropicultura     Open Access  
UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy     Open Access   (Followers: 3)
UD y la Geomática     Open Access  
Universidad y Ciencia     Open Access  
Urban Studies     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 81)
Urban Transformations     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
VertigO - la revue électronique en sciences de l’environnement     Open Access   (Followers: 1)
Villanova Environmental Law Journal     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
Waste Management & Research     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 7)
Water Conservation Science and Engineering     Hybrid Journal  
Water Environment Research     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 44)
Water International     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 20)
Water Security     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 6)
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution : Focus     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 7)
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution     Open Access   (Followers: 22)
Weather and Forecasting     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 41)
Weather, Climate, and Society     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 14)
Web Ecology     Open Access   (Followers: 3)
Wetlands     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 26)
Wildlife Australia     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 2)
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - Climate Change     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 34)
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews : Energy and Environment     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 8)
William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
World Environment     Open Access   (Followers: 2)
World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 5)
World Journal of Environmental Engineering     Open Access   (Followers: 1)
Zoology and Ecology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 2)
Землеустрій, кадастр і моніторинг земель     Open Access   (Followers: 1)
气候与环境研究     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 2)

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