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Abstract: Application of the Polarized Continuum Model to molten oxides in the MgO–SiO2 system combined with all-electron ab initio calculations of the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of all the solid phases nucleating in the system permits the computation of the phase diagram topology at high pressure and temperature up to deep Earth’s conditions. The first principle parameterization reproduces satisfactorily the extrinsic stability fields of the various metasilicate and orthosilicate polymorphs at subsolidus conditions. The extrinsic stability field of Anhydrous-B (Mg14Si5O24; Anh-B) with respect to a Mg2SiO4 + MgO assemblage opens up at pressures higher than 10 GPa and widens with temperature to form a triangular pressure–temperature stability field. Superimposing the mantle adiabat Anh-B appears to predate the Mg2SiO4 + MgO assemblage with increasing pressure in a range comprised from roughly 10 to 20 GPa. Interactions among components in the liquid are addressed through the Hybrid Polymeric Approach (HPA). The P = 1 bar mixing properties of the liquid are consistent with a simple acid–base interaction according to Lux-Flood notation and with some experimental evidence concerning the enthalpy of fusion of stoichiometric compounds along the binary system. Limited strain energy contributions, which arise from loss of vibrational entropy in the mixture, are responsible for the liquid–liquid miscibility gap experimentally observed at room conditions. Disappearance of the miscibility gap at high P (i.e. P > 5 GPa) is due to the progressively vanishing effect of strain energy, counterbalanced by quite limited (and P-dependent) excess volumes of mixing (Vexc). The metasilicate melts congruently at P > 0 GPa. Forsterite forms peritectically at P ≤ 5 GPa. Graphic abstract PubDate: 2024-08-05
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Abstract: The chemical characterisation of archaeological finds necessitates a continuous focus on the development of nano/micro-invasive methodologies. These methodologies yield insights into the historical background, production processes, and conservation state of the items, often revealing astonishing properties of materials that have been unexpectedly preserved over the centuries. This work aims to characterise the molecular composition of a putative historical resin recovered during an archaeological excavation in Campese Bay off the island of Giglio in the 1980s. The resin was sampled from a trade amphora used for wine transport; it was likely employed as a coating to ensure better waterproofing of the containers. The characterisation was performed by detecting specific molecular markers using a GC–MS direct injection approach. In addition, we investigated the volatile fraction of the same sample through solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with GC–MS to address the need for a fast, solvent-free, and field-compatible sample preparation method. Graphical abstract PubDate: 2024-08-01
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Abstract: Designing museum exhibitions is a hot topic for architects, designers, museologists, and scholars since museography represents a powerful tool for valorizing collections, promoting education, communicating cultural values, and ensuring suitable conservation conditions for the exhibited specimens. This is especially true for museums displaying authentic objects which are conveyors of scientific, cultural, social, and ethical values. In particular, natural history and science museums often compete with the leisure industry, and thus their museographic solutions have to meet more and more demanding requirements to increase visitor engagement. This paper describes the museographic concepts beneath the Italian Museum of Planetary Sciences in Prato (Italy, hereinafter MISP). MISP is the only museum in Italy entirely devoted to illustrating planetary sciences and displays important collections of extraterrestrial materials (meteorites, tektites, and impactites). The exhibition layout, characterized by a continuous wall belt design, recalls the outer space while providing non-invasive visual means to improve visitors’ emotional engagement with the displayed specimens. MISP museographic strategies also outline the importance of spatial designs and transpositions focusing on the illustration of the exhibited collections, thus going against some current museographic practices emphasizing, for example, the use of augmented reality and digital stimuli. Graphical abstract PubDate: 2024-07-18
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Abstract: Abstract We propose an innovative methodology for seismic emergency planning and earthquake risk mitigation in central Italy by integrating three prototypal earthquake scenarios. The different scenarios derive maximum earthquake magnitudes from different input data. The first scenario utilizes local rheological, geological, and geophysical conditions; the second scenario considers the study area fault characteristics, while the third scenario relies on the cluster analysis of historical and instrumental earthquake records. The magnitudes and related uncertainties are combined using a conflation method to derive the expected ground motions for a grid of sites in central Italy. The resulting scenarios include peak ground acceleration and spectral ordinates, presented as maps and spectra for two selected localities. The vertical component of ground motion is also presented, because it is essential for accurately assessing the response of short-period structures. Our methodology complements the more classic seismic hazard analyses, offering additional insights for earthquake contingency planning and loss analysis. The proposed methodology is flexible; multiple models and ongoing advancements in scenario practice (near-field effects, vertical ground motion, and the choice of ground motion models) can be easily incorporated, increasing the effectiveness of seismic scenario modeling in seismic emergency planning and risk mitigation. PubDate: 2024-07-13
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Abstract: A soil bin test facility is a crucial tool for investigating the interaction between terrain and measuring devices under specific field conditions in the field of terramechanics. This paper presents a comprehensive categorization of soil bin test facilities based on their applications and provides a summary of their development in agricultural, vehicle engineering, and deep space exploration. In addition, the paper highlights the improvements made in soil bin test facilities through illustrative examples. A comparative analysis of the structure and characteristics of soil bin test facilities during different periods is presented, along with a summary of their key structural parameters. Furthermore, this study outlines the significance of soil bin test facilities across various fields and presents future development directions. The research findings presented herein serve as a valuable reference for the design, modeling, and innovative optimization of soil bin test facilities. Graphic abstract PubDate: 2024-07-08
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Abstract: This short paper introduces the topical collection of rendiconti lincei. scienze fisiche e naturali, which includes contributions originating from those presented at the Conference on “The Mediterranean System: a hotspot for climate changes and adaptation”, 21-22 March 2023 at Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in Rome. The physics of the Earth system, particularly the coupled ocean/atmosphere, constitutes the foundation for modelling the processes of climate change; its consequences strongly impact human society, and adaptation measures are required to mitigate its effects. This paper summarizes these factors by focusing on the Mediterranean Basin which can be considered a laboratory for studying, understanding and modelling global processes worldwide. Graphical abstract PubDate: 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-024-01254-9
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Abstract: The nature and extent of the main interactions between the Earth’s atmosphere and the ocean are briefly reviewed, introducing the main properties of these two planetary systems, the hierarchy of timescales and spatial scales characterizing their processes, and the main mechanisms involved. To clarify these mechanisms, a few examples of exchanges of momentum, energy, and mass exchanges are briefly outlined. The paper aims at stimulating students to discover the fascinating interplay among two of the most relevant components of our planet, such as the atmosphere and the ocean, and suggests resources for further exploration. Graphical abstract PubDate: 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-024-01243-y
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Abstract: On 12 November 2019 at 21:50 UTC, about 85% of the city of Venice was flooded, due to the sea-level height reaching 189 cm—the second largest value ever recorded there. Both the operational modeling system and the machine learning system underestimated the event by about 40 cm. To explain the underestimation, the sea-level data recorded in the area were subjected to the decomposition method that had been gradually developed at the Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical Institute over the last 40 or so years. The procedure revealed eight phenomena contributing to the sea level maximum: vertical land motion, sea-level rise, variable annual change, surge caused by planetary atmospheric waves, tide, storm surge, meteotsunami, and wind set-up inside the lagoon. It turned out that a combined contribution of the last two phenomena was almost equal to the difference between observed sea-level height and forecasted/hindcasted values. Consequently, the difference was related to a secondary atmospheric depression, which had caused both meteotsunami and wind set-up inside the lagoon but was not adequately captured by the operational modeling system nor was it allowed for by the machine learning system. Since the decomposition method proved to be useful in the Adriatic Sea, it is expected that the method could be applicable in other basins around the world if they are prone to strong and multifaceted atmospheric forcing. Graphical abstract PubDate: 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-024-01242-z
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Abstract: The funerary paintings at Tarquinia, recognized for their extraordinary cultural and artistic importance, reflect the Etruscan aristocracy’s outlook on life, funeral rites, and their concept of the afterlife, such as their relationship with nature. Despite their recurrence, a botanical analysis of the painted trees was lacking. Here, we analysed 34 Etruscan-painted tombs, looking at the arboreal plants, studying their characteristic architecture, and providing key elements resulting from abstractions from real features for understanding how different species are represented. The identification was supported by a bibliography of Etruscan iconography and botanical atlas and online databases useful for the comparison with the diagnostic elements present in the represented trees. The results show that myrtles (Myrtus communis) and laurels (Laurus nobilis) were the most commonly depicted arboreal species in the fifth and fourth century BC tombs, respectively. Myrtles were prominent in funerary celebrations due to the plant’s Dionysian connection, and laurel was sacred within Apollonian rites. To a lesser extent, we also found palms, with their auspicious symbolism (hybrid forms combining Chamaerops humilis and Phoenix dactylifera), and single occurrences of fig (Ficus carica), and fir (Picea cfr. excelsa). These findings help to better comprehend the role of trees in Etruscan culture, which here seem to contribute to the representation of a sacred space within the funerary tomb, in keeping with the ancient concept of the sacred forests or “nemora”. The regular repetition of trees also helps to project sequences of temporal events and the progress of time in human life. PubDate: 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-024-01251-y
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Abstract: Abstract Oceanography, or Oceanology, is a very broad name covering all the traditional sciences (physics, chemistry, biology etc.) which can be studied in the ocean context. Hence the distinction must be made using the specific names of Physical, Chemical or Biological Oceanography. This particular review is devoted to the history of Physical Oceanography, a discipline which remained at the empirical stage until roughly the middle of last century, with a slow development of the rigorous, mathematical approach and analysis required to fully understand the processes and dynamics at all space/time scales. This review wants to introduce the uninformed reader to this relatively new science, providing a concise but hopefully comprehensive outline of the milestones of its history, from the adventurous beginnings of the past centuries, to the successive, very recent theoretical and observational advances. In this progress, the scientific “giants” who made possible these advances are also presented. Their choice constitutes not only the author’s personal opinion but that of the oceanographic community at large which recognizes their crucial impact in making physical oceanography the quantitative, exact science of today. It is the author’s privilege to have personally known most of them, not only as teachers but as mentors and friends. PubDate: 2024-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract The population of the countries bordering on the Mediterranean Sea will grow to 685 million in 2050, according to the latest projections (middle variant) of the United Nations, from 188 million in 1950. Trends of mortality, fertility and migration are briefly delineated, as well as their differential impact in the countries of the European, Asian and African Rims. The paper discusses the human impact of population growth on the region, with particular reference to urbanization, population distribution along the coastline, and mobility. PubDate: 2024-06-01
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Abstract: Abstract This study focuses on the archeological characterization of potsherds from Tigranakert in Artsakh belonging to different centuries (from 9–13 century) using SEM/EDS technique. Archeometry and archeological science correspond and refer to the application of scientific techniques to the analysis of archeological materials, as well as the processes involved in their manufacture (Williams, Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry, BAR International Series, London, 2005; Vigil de la Villa Mencía and García Giménez, La Ciencia y el Arte: Ciencias Experimentales y Conservación del Patrimonio Histórico. Instituto del Patrimonio Histórico Español, Madrid, 2008; Martinón-Torres and Killick, The Oxford Handbook of Archaeological Theory, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015). This paper presents a study of a set of ceramic samples using stratigraphic analysis coupled with SEM/EDX technique. Ceramic materials provide information on the clay materials employed in their manufacture (Hradil et al., Appl Clay Sci 165:135–147, 2018; Giannossa et al., J Cult Herit 43:242–248, 2020), hence facilitating the assignment of their autochthonous or allochthonous character (Kordatzaki et al., J Archaeol Sci Rep 7:526–529, 2016; Montana, Anthropol Sci12:175, 2020; Hein and Kilikoglou, Anthropol Sci 12:180, 2020). Analysis of the cross-section provides the stratigraphic evaluation of the ceramic body (holes, cavities, imperfections, granulometry, inclusions, and color), the glaze, or other superficial layers (glazes, transparency or opacity, color and saturation, defects, and other). SEM images showed that the potsherds have a quite poor vitrification degree and heterogeneous grain distribution, suggesting a simple firing technique. PubDate: 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-024-01244-x
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Abstract: Heavy metal pollution in soils may have a significant impact on the environment and human health, disrupting the ecological balance in developing countries. This holds true for both industrial and agricultural endeavors. The study area, located in Vezirköprü district of Samsun province, consisted of 1664.9 hectares, from which 88 soil samples were collected from the surface (0–20 cm) depth. This study analyzed the physicochemical properties and heavy metal pollution indices, including the enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (I geo), pollution load index (PLI), contamination factor (Cf), potential ecological risk factor (Er), and potential ecological risk index (RI). In addition, the prediction accuracies of these indices were determined using artificial neural networks, considering pH, organic matter (OM), and clay contents, which affect the retention of heavy metals in soil. Based on the analysis results, the average concentration of copper (Cu) was 28.1 mg/kg, which exceeded the upper continental crust (UCC-28.0 mg/kg) and European mean soil value (ESA-17.3 mg/kg), but was below the world mean soil value (WSA) (38.9 mg/kg). The average concentration of nickel (Ni) was 40.3 mg/kg, which was higher than that of WSA (29 mg/kg), but lower than that of ESA (37 mg/kg) and UCC (47 mg/kg). The concentration of cadmium (Cd) exceeded the UCC value of 0.09 mg/kg by 0.19 mg/kg, but remained lower than the ESA and WSA values of 0.28 mg/kg and 0.41 mg/kg, respectively. The levels of other elements were found to be low compared with the UCC, WSA, and ESA results. The correlation values (R) between the actual and predicted values for PLI were higher than those for RI. During the training stage, the correlation values were 0.72 and 0.82 for RI and PLI, respectively. During the testing stage, the correlation values were 0.61 and 0.72, respectively. These results indicate that ANN can be used to predict the pollution status. Graphical abstract PubDate: 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-024-01240-1
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Abstract: Abstract The possibility to use light in the visible spectrum to induce near-infrared luminescence in some materials, particularly Egyptian blue and related pigments, offers a significant advantage in terms of their detection. Since 2008, this property has been exploited to reveal the presence of those pigments even in tiny amounts on ancient and decayed surfaces, using a technical-photography method. This paper presents a new type of imaging device that enables real-time, easy, and inexpensive identification and mapping of Egyptian blue and related materials. The potential of the new tool is demonstrated by its effectiveness in detecting Egyptian blue within some prestigious sites: (a) Egyptian findings at Museo Egizio, Turin; (b) underground Roman frescoes at Domus Aurea, Rome; and (c) Renaissance frescoes by Raphael, Triumph of Galatea and Loggia of Cupid and Psyche, at Villa Farnesina, Rome. The device is based on night vision technology and allows an unprecedented fast, versatile, and user-friendly approach. It is employable by professionals including archeologists, conservators, and conservation scientists, as well as by untrained individuals such as students or tourists at museums and sites. The overall aim is not to replace existing photographic techniques but to develop a tool that enables rapid preliminary recognition, useful for planning the work to be carried out with conventional methods. The ability to immediately track Egyptian blue and related pigments, through real-time vision, photos, and videos, also provides a new kind of immersive experience (Blue Vision) and can foster the modern use of these materials in innovative applications and future technologies. PubDate: 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-024-01245-w
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Abstract: At a European level, Tropaeolum minus is the first species of this genus that arrived in our continent, around 1570, immediately used as an ornamental, vegetable and pharmaceutical plant. According to Italian sources, instead, T. minus arrived in Italy only in 1642: the species of this genus which was known in Italy at the time was T. majus, imported in 1596. However, in the Italian Renaissance herbaria, there are four specimens dated to the last decades of 1500, clearly recognisable as T. minus, which would confirm its import around 1570. Thanks to the analysis of these herbarium specimens and documental sources of the second half of the XVI century (Ulisse Aldrovandi’s manuscripts and watercolour plates, the lists of species cultivated in that period in the principal Italian botanical gardens, the manuscript code I cinque libri di piante by Pietro Antonio Michiel), it is possible to demonstrate that the arrival of T. minus in Italy has to be redated at the second half of the XVI century. Furthermore, this work allowed the specimens of Tropaeolum preserved in the Erbario Aldrovandi to be identified correctly, which were formerly attributed to T. majus following the Italian scientific literature available so far. Graphical abstract PubDate: 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-024-01248-7
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Abstract: Abstract The geographical positioning of the Philippines has rendered it susceptible to devastating earthquakes, resulting in significant human and economic losses throughout its history. Given the persistent earthquake risk, there is a need to explore all available methodologies to comprehensively portray the seismic hazard profile of the country and to supplement the current Philippine Earthquake Model (PEM). Moreover, the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA), the method employed in PEM, has faced several critiques in scholarly discourse. As such, this study employed a relatively new approach, the neo-deterministic seismic hazard assessment (NDSHA) which addresses many of the limitations associated with PSHA, to the Philippines to develop new seismic hazard maps of the country. NDSHA offers the capability to simulate ground motion parameters at bedrock levels by leveraging insights into the physical mechanisms of earthquake generation and wave propagation in a realistic medium. The application of NDSHA yielded six distinct seismic hazard maps of the Philippines containing information on calculated Peak Ground Displacement (PGD), Peak Ground Velocity (PGV), and Design Ground Acceleration (DGA). These resultant maps, which have been statistically corroborated with empirical earthquake records, identified five specific areas in the country with heightened seismic hazards. This implementation of the regional-scale NDSHA method provided new insights into the seismic hazard landscape of the Philippines, thereby enriching the reservoir of information available for infrastructure seismic assessment, analysis, and design endeavors. PubDate: 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-024-01247-8
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Abstract: Due to the important process of global warming, the improvement of soil factors, which decrease wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield gap, in the arid and semi-arid areas of the world including Iran (Kerman province) is of significance. The objective was to determine how wheat yield gap and yield components, in 15 different fields (three different locations with areas ranging from 2993 to 5175 km2), are affected by soil physicochemical properties including texture, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), and chemical fertilization. Wheat yield components including tiller and grain number, fertile spike, spike length, 1000-grain weight (25–44 g), plant height, biological yield (plant dry weight) (4880–14800 kg/ha), and plant density were measured. Linear regression analyses indicated that SOC (0.23–1.51%), TN (0.02–0.15%) and available K (195–280 mg/kg) significantly affected wheat yield and yield components, which were also positively and significantly correlated. There was a positive and significant correlation between SOC, TN, and available P and K, which were negatively and significantly correlated with EC. The regression models relating soil physicochemical properties with spike length and plant height were significant (P ≤ 0.05). The R2 values ranged from 0.54 (number of grains per spike) to 0.90 (plant height) and for economic (grain) and biological yields were equal to 0.75 and 0.83, respectively. The yield gap was in the range of 1245–4256 kg/ha. The improvement of soil physicochemical properties may decrease wheat yield gap in the arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Graphic abstract PubDate: 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-024-01233-0
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Abstract: Abstract The impact of nitrogen (N) and boron (B) foliar applications on Solanum melongena growth, yield, and phytochemicals was studied. The impact of foliar applications using N levels (0, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%) and B levels (0, 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%) following a randomized block design with three replications was studied. With the increase in N level, the yield characters increased. Foliar application of N shows the maximum height of plant (112.5 cm), number of leaves (186.0), leaf area (46.20), number of branches (7.67), number of blossom flowers/plant (21.25), number of fruits/plant (11.42), fruit length (10.97 cm), fruit width (7.39 cm), fruit volume (305.7), fruit weight (12.67 g), fruit yield (12.78), protein (10.9%), total carbohydrates (27.5%), and crude fiber (7.21%) while decreasing minimum days at 50% appearance of flowers (48.0). In the case of B application, the maximum height of the plant (112.0 cm), number of leaves (187.6), leaf area (47.82), number of branches (7.67), number of blossom flowers/plant (22.08), number of fruits/plant (11.33), fruit length (10.95 cm), fruit width (7.35 cm), fruit volume (298.0), fruit weight (206.1 g), fruit yield (12.13), protein (9.31%), carbohydrates (30.2%), TSS (4.20), crude fiber (7.34%), DPPH (4.68 mg/mL), Chl a (1.39), Chl b (0.53), TPC (60.78), DAO activity (81.43), and PAO activity (39.10) were observed, while decreasing minimum days at 50% appearance of flowers (48.33). Application of N at 0.5% and B at 0.25% increased the growth, yield parameters, and phytochemical contents of S. melongena. The impact of different nitrogen and boron foliar applications on eggplant growth, phytochemicals, and quality attributes is significantly improved. PubDate: 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-024-01226-z
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Abstract: Abstract Sea level rise (SLR) is among the major climate change effects threating the coasts of the Mediterranean basin, which are increasingly exposed to coastal flooding, especially along the low lying coastal plains, river deltas, lagoons and reclamation areas. Coastal erosion, beach retreat and marine flooding are already causing unprecedented environmental and socio-economic impacts on coastal populations. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) these effects are expected to worsen by 2100 and beyond with a projected global SLR up to about 1 m above the current level. This study provides an overview of the Mediterranean basin, focusing on the vulnerable city of Venice, which is particularly exposed to marine flooding due to SLR and land subsidence. We show the current and future sea level trend as well as a flooding scenarios in the absence of the Experimental Electromechanical Module (MoSE), which is protecting the city of Venice since 2020. To understand the awareness of citizens in Venice to address SLR, we have engaged a group of stakeholders through a structured participatory process to develop solution-oriented, case-specific and site-specific Policy Tools. Our results show that the Policy Tools contain relevant, effective and implementable actions stemming from stakeholder interaction and consensus building, identifying relevant issues that should be considered for SLR adaptation policies. A more extensive participation in public processes is required to materialize the Policy Tools into concrete actions to help vulnerable areas adapt to the expected SLR by the end of this century. PubDate: 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1007/s12210-024-01236-x