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Abstract: The results of karyological and cytogenetic studies of populations of conifer species from the families Pinaceae and Cupressaceae growing under extreme conditions have been summarized. A chromosomal variability has been revealed in coniferous plants growing at the southern and northern borders of their natural habitats, at ecological limits of distribution, in anthropogenically disturbed ecosystems, and under introduction conditions. A high frequency of changes in the number of chromosomes (mixoploidy, aneuploidy, and polyploidy) and their morphology has been observed. Different types of chromosomal anomalies (ring and polycentric chromosomes, chromosome fragments, and multiple chromosomal abnormalities), chromosome agglutination, mitotic and meiotic abnormalities, and the appearance of B chromosomes have been revealed. Using classical methods and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), a polymorphism of nucleolar-forming regions of chromosomes has been studied and features of the 5S and 45S ribosomal DNA loci have been revealed. PubDate: 2023-10-01
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Abstract: Betula pendula Roth. is tolerant to technogenic air pollutants. However, the viability of pollen decreases under stress conditions, as well as under air pollution. This research was conducted in Middle Siberia on eight plots of motley birches near the industrial city of Krasnoyarsk. In each plot on the west side, the male twigs of 15–20 trees were cut at pollination time. Pollen was extracted from the male generative organs for size and viability (potential (by starch test) and actual (by in vitro germination)) determination. The results were analyzed by statistical methods. A reduction in pollen viability under technogenic pollution and reliable differences in pollen grain (PG) diameters under different growing conditions is revealed, but deformed PG is not. The variability of PGs in diameter in the biocenosis does not exceed 9.3–9.9%. The maximum number of sprouted PGs is observed under background conditions and the minimum is at the eastern border of the city in the main direction of the transfer of technogenic aerosols. The length of pollen tubes in trees growing under these conditions decreased by more than twice in comparison with the critical value (namely, PG diameter of 18–20 µm). Regression analysis has shown correlations between pollen germination and the accumulation of dust on foliage, as well as of lead and aluminum content in the foliage (r = − 0.1−0.3, р ≥ 0.05). Despite the tolerance of the species to air pollution, Betula pendula male generative structures are sensitive to contamination. Pollen viability can be used as a bioindicator of environmental pollution upon monitoring. PubDate: 2023-10-01
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Abstract: Using nine nuclear microsatellite loci (nSSR), the structure of genetic variability of Scots pine in the Black Sea–Caucasus region, Eastern Europe, the Urals, Siberia, and the Russian Far East has been studied and the demographic history of these population groups has been investigated using approximate Bayesian computations (ABC) analysis. A significant differentiation between the populations of the Eastern Black Sea Region (EBSR) and the main areal is confirmed, while the time of divergence between these groups is estimated at 0.5 million BP. The differentiation of the populations of the Greater Caucasus into western and eastern populations is found, probably due to migrations of Eastern European populations to the Western Caucasus. The nSSR similarity of the populations of Crimea and Asia Minor is shown, probably as a result of their relatively recent differentiation. nSSR analysis reveals a significant differentiation between the populations of the Russian Far East and the rest of the populations of the northern part of the range. The divergence time between these groups of populations is estimated using ABC analysis at 97 000 BP, which confirms the survival of the Scots pine in the Russian Far East during the last glacial maximum (LGM). PubDate: 2023-10-01
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Abstract: — The results of an analysis of nuclear microsatellite loci (nSSR) for studying the genetic diversity of natural populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the southern taiga and forest steppe of Middle and Western Siberia affected by fires and logging of different intensity are presented. Six polymorphic loci suitable for studying the genetic variability of the populations of the species in Siberia have been selected. The set of genetic markers used had never been studied in the Siberian part of the species range. Population genetic studies are carried out in 13 Siberian populations of Scots pine (26 samples) based on selected nSSR markers (psyl57, PtTx2146, lw_isotig04195, lw_isotig04306, lw_isotig10603, and lw_isotig21953) containing a total of 62 alleles. Fifteen of them are found only in one (two) of the populations and can be used to study the spatial and population structure of the species and determine the geographical boundaries of the populations. It has been established that their variability is significantly higher compared to isoenzyme markers; they contain a significant number of rare and very rare alleles and are quite informative for the purposes of genetic monitoring and assessing the impact of forestry activities and other natural and anthropogenic damaging factors on intrapopulation genetic diversity and the sustainability of one of the main forest-forming coniferous species of Siberia. In the process of analyzing the similarity of populations of the species according to the studied markers, a certain relationship is revealed between the genetic differentiation of populations and their geographical location which is often not detected when using isoenzyme markers. PubDate: 2023-10-01
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Abstract: The genetic differentiation of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) populations along the latitudinal gradient of climatic conditions was studied using high-throughput double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) data. We studied correlation of five main climatic variables with variation of 47.929 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In total, 125 trees were genotyped and studied: 61 trees in four populations along the western geographic transect and 64 trees in four populations along the eastern geographic transect. Twenty-one SNPs with signatures of selection were identified, including nine outlier SNPs whose variation cannot be explained by selectively neutral processes, and 12 SNPs whose variation correlated with the environmental factors. Seven SNPs are located in the introns of mitochondrial genes NAD1, NAD2 and ribosomal protein gene L2, three are located relatively close to the mitochondrial genes encoding NAD2 and ribosomal proteins S7 and S11, one is located at a distance from the nuclear gene encoding a protein homologous to the microtubule-associated futsch-like protein of Arabidopsis thaliana, two in the tentative protein genes of unknown nature and three in contigs containing no genes, and for which no homologous sequences were found in the NCBI GenBank. PubDate: 2023-10-01
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Abstract: The pollen viability of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) has been studied on the border of the city Krasnoyarsk, as well as under unpolluted growth conditions. This study has discovered the variability and correlation between the functional characteristics of pollens, as well as a low rate of development anomalies. The viability of pollen growth in forest ecosystems of the middle mountains of the Eastern Sayans (the northeastern border of the Krasnoyarskie Stolby national park) have decreased under pollution press. The great variety of pollen viability characteristics of the Siberian spruce pollen makes the high degree of flexibility and adaptability of species reproductive processes evident. PubDate: 2023-10-01
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Abstract: A pilot survey of three closely spaced Pinus sylvestris L. populations (dry land, bog land, and technogenic (growing on the sandy base of a cluster drilling pad)) has been performed in the oil-producing region of Western Siberia using six polymorphic microsatellite nuclear DNA markers. The data indicate that the populations are quite similar in main genetic variability parameters estimated on the basis of six polymorphic loci. Subtle, although statistically significant, differences were identified between the dry land and bog land populations, including differences in FIS. The technogenic population occupies an intermediate position between the studied natural populations and does not differ statistically significantly from them. Apparently, this is because young technogenic pine stands are a mixture of dry land and bog land genotypes, while the appearance of unique (private) alleles in the technogenic population and the adjacent bog land population could be induced by chemical pollution. PubDate: 2023-10-01
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Abstract: The DNA polymorphism of cenopopulations Larix sibirica Ledeb. and Picea obovate Ledeb. growing in different ecological conditions of the southern part of the Taimyr Peninsula has been studied and their genetic diversity in nuclear microsatellite loci is estimated: NA = 3.30, NE = 1.75, HO = 0.263, and HE = 0.366 in L. sibirica and NA = 2.92, NE = 1.59, HO = 0.351, HE = 0.338 in P. obovata. In general, a deficiency of heterozygous genotypes (F = 0.177) in the studied populations of Siberian larch and an excess of heterozygous genotypes (F = –0.051) in populations of Siberian spruce are noted. The genetic features of these species under the influence of technogenic emissions in the Norilsk industrial region are examined. In L. sibirica, a higher allelic diversity and a higher level of inbreeding are found in the cenopopulation from an ecologically safe area, while a higher level of heterozygosity and a lower value of the inbreeding coefficient are noted in the area with an increased level of pollution. A comparison of the cenopopulation samples of P. obovata has shown that the genetic structure of the stand from the ecologically favorable area is practically in equilibrium, while a 10% excess of heterozygotes is recorded in the more polluted area. Despite certain differences between the two studied species, in general, cenopopulations of L. sibirica and P. obovata growing in areas with an increased, but acceptable, level of technogenic load in the Norilsk industrial region are characterized by higher values of almost all parameters of genetic variability. We suggest that this pattern reflects the activation of adaptive processes in coniferous populations from extreme growing conditions. PubDate: 2023-10-01
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Abstract: The dynamics of tree height in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) of different origin have been studied in provenance trials on sandy and loam soils in Central Siberia. Plots with different soil types occur in one geographical location in the Boguchansky District of Krasnoyarsk krai, Russia. Thus, they are characterized by similar climatic conditions. At the trial sites, pine climatype progeny has a different adaptive reaction on the soil conditions and other environmental factors. The differentiation of Scots pine climatypes according to the mean height is shown. Perspective climatypes of the Scots pine are distinguished based on its growth dynamics. PubDate: 2023-10-01
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Abstract: This paper presents the results of field tests and chromosome analysis for five micropropagated clones of triploid white poplar (Populus alba L.) and grey poplar (Populus × canescens Sm.), which are of a mixoploid nature. In order to assess the ecological and genetic potential of the plants, they are tested in different edaphic conditions. It is found that the clones (genotypes) at the age of 2–23 years grown on black soil (chernozem) had better survival index, preservation rate, growth, and health state than the same clones grown on poor dry acidic sandy loams. Under conditions of edaphic stress, clones had a higher cytogenetic polymorphism and heterogeneity of somatic cells (compared to chernozem). Apparently, the genetic and presumably epigenetic variability, manifested in a change in the degree of mixoploidy (the ratio of cells of different levels of ploidy) depending on environmental conditions and the nature of gene expression (an increase in the proportion of cells with residual nucleoli in the metaphase of mitosis), can provide the most effective implementation of the functions of genes for the adaptation of clones in adverse conditions. The study demonstrated that the response of clones to adverse growing conditions largely depends on their genotypic characteristics (including characteristics of the species). The clone of the grey poplar had the highest ecological plasticity. This clone has a broad genetic basis (it is a hybridogenic species, mixoploid, allotriploid), which expands the possibilities for its use in various growing conditions. Micropropagated clones of the white poplar execute their production potential (growth) on chernozem or alluvial soils. PubDate: 2023-10-01
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Abstract: This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the radial increment of various larch species and provenances growing on a common ecological background in experimental forestry established in 1965–1967 on the Krasnoyarsk forest steppe by employees of the Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. The provenances of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) from different elevation belts of the Southern Siberian Mountains, Gmelin larch (L. gmelinii Rupr.) from the Trans-Baikal and Zeya provinces (Eastern Siberia), and Japanese larch (L. leptolepis Gord) introduced from the island of Sakhalin are studied. Based on the cluster analysis of radial increment series, four groups of provenances are identified with different growth strategies, depending on the response to environmental factors: mountain–forest steppe and mountain–taiga provenances of Siberian larch and provenances of Gmelin larch from Transbaikalia. The provenance of Japanese larch from Sakhalin has formed a separate cluster. The highest values of radial increment are found in groups of mountain–forest-steppe provenances formed by Siberian larch and Gmelin larch trees introduced from East Siberian provinces. Low values of radial increment are noted in provenances of Siberian larch trees from Southern Siberia mountain–taiga zone and Japanese larch from Sakhalin. Dendroclimatic analysis is used to identify the relationship between the environmental variables of the introduction zone and the radial increment of the studied provenances. In the Krasnoyarsk forest steppe, the main factor limiting radial increment is the moisture content of the root layer in the middle of the growing season (July–August). Larch trees introduced from wetter habitats respond more strongly to an increase in water stress, while the radial increment of trees taken from drier habitats responds positively to an increase in the length of the growing season. PubDate: 2023-10-01
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Abstract: — A study of morphological traits in the populations of R. aureum from Western and Eastern Sayan and Kamchatka has been carried out. The variability of genetic nuclear DNA microsatellite markers (nSSRs) has been studied in the same samples. A total of 15 absolute and relative morphological traits of shoots and leaves, as well as 18 polymorphic microsatellite markers in eight natural populations of R. aureum, are observed. It is found that the following parameters are the most variable within species populations: plant size, shoot length, length of the foliated part of shoots, and number of leaves relative to shoot length; relative leaf shape parameters are more stable parameters. The reliable division of populations into three geographical groups on all set of morphological characters is established. One important taxonomic character, the leaf life span, is shown to make a great contribution on the shoot to the division of geographical groups of populations and individual populations. The structure of morphological differentiation of populations is confirmed by the results of the analysis of genetic variability of the same populations of R.aureum by nuclear microsatellite markers. The greatest genetic distances from other populations are established for the Kamchatka populations. There is a tendency toward the differentiation of populations within the Altai-Sayan mountain country. The results of the study agree well with the information on geography, ecology, and biology of the species. The study of intra- and interpopulation morphological differentiation of R. aureum populations in Siberia is conducted for the first time, following the recently initiated studies on genetic variability of the species in Northern Eurasia. PubDate: 2023-10-01
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Abstract: A cytogenetic study of four embryogenic cell lines (CLs) of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) of different ages, including young (two 4-month and one 16-month) and long-term proliferating (11-year) CLs has been carried out. Three CLs are diploid, and their karyotypes contain the number of chromosomes typical for this species (2n = 24). A 16-month CL capable of forming somatic embryos is aneuploid (2n = 25). This CL is probably characterized by a trisomy in one of the submetacentric chromosome pairs. A long-term proliferating CL, from which viable fruiting clones have been obtained, retained a diploid number of chromosomes for all 11 years of cultivation and still remained genetically stable. The karyotype of coniferous plants is characterized by high stability, and the most species from the family Pinaceae, to which the genus Larix Mill. belongs, contain 24 chromosomes (2n = 24). Therefore, the detection of cytogenetically stable cell lines with an altered chromosome set is of great interest for genetic studies of this group of plants. The identification of stable diploid cell lines is important for genetic and breeding studies aimed at the creation of highly productive plantations with specified hereditary properties. PubDate: 2023-10-01
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Abstract: Data on the dynamics of rust fungi are presented on the example of the Skadovsky Zvenigorod Biological Station of Lomonosov Moscow State University. The survey was carried out by the route method in years 2011–2019 and 2021 during vegetative season. 81 species of rust fungi were recorded on the territory of the biological station, the number of species detected during one year varies from 36 to 56. The number of species detected per year shows a significant correlation (r = 0.76) with the G index calculated from temperature and rainfall in June and August. During each season there is a change in the dominant stages of rust fungi. Species with aeciospores (I) are more common in June, species with urediniospores (II) are more common in July, and species with teliospores (III)predominate in August. The number of species detected in stage II per month is mainly determined by the number of species identified in the previous month in stage I (r = 0.61). Similarly, the number of species detected in stage III in a month is predominantly determined by the number of species detected in the previous month in stage II (r = 0.85). The revealed dependencies correspond to the biology of the Pucciniales. PubDate: 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1134/S1995425523040029
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Abstract: The results of studying the long-term dynamics of the phytopathological state of alien woody and shrubby plants (AWSPs) in Ekaterinburg city (Russia, Ural) are presented for the first time. In view of the active implementation of numerous landscaping programs, including the concept of the Greenway planning of Ekaterinburg city, over the past 20 years, a large number of AWSP seedlings have arrived in the city, which contributes to the penetration of many previously unknown species of alien and pathogenic fungi into the Urals, the number of which increases exponentially. On alien woody substrates, many species of local saprobic fungi exhibit pathogenic properties, which also contribute to a sharp increase in the pathogenic activity of urban mycobiota. Several invasive fungal species cause mass diseases of woody plants and expand their trophic spectrum. Some invasive fungal species are expanding their invasive range into the natural forests. A list of AWSP species resistant to local and alien diseases, which are recommended for the greening of Ekaterinburg, is given. The applicability of the sentinel plantations technique for the early detection and localization of alien phytopathogens is discussed. Recommendations are given for the creation of a four-stage system of phytopathological monitoring of green urban spaces, which will contribute to the protection against penetration and the rapid detection of alien pathogenic fungi before diseases outbreaks. PubDate: 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1134/S199542552304008X
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Abstract: Ecological and genetic characteristics of the phoma-like fungus Calophoma complanata were defined. C. complanata is a potential bioherbicide of the giant hogweed. An ecological analysis of the C. complanata sample collection sites showed that this pathogen is found where the humidity is high and the temperature is lower than at other sites of phoma-like micromycetes. The growing degree days >10°C of the distribution of the species varies between 106.0 (Shetland) and 911.5 (Lublin, Poland), with a rather low average of 570. The minimum and maximum Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient on the boundary of the species area are 3.26 and 1.31, respectively, with an average of 1.9. The species area is characterized by long photoperiods. Classical morphological, histochemical, and molecular methods for founding C. complanata MF-32.121 in plants have been carried out. It is shown that this species, depending on the conditions, can cause the Sosnowsky’s hogweed disease, or switches to an endophytic lifestyle. We believe that this is one of the mechanisms allowing the pathogen to survive in harsh natural conditions. The data allow us to predict the effectiveness of mycoherbicides depending on environmental conditions, assess the long-term risks associated with its application, and reveal the spectrum of nontarget biological activities. PubDate: 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1134/S1995425523040108
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Abstract: Interactions in the epiphytic microorganism–host plant–pathogen system have been studied using the example of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings artificially infected with a facultative saprotroph Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar. Changes in the population of epiphytic microorganisms, the composition and content of volatile compounds, and morphological parameters of pine seedlings have been determined for different experimental variants. The influence of two factors (infection with L. seditiosum and mycocompost addition to the soil) on the abovementioned indices has been studied using classic phytopathological and microbiological methods. Volatile compounds and their activity have been studied by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and an adapted Tokin’s method, respectively. The ascospore germination stage has been characterized by an increase in volatile components released by infected needles and a decrease in the number of those compounds released by roots of infected plants. The content of α-pinene in the volatile fraction from needles having necrotic lesions has been found to be 24% less than in healthy needles. The percentage of some terpenes have increased in experimental samples; for example, the content of 3-carene has shown a 2.3‑fold increase compared to the control value. Along with changes in the composition of volatile compounds, an increase in the phytoncide activity of the leaf and root systems of infected plants has been observed compared to those of intact plants. This observation has been confirmed by the results of microbiological studies: infected plants have shown a significant reduction in the number of epiphytic microorganisms compared to the control (healthy) ones. A significant increase in the weight of needles confirmed by the ANOVA analysis has been observed for variants, which included the infection or mycocompost addition to the soil. The effects correspond to Selye’s adaptation syndrome (the activation of physiological processes at the early stage of an adverse impact, followed by the exhaustion of an organism if this load continues). PubDate: 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1134/S1995425523040078
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Abstract: The number of colony-forming units (CFUs), taxonomic structure, and species richness of fungal communities in bottom sediments of Lake Baikal at a depth from 9 to 178 m have been determined based on the culture method and high-performance sequencing of the ITS2 region of rDNA. We have identified 215 species of 138 genera, 50 orders, and 22 classes assigned to 6 phyla: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota, Mortierellomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Glomeromycota. Representatives of the phyla Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, and Rozellomycota are detected only by DNA barcoding. The cultural method and high-performance sequencing of the ITS2 region of rDNA enable us to reveal 77 and 146 species, respectively, and only 8 species are identified by both approaches. Most of the nucleotide sequences are not identified to the level of families and species. There are representatives of various ecological and trophic groups—saprotrophs, pathogens, and symbiotrophs—in the mycobiota of bottom sediments. These are mainly psychrotolerant organisms, and there are facultative anaerobic species among them. Changes in the taxonomic structure of fungal communities, depending on the depth, and species able to function in soils are revealed. These are, in particular, Pseudeurotium bakeri, Pseudeurotium hygrophilum, Pseudogymnoascus pannorum, Pseudogymnoascus roseus, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma lixii, Trichoderma polysporum, Penicillium glandicola, and Penicillium swiecickii; species of the genera Rhysophydium, Fusarium, Daldinia Mortierella, Coniochaeta, Cystobasidium, Mrakia, Rhodothorula, and Solicoccozyma; and a number of others. A collection of fungal strains isolated from bottom sediments of Lake Baikal has been created. PubDate: 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1134/S1995425523040030
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Abstract: The study of alkali-resistant fungi has been carried out for the first time on the coast of saline lakes in the south of the Trans-Baikal region on the territory of the Daursky Biosphere Reserve (lakes Zun-Torey and Khangei). The changes in the structure of the community of alkali-resistant ascomycetes depend on local conditions. The coast of Khangei is devoid of halophites, but has a high content of Artemia eggs and is characterized by the absolute dominance of the alkaliphilic ascomycete Sodiomyces alkalinus (100% occurrence) and Emericellopsis alkalina (80%), with a minimum diversity of other fungi. S. alkalinus predominates (100%) on the coast of Lake Zun-Torey in damp places without plants. Dark-colored fungi from Dothideomycetes (Alternaria, Neocamarosporium, etc.) predominate in the alkaline soil samples of this lake not far from the halophites; the occurrence of E. alkalina is 60% and S. alkalinus is not found here, but high occurrence is shown for the other species of Plectosphaerellaceae (Chordomyces and Gibellulopsis). The distribution, substrate preferences, and functional roles of alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant fungi in extreme natural habitats with soda salinity are discussed in this paper. PubDate: 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1134/S1995425523040042
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Abstract: The taxonomic diversity of epiphytic myxomycetes depending on the height of the trunk on living woody plants in the arboretum of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (CSBG SB RAS), has been studied. All samples of myxomycetes are obtained by cultivation by the method of moist chambers in the laboratory in Petri dishes. Sampling of bark from living woody plants is carried out at a height of trunks from 0 to 15 m from the soil level. The experiment involves nine species of introduced deciduous woody plants Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Prunus maackii, Populus alba, Salix alba, S. pentandra, S. triandra, Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata, and Jungles mandshurica. As a result of data analysis, 51 species of myxomycetes are revealed. It is noted that the species composition of myxomycetes on the studied woody plants differs significantly from that on native tree species growing on the territory of the botanical garden. Two species of the genus Arcyria and Trichia new for science, 3 species new to Russia (Didymium clavodecus, D. ovoideum, and D. synsporon), and 18 species new for Novosibirsk Region have been identified. A description of species new to science is given; photographs of sporocarps, spores, and capillitium studied using light and scanning electron microscopy are provided; and a comparison with morphologically similar species is made. A change in the taxonomic composition of myxomycete communities depending on the height of the trunk is established. On the bark collected at the roots of trees, 25 species of myxomycetes have been identified; at a height of 1.5 m, 18; at a height of 5 m, 32; at a height of 10 m, 14; and, at a height of 15 m, 17. Representatives of the genus Perichaena are found at all heights, but the greatest species diversity is noted in the basal part, where seven species are noted, while species of the genus Didymium have the maximum species diversity (six species) at a height of 5 m, including three species new to Russia, noted only at this height. The distribution of the number of samples by height showed that the bark of living woody plants is most abundantly populated at a height of 5 m (72 samples) and at the root (50 samples). PubDate: 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1134/S1995425523040121
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