Abstract: Publication year: 2020Source: American Journal of Environmental Engineering, Volume 10, Number 2Md. Saiful Islam, M. A. Azadi, Munira Nasiruddin, Md. Safiqul IslamPhysicochemical characteristics of any water body should be well known before using its water for different domestic purposes and also for different management needs. In Bangladesh, pond water is generally used by the middle to low income classes’ peoples for various purposes ignoring its quality. This study was conducted on monthly basis for two years, from January 2017 to December 2018 to find out the limnological qualities of water of three different types of ponds used by local inhabitants at Chittagong University Campus. The results of twelve limnological parameters were: air temperature (20.1-33°C), water temperature (18-33°C), transparency (14-85 cm), conductivity (22-423 μS/cm), total dissolved solids (TDS: 0-230 mg/l), pH (6.1-8.4), dissolved oxygen (DO: 0.9-16.5 mg/l), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD: 0.8-12.3 mg/l), free carbon dioxide (freeCO2: 2-26.97 mg/l), calcium (Ca++: 1.72-32.68 mg/l), total hardness (4-110 mg/l) and alkalinity (40-98 mg/l). Over use and dumping of household wastes disrupted the normal limnological features of Pond 1, in comparison with other two less (Pond 2) and almost unused (Pond 3) ponds. Extensive use by inhabitants and also physical structure of ponds were found to be responsible for variation and differences among some physicochemical properties of water. Among the three ponds, Pond 1 was found to be extensively used for household uses, than Pond 2 and Pond 3, and thus detected as high, less and not contaminated respectively. Significant direct or inverse correlations were observed among most of the factors.
Abstract: Publication year: 2020Source: American Journal of Environmental Engineering, Volume 10, Number 1Ayodele O. S., Olayanju G. M., Adeosun O. E.Landslide occurrence in Okemesi, an ancient town in the southwestern Nigeria on 24th of September 2017 was the third in the last two decades that led to loss of properties worth millions of Naira. This paper presents a geological investigation and quantitative modelling of the topographic surface of the area of landslide occurrence with the view of identifying the factors responsible for the land failure mechanism. The investigation included reconnaissance survey, geological mapping of the area to determine the underlying lithologic units, systematic sampling of soils and rocks at the affected sites at a sampling interval of 100 m, determination of geotechnical properties of the soils and rocks as well as Atterberg limits. Index and engineering properties of the soils such as load bearing capacities of the rocks and soils, repose angles and specific gravity were determined in the laboratory. The result of geotechnical analysis revealed that the soils are predominantly sandy clay with clay content ranging from 9.0 - 24.6%, sand content 60.2 – 70.6%, and silt content 13.5- 24.6% respectively. The soils were classified as poorly graded on basis of the unified soil classification system with specific gravity ranging from 2.640 - 2.690. Laboratory estimated repose angles also range from 28.20 – 38.280, which indicated that analyzed soils showed high level of instability This can be attributed to the major damage caused by the slump at the toe and lower section of the slope during the 2017 landslide. It is therefore pertinent that the settlers be relocated to away from the schistose quartzitic hill to avoid loss of lives in future that might arise from possible reactivated landslide.
Abstract: Publication year: 2020Source: American Journal of Environmental Engineering, Volume 10, Number 1A. Bakhtiari, T. Berberashvili, A. Davitashvili, D. Gurgenidze, P. Kervalishvili, L. KlimiashviliNowadays, water scarcity is one of the most important subject that many scientists are involved. On the other hand, environment pollution is another worrying problem what increase water scarcity via resources pollution. Both effect on human live, then finding comprehensive alternative is inevitable. Natural hydrologic water cycle (Macro Cycle) investigation shows nature provide comprehensive solution as natural cycle what could be imitated as reusing processed water that is called minor cycle. Today, common treatment processes could not be feasible as a standard way and then most of consumers refuse it. But innovative design and treatment elements arrangement in a process beside new technologies, can provide comprehensive solutions via minor cycle doctrine.
Abstract: Publication year: 2020Source: American Journal of Environmental Engineering, Volume 10, Number 1B. K. Adeoye, B. A. Akinbode, J. D Awe, C. T. AkpaThe efficacy of grinded watermelon seed as alternative low-cost biosorbents for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. Batch adsorption studies were carried out by preparing a simulated waste sample and effects of adsorbent dose, temperature, initial metal concentration, contact time and pH on the percentage Pb(II) removal were evaluated. The Freundlich constant (n) and separation factor (RL) values suggest that the lead ions was favourably adsorbed onto biosorbents. Pseudo-second order kinetics best described the process with R2 (0.997). The results of pseudo second order kinetic model for the adsorption of lead showed straight line graph which starts from the origin. The value 1/ngreater than 1 is indicative of cooperative adsorption and Freundlich isotherm. Watermelon seed has viable characteristics for preparing biosorbents.
Abstract: Publication year: 2019Source: American Journal of Environmental Engineering, Volume 9, Number 2Eric S. Hall, Robert K. Hall, Sherman Swanson, Wilson Yee, Don Kozlowski, Michael J. Philbin, Daniel T. Heggem, John Lin, Joan L. Aron, Robin J. Schafer, David Guiliano, Eric WilsonEffective stream and wetland Best Management Practices (BMPs) restore the physical processes associated with ecological functions to their Proper Functioning Condition (PFC, i.e., the highest attainable ecological status of a riparian area without consideration of economic, administrative, or social constraints). Ecological functions connect stream monitoring and management to mitigate the causes of ecosystem degradation and enhance restoration. The ecological function approach supports sustainable management of many ecosystem services including water quality, water stability (aquifer recharge), and fish and wildlife habitats. The 1993 Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT) report listed the Dungeness River as a Tier 1 key watershed, noted that watersheds are the logical spatial unit for ecosystem management, and that watersheds are important in species management, and understanding the interdependence of physical processes. Watersheds are at the spatial scale where physical and biological disturbances can be observed, and where management constraints and planning options for restoration objectives and strategies can be readily assessed. The US Forest Service (USFS) developed a management strategy for the Middle Dungeness River, and in the 1990s, the Upper Dungeness River was listed as impaired due to sediment, which initiated a US Forest Service change to land management practices. The Lower Dungeness River and bay are listed as impaired due to fecal coliform contamination. Assessing and monitoring the drivers of ecosystem function (vegetation, hydrology, soil, and landform) as part of a watershed adaptive management plan, and implementing BMPs to increase ecological functions, will improve aquatic habitat and water quality. Most BMPs, such as Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), attempt to improve water quality by reducing the amount of external pollutants reaching the impacted waterbodies, but do not focus on improving the watershed functions. The Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) approach is used to examine the condition of wetlands and streams and provide guidance for quantitative approaches (e.g., TMDL, remote sensing) used in watershed restoration. Improving watershed functions is a BMP that facilitates increased flows of water, nutrients, sediment, and other materials, and improves habitat quality. Using improved watershed functions as a BMP, facilitated by the use of remote sensing, TMDLs, and the PFC methodology is a more effective means of reducing risks across a watershed than by using TMDLs alone.
Abstract: Publication year: 2019Source: American Journal of Environmental Engineering, Volume 9, Number 2Nishat TasnimIn this modern era with the improvement in technology, people can realize that they can only survive, if ournature survives. So scientists are trying their best to cooperate with our mother like environment by reducing the amount of waste product. Again people are very conscious about different diseases even if while dressing themselves up. From all these thoughts he casein or milk fiber is discovered which may help both the human being & the nature. From the huge amount of discarded milk, a special type of fabric can be produced which is silky, smooth, very desirable for high fashion, appealing to high end consumers who are not only interested in ecology but also the economic & social responsibility supporting the fashionable collections. This article is all about the manufacturing process of casein fiber, it’s special features & comfortable uses. Again there are some techniques of producing casein fiber which are beyond any kind of harm to the environment. With the interest in & the use of this textile fiber growing, supply is challenged to meet the demand. So this article is very well suited with the modernization of the textile sector. It is an overview of the casein fiber & garments which also includes it’s drawbacks & the points which require further improvement. This article will help the researchers to reach the casein fiebr at a very remarkable stage of use as textile garments.
Abstract: Publication year: 2019Source: American Journal of Environmental Engineering, Volume 9, Number 2S. M. Baviskar, T. J. HeimovaaraLeachate emission from municipal solid waste landfills is one of the largest long term impacts on groundwater environment. Landfills are heterogeneous and in many cases unsaturated porous systems. We believe this leads to the emergence of preferential pathways for water moving through the landfill. In this research, we explore the origin of preferential flow in small scale porous systems which we consider to be analogues for a landfill, using a two dimensional deterministic model. In the model, water flow is described with Richards’ equation and non-sorbing, single component, solute transport with the advection dispersion equation. We implemented a number of scenarios consisting of dry soil do-mains with known heterogeneity and known material properties to which water is added from the top with varying infiltration patterns and rates. The flow and transport through heterogeneous systems are compared with a homogeneous soil domain system undergoing a similar infiltration regime. The results clearly show that material heterogeneity, infiltration patterns and rates are responsible for the occurrence of preferential pathways and macro-scopic non-equilibrium in the transport of solutes. Using these numerical results we discuss (i) how preferential flow can affect emission potential of landfill; (ii) why single continuum modelling methods are infeasible for full scale landfill; and (iii) the suitability of different modelling methods for modelling a full scale landfill.
Abstract: Publication year: 2019Source: American Journal of Environmental Engineering, Volume 9, Number 1Parag M. Patil, M. HusainThe effluent of an anaerobic digester is rich in terms of solid concentration, particularly the suspended solids [1]. It may be rich in terms of nutrients also depending upon the source from where it has been generated. These solids in the effluent are reflected in terms of high COD. The effluent of the anaerobic digester can be used for irrigation purpose or may be discharged into some receiving water-body or on land. It can be further treated also to enhance its recyclability. In each case, it is desirable that the effluent is of high quality or in other words it is having less solid content. The solid content of the effluent can be reduced either by effluent settling or by effluent filtration. The settling of effluent is also a growing technology yet it is in its primitive stage. The present work has experimentally explored the second option that is the effluent filtration. It is found that the effluent can be effectively filtered to reduce the COD and solid content of itself, thus making the disposal easier. The experimental study has been done for the campus of an engineering college, SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon, MS.
Abstract: Publication year: 2019Source: American Journal of Environmental Engineering, Volume 9, Number 1S. Akter, R. Khatun, M. M. Ahasan, M. F. Uddin, H. M. Jamil, A. N. Monika, M. A. Rahman, M. Rahman, R. P. Das, R. A. SharminSoil samples were collected from two different steel industries of Narayanganj District, Bangladesh. The samples were then dried, made fine powder and the pellets have been made for irradiation by 2.2 MeV proton beams of current ranges from 10 to 15 nA. Ion Beam Analyzing (IBA) technique Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) was used for sample irradiation. Data acquisition has been done using MAESTRO-32 software and the data files are analyzed using GUPIX/DAN-32. Elements to be found in the studied samples are: K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Pd. Heavy metal with higher concentration was found in the study area and the concentration of heavy metal decreases with depth. The main objective of the research work is to explore and identify heavy elements presence in soil samples affected by the industrial area for human health.
Abstract: Publication year: 2019Source: American Journal of Environmental Engineering, Volume 9, Number 1Idris Aminu, Muhammad S. SulaimanThe need to control our environment from industrial waste water pollution has ignited interest in cost effective products to treat industrial effluents. Adsorption of cadmium (II) ions from wastewater using activated carbon from African elemi seeds was studied. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of pH, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, temperature and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption efficiency. Results showed that increasing all the parameters, with the exception of temperature, increases the adsorption capacity. The process followed the pseudo-second order kinetics model which showed chemical adsorption. The experimental data was fitted well by the Freundlich isotherm indicating adsorption on heterogeneous surface. Thermodynamic data (negative ΔG, negative ΔH and positive ΔS) showed that the process was feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic with an increase in the randomness at the solid/solution interface. The study revealed that activated carbon from African elemi seeds could be used as a low cost adsorbent for removal of cadmium (II) ions from wastewater.
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