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Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.648  Citation Impact (citeScore): 2 Number of Followers: 5  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 1618-9558 - ISSN (Online) 1618-954X Published by Springer-Verlag  [2468 journals]
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- Thermodynamic insights on the influence of ionic liquids on the reverse
water–gas shift reaction-
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Abstract: As global initiatives pivot toward more sustainable industrial processes, the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into high-value chemicals offers a promising path forward. Ionic liquids (ILs), in particular, show the potential in boosting the efficacy of related reactions. However, their thermodynamic influence on the chemical equilibrium of reactive processes requires further exploration. This study presents a detailed assessment of three specific ILs—[BMIm][BF4], [BMIm][PF6], and [BMIm][NTf2]—on the equilibrium of the CO2 hydrogenation to carbon monoxide (CO) via the Reverse Water–Gas Shift (RWGS) reaction. Both predictive and non-predictive methods based on the Predictive Soave–Redlich–Kwong equation of state were employed to represent the pure ILs’ densities and vapor pressure. The non-predictive approach provided a more accurate representation, further utilized for describing the phase equilibria of mixtures encompassing ILs, CO2, H2, CO, and H2O. Through extensive evaluation, the effects of temperature, pressure, and IL content on CO2 hydrogenation were elucidated. Results indicate that higher molar ratios of ILs amplify the equilibrium conversion. Additionally, the system sensitivity to pressure changes was observed, leading to enhanced CO2 conversion at elevated pressures. With varying temperatures, systems containing hydrophobic ILs ([BMIm][PF6] or [BMIm][NTf2]) displayed increased conversion rates at high temperatures, while the hydrophilic IL [BMIm][BF4] demonstrated superior CO production at lower temperatures. This behavior is linked to temperature’s profound influence on water sorption in the IL. Notably, the system with hydrophilic IL [BMIm][BF4] exhibited a striking increase in CO2 conversion, from 1.1 to 54.1% at 348 K and 2.0 MPa, almost 50-fold higher than the original conversion. This study illuminates the pivotal role of thermodynamics in driving the future of IL-based CO2 conversion technology, highlighting the potential for further advancements in sustainable industry practices. Graphical abstract
PubDate: 2023-11-24
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- Particulate emissions from biomass power plants: a practical review and
measurement uncertainty issues-
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Abstract: Abstract This paper follows a practical approach to evaluate particulate matter emissions from biomass-fuelled power plants and analysis measurement uncertainties. Sixty-seven measurement reports from 11 biomass power plants, all equipped with fabric filters as dust control device, were analysed. Particulate matter emission measurements by gravimetrical standard reference method were chosen to provide the most reliable values to investigate the influence of bag filter parameters, such as media age or bag filter length. 92.1% of total dust emission measurements were below lower BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for waste incineration. Data also showed that bag filter media older than 6 years can still secure very low dust emission levels. This work also gives a summary of findings and problems with uncertainty of automated measuring systems for dust emissions in biomass combustion applications in practice and quality assurance level one (QAL1) process related to very low emission levels such as lower best available techniques reference document (BREF) values. Practical examples on issues of continuous dust emission monitoring devices are also given.
PubDate: 2023-11-23
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- Long-term performance investigation of different solar panels in the West
Black Sea Region-
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Abstract: Photovoltaic panels play a vital role in expanding renewable energy usage and mitigating environmental impacts. Ensuring the efficient integration of PV panels in diverse regions worldwide relies on precise calculations, considering factors like sunlight variability, climatic conditions, and grid connectivity. This study evaluates the performance of amorphous silicon (a-Si), polycrystalline silicon (pc-Si), and monocrystalline silicon (mc-Si) solar panels in the West Black Sea's Düzce province, Turkey. The respective capacities of these panels are 2.4 kW, 2.64 kW, and 2.35 kW. Over 6 years (2014–2019), we collected detailed data, including temperature, irradiance, wind speed, and power outputs, totaling 7.39 kW. We calculated the performance ratio, power conversion efficiency, and degradation rate for a-Si, pc-Si, and mc-Si panels under varying environmental conditions. The findings showed that a-Si panels had a PR of 71.391%, pc-Si panels scored 75.394%, and mc-Si panels excelled with a PR of 85.113%. The annual average DR relative to PR was − 0.577%/year, − 0.583%/year, and − 0.582%/year, respectively. PCE over the 6-year period was 4.519% for a-Si panels, while pc-Si and mc-Si panels achieved 10.478% and 12.736%. Six-year experimental study conducted in real-world conditions provides highly reliable data valuable to PV panel stakeholders and offers robust insights, particularly regarding region-specific panel selection. The results indicate monocrystalline silicon (mc-Si) as the most suitable PV panel type for Düzce, affirming its potential in the West Black Sea Region. Graphical abstract
PubDate: 2023-11-23
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- Getting the priorities straight: resource use, emissions, impacts,
avoidable/unavoidable waste-
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PubDate: 2023-11-22
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- Multi-objective optimization of algal biofuel production integrating
resource recirculation and quality considerations-
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Abstract: Because of rising global energy consumption, renewable energy sources have received increased attention. The use of algal biomass as feedstock for biodiesel production has been recognized for its relatively higher lipid productivity and lower impact compared to fossil fuels and other renewable sources. Yet, it faces challenges in its commercialization since fossil fuels are generally more inexpensive. The integration of various processes yielding different bioproducts has been encouraged to increase profitability and overall sustainability through algal biorefineries. Moreover, considering the goal to minimize waste, resource recirculation can be maximized to achieve economic and environmental sustainability. In this study, a multi-objective nonlinear optimization model for a closed-loop algal biorefinery simultaneously optimizing cost and environmental impact, integrating life cycle assessment to properly account for process unit environmental impacts, and incorporating quality degradation resulting from resource recirculation is developed. A case study is solved to demonstrate the validity and features of the proposed model. Furthermore, various scenarios are applied to understand the effects of environmental changes to the system. Results reveal important insights, which highlights the significance of quality as a driver of system behavior, and may be used by stakeholders to support the design and operations of algal biorefineries. Graphical abstract
PubDate: 2023-11-22
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- The impact of environmental protection tax reform on total factor energy
efficiency-
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Abstract: Environmental protection tax is of great significance to the realization of an environment-friendly society. Using data from 280 Chinese cities from 2010 to 2020, this paper measures total factor energy efficiency in China by the super slack-based measure model. The impact of China's environmental protection tax reform on total factor energy efficiency is tested through differences-in-differences method, and its transmission mechanism is explored. Environmental protection tax reform policies have a significant positive impact on total factor energy efficiency. Environmental protection tax reform policies have greater impact on resource-intensive cities in central region and cities with lower initial energy efficiency. Cities with increased tax have positive spillover effects on the neighboring cities. This study provides empirical evidence for further optimization of environmental protection taxes and energy efficiency. The structure of the environmental tax system should be optimized, and the environmental tax policy should be implemented according to local conditions. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-11-22
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- A novel solar disk chamber reactor for agricultural waste recycling and
biochar production-
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Abstract: The quality and properties of biochar are generally influenced by the nature of the raw materials and pyrolysis techniques. To assess the quality of sesame biochar production, a disc chamber reactor set on a solar parabolic dish concentrator was proposed as a modified slow pyrolysis technique. To evaluate the physicochemical characterizations of the produced biochar, two pyrolysis settings were used: 470 °C for 1 h (T1) and 440 °C for 2 h (T2) to produce biochar from sesame stalk feedstock (SS) using the proposed solar disk chamber reactor. Ash content, mass fraction of elements (C, H, and O%), pH, surface area, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were investigated. The results showed that the mass of T1 biochar decreased by 5% when compared to T2, while ash content, pH, fixed carbon, and volatile gases for both biochars were relatively close. The H/C and O/C molar ratios were below 1.00 and 0.4, respectively, indicating a loss of degradable polar contents and the formation of aromatic compounds. The surface area of T2 biochar was three times the surface area of T1, with the opposite trend in mean pore diameter. Two biochars showed the same FTIR peaks and SEM data, with small differences in their characteristics, demonstrating that pyrolysis time and temperature had a tight relationship. Both biochars showed approximately similar properties. The reactor’s efficiency is mainly affected by solar energy and atmospheric conditions during operation, which influence the average surface temperature. In Egypt, climatic conditions would be more favorable in the summer to improve the efficiency of parabolic solar dish concentrators for producing high-quality biochar. Graphical abstract
PubDate: 2023-11-22
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- Comparing non-biodegradable plastic with environmentally friendly natural
fibre composite on car front bumpers design-
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Abstract: Production of plastic is growing, and plastics are used in a variety of products. However, plastics are not biodegradable and do not decompose easily. To overcome the problems in decomposition of plastics, the use of a specific type of natural fibre composite (NFC) material for front-bumper in cars is considered in this investigation. NFCs have the advantages of being environmentally friendly, light weight and high strength. The use of jute fibre is adopted for the design of a car front bumper and compared with the plastic bumper through Finite Element Analysis. The aim is to identify their performances in terms of impact energy, strength and resilience. The results show that when both materials were simulated under the same impact force, jute fibre has a lower equivalent stress with 177.1 MPa compare with 293.18 MPa on plastic material. This finding indicates that jute fibre has greater yield limit and more resilient to fracture. The simulation result also shows that jute fibre has a higher equivalent stress of 65.55 MPa on the front bumper compare with a lower equivalent stress of 39.94 MPa on plastic. This suggests that plastic material will yield soon when an impact force is higher. The total deformation after the same impact force in jute fibre is 2.1 mm, which is significantly less than the deformation in plastic with 11.7 mm. Therefore, this research concludes that jute fibre can potentially replace plastic as a green composite material application to minimise environmental damages. Graphical abstract
PubDate: 2023-11-22
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- Optimal battery-swapping mechanism for electric vehicles using hybrid
approach-
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Abstract: Abstract Battery-swapping is a mechanism that involves exchanging discharged batteries for charged ones. Battery-swapping and charging stations (BSCS) enhance operational flexibility and interact with electric vehicle (EVs) batteries. An optimal battery-swapping mechanism is proposed for electric vehicles using a hybrid approach. The proposed intelligent method is a wrapper of the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and the war strategy optimization (WSO) algorithm. Hence, it is known as the WSO-RBFNN method. The key objectives of the proposed method are to reduce the total cost by defining an enhanced charging schedule for EV batteries, the number of batteries pulled from inventory to fulfill all incoming EV swap orders, the risk of charging damage while using high-rate chargers, and the cost of electricity at various times of the day. The proposed method minimizes the net costs based on EV energy consumption and travel time. WSO is exploited to attain the optimum control parameters of RBFNN. The performance of the proposed method is measured in MATLAB and compared with existing methods. The simulation outcome shows that the proposed method-related cost is lower than the existing methods. The proposed method provides a low cost of 32.5 $ and a high efficiency of 90% compared with existing methods like differential evolution (DE), genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO).
PubDate: 2023-11-22
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- Dynamic modeling and techno-economic assessment of hybrid renewable energy
and thermal storage systems for a net-zero energy greenhouse in South
Korea-
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Abstract: The implementation of hybrid renewable energy and thermal energy storage systems (HRETESSs) in greenhouses holds great promise in terms of greenhouse gas emission reduction, enhanced efficiency, and reliability of agricultural operations. In this study, numerical and experimental studies were conducted on a greenhouse integrated with HRETESSs in South Korea. The system consisted of solar thermal (ST) collectors, photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors, thermal energy storage, and heat pump systems. The performance analysis of the HRETESSs in various locations across South Korea was conducted using a validated TRNSYS model, which was calibrated through experimental measurements. RETscreen software was utilized to perform the techno-economic evaluation of the HRETESSs. Across all the cities studied, the HRETESSs achieved an average contribution of 43% and 20% toward meeting the thermal and electrical loads, respectively, resulting in an annual gross reduction of 4326–5157 tons of CO2. Moreover, the heat injection into the borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) from the ST and PVT collectors increases the contribution of the BTES to the greenhouse load. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-11-22
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- Reduction of carbon intensity of electrification by reservoir-to-wire
integration with CO2 capture and storage: conceptual design and analysis-
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Abstract: The energy transition to a low-carbon economy involves adoption of cleaner production and energy technologies while the global energy demand continues to rise. Low-emission gas-to-wire firing low-quality natural gas from deep-water offshore fields emerges as a solution that can accelerate the energy transition without compromising energy and environment securities. The present work considers an innovative design of low-emission floating gas-to-wire co-firing CO2-rich natural gas and blue-H2 (NG-H2-GTW-CCS) and evaluates it against a conventional low-emission gas-to-wire (NG-GTW-CCS) firing only CO2-rich natural gas. Both alternatives implement capture and geological storage of CO2 in the oil reservoir for enhanced oil recovery. The NG-H2-GTW-CCS sends part of the CO2-rich natural gas feed to dry autothermal reforming coupled to pre-combustion carbon capture, producing blue-H2 and co-firing it with CO2-rich natural gas. The sustainability assessment follows TOPSIS method (technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution) through process simulation. Results show that NG-GTW-CCS achieves a net power of 525.58 MW, while NG-H2-GTW-CCS achieves 524.67, 541.77, and 591.24 MW with blue-H2 at, respectively, 10%mol, 30%mol, and 50%mol in the fuel-blend. The net present value of NG-GTW-CCS is 2666.3 MMUSD while NG-H2-GTW-CCS reaches 2000.2, 2253.3, and 2412.0 MMUSD (at 10%mol, 30%mol, and 50%mol blue-H2). It is shown that the sustainability degree of process alternatives co-firing blue-H2 outperform the conventional NG-GTW-CCS counterpart. Graphical abstract
PubDate: 2023-11-21
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- Product kinematic analysis and optimization for low-carbon footprint
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Abstract: Low-carbon design that reduces the life cycle carbon emissions of products at source is increasingly becoming an important direction in product design to mitigate global warming further. An important design principle should be minimizing the product's weight and movement efficiency while minimizing its life cycle carbon emissions. This paper proposed a product kinematic analysis based on carbon footprint. After that, it developed a flexible picking actuator for tomato fruit based on the Bricard mechanism. Through kinematic analysis of the picking actuator, the optimized design of the mechanism is followed by simulation tests to reduce the carbon footprint over its life cycle. A systematic carbon footprint calculation model for the Bricard mechanism-based picking actuator is also developed and applied in the product design process to verify the design mechanism's feasibility, method and technology. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-11-21
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- Process simulation of staging pyrolysis and gasification of biomass in a
dual fluidized bed system-
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Abstract: The present study developed an ASPEN plus model for the study of the gasification behaviors of biomass in a dual fluidized bed (DFB) using steam as gasification agent. Model validation was performed by comparing the predicted results with the experimental data obtained from a steam-blown DFB gasification system and, a good agreement was attained. Sensitivity analysis was done to obtain producer gas composition using wood pellets and different gasification parameters like H2 yield, gas yield, H2/CO, tar yield, cold gas efficiency (CG-E) and char conversion efficiency (CC-E) using gasification temperature (750–900 °C), steam/biomass ratio, S/B (0.28–1.72) and steam temperature, ST (300–700 °C). Increasing the temperature and S/B contributed to the yield of H2 and the tar conversion rate. The results showed that both variables (temperature and S/B) have a strong positive influence on the quality and quantity of the produced syngas. Results showed that H2 content increased while CO and CH4 decreased with increasing S/B from 0.28 to 1.72 at 850 °C. The gas yield and H2/CO increased from 0.83 to 1.21 Nm3/kg and 0.9 to 1.87 with increasing S/B from 0.28 to 1.72, respectively, while tar yield decreased from 9.1 to 8.02 g/Nm3. The content of H2, H2 yield and CG-E increased with the rise of ST from 300 to 700 °C, while an opposite trend was achieved for tar yield. Graphical abstract
PubDate: 2023-11-20
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- The assessment of clean power and textile manufacturing on environmental
quality: the case of Chinese economy-
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Abstract: The main objective of this study is to contribute to the ongoing debate on the key factors of environment sustainability by inspecting the linkages between economic growth (GDP), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, renewable energy consumption (RE), non-renewable energy consumption (NRE) and the share of value added in the textile manufacturing sector (TEXL) in China by employing the autoregressive distributed lags (ARDLs) over the period 1998–2017. Our findings are promoting and proved that, in the short term, environmental degradation in China is negatively correlated with economic growth and textile value added and positively correlated with their lagged values. However, in the long term, non-renewable energy consumption boosts environmental degradation, while CO2 emissions are negatively correlated with any fluctuations in GDP and TEXL. More importantly, Granger causality empirics confirm the presence of a one-way linkage from TEXL to CO2 emissions, GDP, RE, and NRE. Thus, we recommend that policy makers in China must pay more attention to textile manufacture as well as spurring RE through the implementation of environmental taxes and the subsidy of green energy consumption. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-11-20
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- Determining the impact of economic indicators on water, energy and food
nexus for sustainable resource security-
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Abstract: Water, energy, and food are economic resources whose security and sustainability affect human livelihood. This paper is dedicated to exploring the influence of economic indicators on the security and sustainability of these resources within the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus. The research employed a quantitative approach, gathering data through a structured questionnaire from 282 WEF management professionals in South Africa. The collected data were subjected to statistical analyses, including mean score ranking, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM) using EQS and SPSS software. The results of this study highlight the significant impact of economic indicators on the sustainable security of WEF resources. The mean ranking revealed that there is a need to understand people’s economic power for resource sustainability. The CFA and SEM analyses identify four key economic indicators that influence resource security: WEF resource pricing mechanisms, employment rates in the WEF sectors, WEF resource importation, and WEF resource exportation. In conclusion, managing economic indicators within the WEF nexus calls for strategic investment based on comparative advantage. The study provides valuable policy recommendations to support this approach. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-11-18
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- Developments on energy-efficient buildings using phase change materials: a
sustainable building solution-
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Abstract: Energy security and environmental concerns are driving a lot of research projects to improve energy efficiency, make the energy infrastructure less stressed, and cut carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. One research goal is to increase the effectiveness of building heating applications using cutting-edge technologies like solar collectors and heat pumps. Another study technique uses phase change materials (PCMs), which have high energy storage densities. There still needs to be a thorough analysis of how these two research methods, namely how PCM is used to heat buildings, fit together. A thorough explanation of PCM application in buildings, specifically in walls, floors, ceilings, and glazed sections, and the critical PCM properties have been included in this article. This paper gave a summary of the research done for different applications, including the types of PCM, the forms of PCM encapsulation, and the types of PCM units used in different applications. This was done so that PCM can be used effectively in building applications. By summarizing and talking about the research methods used in different applications, we can learn more about the study’s possibilities and limits. From the study, authors conclude that the selection of appropriate PCM for a particular application requires careful consideration. The appropriate thermal conductivity, melting temperature ranges, coherence with building materials, and durability over time are a few factors that must be taken into account. Compatibility issues may arise when PCMs come into contact with other components or construction materials, which may lead to leakage or inadequate performance. Scholars can use the important conclusions and suggestions for future research on these applications to help them with their work. A list of recommendations for future work that can increase the use of PCMs in building applications include the improvement in low thermal conductivity and boost system efficiency, PCMs’ heat transfer properties can be improved, or heat transfer enhancement methods such as fins or heat pipes can be used. The next generation of studies aims to develop PCMs with enhanced robustness, durability over time, and little degradation following repetitive temperature cycling. Making PCM-based solutions commercially viable for various building projects requires robustness as well as inexpensive manufacturing procedures. Graphical abstract
PubDate: 2023-11-18
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- Eco-friendly asphalt mixtures: examining the performance of PE pyrolytic
wax-modified bitumen for road construction-
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Abstract: This study investigates the potential of plastic waste use in road construction as a means for recycling and environmental impact reduction. The impact of polyethylene (PE) pyrolytic wax-modified bitumen on asphalt properties was examined in this study. Asphalt samples were formulated with virgin bitumen, 7% PE wax-modified bitumen, 5% polypropylene (PP), and a combination of both. Optimal bitumen content was established as 6.05% for virgin bitumen, 6.6% for 5% PP, 6.0% for 7% wax, and 6.15% for the blend. Despite the 7% wax sample's lower indirect tensile strength (ITS) of 1.76 MPa, compared to 2.11 MPa for the 5% PP sample, it did not significantly differ from the sample with virgin bitumen. Similar findings emerged for ITS at cold temperatures (3.46 MPa for 7% wax vs. 3.399 MPa for 5% PP) and high temperatures (0.697 MPa for 7% wax vs. 0.861 MPa for 5% PP). The PE wax-modified bitumen samples satisfied dense-graded specifications, displaying consistent resistance to common deterioration mechanisms. Our findings propose that PE wax-modified bitumen is a sustainable approach to plastic waste management, capable of reducing bitumen and energy demand while preserving pavement lifespan. Furthermore, PE wax allows a 7.83% reduction in virgin bitumen content, a decrease in mixing and compaction temperatures by 14 °C and supports higher recycling rates compared to asphalt mixtures modified with untreated plastic waste. Graphical abstract Sustainable Asphalt Mixtures: This abstract compares traditional bitumen with polypropylene and polyethylene wax-modified versions, focusing on performance metrics such as stability and tensile strength. The findings indicate that modified bitumen delivers equivalent performance to conventional asphalt while facilitating higher plastic recycling rates
PubDate: 2023-11-17
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- A review of nitrogen flow in the anthroposphere to identify key control
sectors-
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Abstract: Abstract Mitigating the negative environmental impacts caused by nitrogen (N) requires an understanding of its flows across and through various systems. This study fills a research gap by identifying the key N sink and sources with flows at three geographical scales (city, region, and country) using a comprehensive literature review. For a systematic literature review, the PRISMA 2020 method was used to select thirty-three studies spanning from 1995 to 2023. The findings of the study indicate that at the city scale, N enters primarily as food and miscellaneous (e.g., fossil fuel) flow and exits as emission and soil losses, while the primary stock of N occurs in landfills. At the region scale, the inflow of N is via feed and fertilizers and the main outflow is emissions and food; the N stock occurs in the soil available in the ecosystem. At the country scale, N imports come from Feed and Fertilizer, while the N outflows occur through emission and food with majority of N stocks held in the soil. The major outflows and stocks identified in this assessment can have potential to improve N management in future studies by acting as a guide for selection of key sectors, appropriate geographical scales, and flows. The main limitation in analysis originates from the varying scope of studies available in the literature. It would be better to have the data available for multi-year time periods at city and region scale so as to achieve more confidence in findings of future N flow studies.
PubDate: 2023-11-17
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- Air stone-induced microbubble agitation: a strategy for solar still
performance enhancement-
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Abstract: Sustainable solar-based desalination systems have become a significant global energy challenge, and integrating energy storage technologies is crucial in addressing this challenge. Solar stills, a simple and sustainable method for converting impure water into potable water, have recently gained considerable attention from researchers. However, one of the major setbacks of this renewable energy system is its low efficiency. This study aims to enhance the distillate yield of solar stills by agitating the natural convection process within the still using air bubbles, which can contribute to improved energy storage and utilization. Porous air stones were positioned within the inner basin to generate microbubbles. A single basin, single slope solar still was used to investigate the effect of air bubbles on productivity. Additionally, the impact of varying numbers of air stones on productivity was studied by repeating the experiment with two, three, and four air stones. The results indicate that the yield of the solar still increases with the inclusion of an air stone due to enhanced heat transfer within the still. An increase in 15.6%, 28.7%, 9.3%, and 5.4% in the distillate output of the solar still was observed with the inclusion of one, two, three, and four air stones, respectively, compared to the conventional one. The results of the study demonstrate the potential of using air bubbles to augment the efficiency of solar stills and provide a practical and economically viable solution for desalination. Graphical abstract Enhancing solar still efficiency: the role of air stone-induced microbubble agitation in increasing water purity and productivity
PubDate: 2023-11-16
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- Enhancing the silica-magnetic catalyst-assisted bioethanol production from
biowaste via ultrasonics-
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Abstract: The current study describes the fabrication of nano-catalyst by embedding the magnetic nanoparticles as a core in silica shell to obtain the structure of Fe3O4@SiO2 and then functionalized with sulfonyl groups. The intrinsic properties of nano-catalysts were scrutinized for morphological, crystal structure, elemental and chemical bonding analysis using SEM, XRD, EDS and FT-IR, respectively. The acid density and saturation magnetization were observed to be 0.20 mmol g−1 and 56 emu g−1, respectively. In this study, banana peel waste was pre-treated and hydrolyzed into total reducing the sugar by sulfonated silica magnetic catalyst. A single-factor optimization method has also been used to investigate the influence of catalyst/solid quantity, reaction temperature and time on reducing sugar. The optimum sugar-reducing yield of about 73% was achieved with 0.3% (w/v) of catalyst loading at 140 °C for 2 h. In addition, the spent sulfonated silica catalyst was regenerated and reused up to 3 times. The fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was conducted with banana peel hydrolysate, and fermentation efficiency reached 83% after 48 h. Graphical abstract
PubDate: 2023-11-16
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