Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles) ISSN (Print) 1045-2249 - ISSN (Online) 1465-7279 Published by Oxford University Press[424 journals]
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Pages: 1 - 13 Abstract: AbstractBehavioral ecologists have long studied the role of coloration as a defense against natural enemies. Recent reviews of defensive coloration have emphasized that these visual signals are rarely selected by single predatory receivers. Complex interactions between signaler, receiver, and environmental pressures produce a striking array of color strategies—many of which must serve multiple, sometimes conflicting, functions. In this review, we describe six common conflicts in selection pressures that produce multifunctional color patterns, and three key strategies of multifunctionality. Six general scenarios that produce conflicting selection pressures on defensive coloration are: (1) multiple antagonists, (2) conspecific communication, (3) hunting while being hunted, (4) variation in transmission environment, (5) ontogenetic changes, and (6) abiotic/physiological factors. Organisms resolve these apparent conflicts via (1) intermediate, (2) simultaneous, and/or (3) plastic color strategies. These strategies apply across the full spectrum of color defenses, from aposematism to crypsis, and reflect how complexity in sets of selection pressures can produce and maintain the diversity of animal color patterns we see in nature. Finally, we discuss how best to approach studies of multifunctionality in animal color, with specific examples of unresolved questions in the field. PubDate: Mon, 27 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac056 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 14 - 14 Abstract: Color is a quintessentially multifunctional trait. Although some functions are not mutually exclusive, often functions conflict. What are the main sources of conflicting selection pressures and what are the consequences for defensive coloration in animals' Postema et al. (2022) tackle these questions in their comprehensive review. They define six general scenarios that produce conflicting selection pressures on defensive coloration and propose three ways that organisms resolve these apparent conflicts—by exhibiting intermediate, simultaneous, or plastic color strategies. This provides a useful framework for understanding the evolution of defensive coloration that is applicable across the diversity of forms of defensive coloration—from crypsis and masquerade to aposematism and deimatism. PubDate: Fri, 01 Jul 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac065 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 15 - 15 Abstract: The evolution of protective and aggressive animal coloration is driven by selection caused by the viewer’s perception, cognition, and behavior together with the visual properties of the environment where the viewer encounters the coloration. Physical, developmental, and evolutionary constraints set limits to the outcome of such evolution. PubDate: Sat, 30 Jul 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac069 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 15 - 16 Abstract: Postema et al.’s (2022) review provides a novel and refreshing perspective on the conflicting selection pressures that shape animal coloration, and the multifunctional strategies that have evolved as a result. Behavioral ecologists have long appreciated the tension between using coloration that attracts potential mates while avoiding drawing the attention of predators (Endler 1991). However, the multiple uses of coloration are less clear when considering the many ways animals use their color patterns for defense against predators. For example, individuals use their body coloration to avoid detection and recognition, startle predators, signal unpalatability, and divert predator attacks (Ruxton et al. 2018). The review of Postema et al. (2022) provides an important reminder that, like sexually selected coloration, defensive coloration is also subject to multiple selection pressures (e.g., parasites, heterogenous environments, predators) and that this can result in multiple color defenses that do not necessarily work in synergy. PubDate: Sat, 16 Jul 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac070 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 16 - 17 Abstract: In many ways, the study of animal coloration is one of terminology. This is particularly true for defensive color patterns, which—depending upon putative function—may be referred to as aposematic, cryptic, dazzling, deflective, deimatic, disruptive, flash or flicker, illusionary, masquerade, or mimetic (Stevens et al. 2008; Stevens and Merilaita 2009; Kelley and Kelly 2014). In their review, Postema et al. (2022) propose a further classification scheme based upon the potential multifunctionality of defensive color patterns. The rationale for this in part comes from recent literature emphasizing the role of “multiple interacting selection pressures” that shape animal color signals (Cuthill et al. 2017, as cited in the review). The notion that animal coloration is subject to multiple sources of selection is certainly not new, and in this sense, the review will find favor with the exponents of sensory drive theory (Endler 1992, 1993). PubDate: Sat, 27 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac083 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 19 - 32 Abstract: AbstractUltraviolet (UV) vision is widespread among teleost fishes, of which many exhibit UV skin colors for communication. However, aside from its role in mate selection, few studies have examined the information UV signaling conveys in other socio-behavioral contexts. Anemonefishes (subfamily, Amphiprioninae) live in a fascinating dominance hierarchy, in which a large female and male dominate over non-breeding subordinates, and body size is the primary cue for dominance. The iconic orange and white bars of anemonefishes are highly UV-reflective, and their color vision is well tuned to perceive the chromatic contrast of skin, which we show here decreases in the amount of UV reflectance with increasing social rank. To test the function of their UV-skin signals, we compared the outcomes of staged contests over dominance between size-matched Barrier Reef anemonefish (Amphiprion akindynos) in aquarium chambers viewed under different UV-absorbing filters. Fish under UV-blocking filters were more likely to win contests, where fish under no-filter or neutral-density filter were more likely to submit. For contests between fish in no-filter and neutral density filter treatments, light treatment had no effect on contest outcome (win/lose). We also show that sub-adults were more aggressive toward smaller juveniles placed under a UV filter than a neutral density filter. Taken together, our results show that UV reflectance or UV contrast in anemonefish can modulate aggression and encode dominant and submissive cues, when changes in overall intensity are controlled for. PubDate: Tue, 01 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac089 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 33 - 41 Abstract: AbstractAnimals use inter-specific cues as a source of information in decisions-making, but the full costs and benefits of inter-specific information use are unknown. We tested whether pied flycatchers use the body size and clutch size of great tits as cues in their reproductive decisions and what are the possible fitness consequences as a function of great tit size. The size of great tit females associated positively with flycatcher’s probability to settle near a tit nest over a territory further away. Flycatcher egg mass was positively correlated with great tit female size regardless of flycatcher territory choice. However, in flycatchers that had chosen to nest near great tits, the size of nestlings decreased in relation to increasing great tit female size. Our results demonstrate the use of size of inter-specifics as a cue in reproductive decisions and the trade-off between the value of information and costs of competition information users face when using inter-specific information in decision-making. PubDate: Tue, 13 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac094 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 42 - 49 Abstract: AbstractPersonality traits, such as boldness and/or aggressiveness, have long been accepted to have a profound influence on many aspects of the lives of animals, including foraging. However, little is known about how personality traits shape the use of a particular attack strategy. Ground spiders use either venom or silk attack to immobilize prey. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that behavioral differences among individuals (namely boldness, measured as the time spent exploring a novel environment; and aggressiveness, measured as the number of killed but not consumed prey) drive the use of a particular attack strategy. We used a generalist ground spider, Drassodes lapidosus, and recorded the mode of attack on two types of prey, dangerous and safe. Moreover, we measured the size of the venom gland to test the relationship between the size of venom volume and the personality, as well as the mode of attack. Drassodes individuals showed consistent behavioral differences in the way they attacked prey. Venom attack was significantly related to increased aggressiveness when attacking spider (dangerous) prey and to increased boldness when attacking cricket (safe) prey. Silk attack was more frequently used by shy (for cricket prey) and docile (for spider prey). The volume of venom was not related to the attack strategy. We conclude that personality traits are important drivers of prey-capture behavior in generalist ground spiders. PubDate: Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac095 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 50 - 62 Abstract: AbstractRecent evidence suggests that female ornaments can commonly act as signals. However, how signaling functions might be affected by the tendency for reduced ornament elaboration in relation to males is less well-understood. We address this in mutually ornamented purple-crowned fairy-wrens. We investigated putatively ornamental (tail, ear coverts, crown) and non-ornamental (throat, back) plumage patches in females and compared our findings to previous studies in males. Both sexes have brown backs, buff-white throats, and turquoise-blue tails (bluer in males), while ear coverts are rufous in females and black in males. Both sexes also have a seasonal crown (slate-gray in females, black-and-purple in males). Dominant (breeder) females expressed more complete and grayer (more ornamented) crowns, although variation in coloration should not be discriminable by individuals. Unexpectedly, subordinates showed more colorful (saturated) rufous ear coverts, which should be discriminable. Condition-dependence was only evident for crown completeness (% slate-gray cover). Females with more reddish-brown backs were more reproductively successful. Variation in plumage characteristics did not explain differential allocation by mates or chances of gaining dominance. Our outcomes were not entirely consistent with findings in males. The most notable disparity was for the crown, a signal used in male-male competition that in females seems to be expressed as an incomplete version of the male crown that is not associated with fitness benefits. Our study shows that in a species, multiple traits can vary in their information content and that female ornaments can sometimes be less informative than in males, even those that are produced seasonally. PubDate: Mon, 21 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac096 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 63 - 75 Abstract: AbstractPredator naivety negatively affects reintroduction success, and this threat is exacerbated when prey encounters predators with which they have had no evolutionary experience. While methods have been developed to inculcate fear into such predator-naïve individuals, none have been uniformly successful. Exposing ontogenetically- and evolutionary-naïve individuals first to native predators may be an effective stepping stone to improved responses to evolutionarily novel predators. We focused on greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis) and capitalized on a multi-year mammalian recovery experiment whereby western quolls (Dasyurus geoffroii) were reintroduced into parts of a large fenced reserve that contained a population of naïve bilbies. We quantified a suite of anti-predator behaviors and measures of general wariness across quoll-exposed and quoll-naive bilby populations. We then translocated both quoll-exposed and quoll-naïve individuals into a large enclosure that contained feral cats (Felis catus) and monitored several behaviors. We found that bilbies can respond appropriately to quolls but found only limited support that experience with quolls better-prepared bilbies to respond to cats. Both populations of bilbies rapidly modified their behavior in a similar manner after their reintroduction to a novel environment. These results may have emerged due to insufficient prior exposure to quolls, inappropriate behavioral tests, or insufficient predation risk during cat exposure. Alternatively, quolls and cats are only distantly related and may not share sufficient similarities in their predatory cues or behavior to support such a learning transfer. Testing this stepping stone hypothesis with more closely related predator species and under higher predation risk would be informative. PubDate: Fri, 11 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac097 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 76 - 88 Abstract: AbstractAcquiring food in heterogeneous landscapes presents a challenge to many foragers, as searching for food in an optimal manner is difficult in spatially and temporally variable environments. Investigating individual foraging patterns can elucidate how environmental variations at different scales constrain or select for energy-optimizing movements, which can inform conservation and management strategies by identifying spatio-temporal variations in species’ habitat use. To test how such movements vary with environmental conditions, we investigated foraging patterns of the deposit-feeding sand-bubbler crab, Scopimera intermedia Balss, 1934 at multiple spatial and temporal scales on soft sediment shores in Hong Kong. On a broad, annual, scale the crabs produced foraging tracks of different length and foraged over different areas around their burrows between hot and cool seasons. Although foraging movements of the crabs were slower and more restricted during the cool season, probably due to low environmental temperatures, foraging areas during the hot season were larger but limited by increasing conspecific interactions. Over a smaller scale at which the crabs make movement decisions, parameters such as turning angle and speed were variable, even within individual foraging excursions. Such variations appeared to be responses to small-scale variations in sediment food patches, which resulted in the crabs employing multiple movement modes. This context-dependent foraging strategy enables the crabs to feed for a longer time in food-rich patches compared with a fixed strategy and is, therefore, critical for species living in environments such as intertidal sediments, where food distribution is heterogeneous and foraging time is constrained by the tide. PubDate: Tue, 22 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac101 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 89 - 98 Abstract: AbstractThe frequency and type of dyadic social interactions individuals partake in has important fitness consequences. Social network analysis is an effective tool to quantify the complexity and consequences of these behaviors on the individual level. Less work has used social networks to quantify the social structure—specific attributes of the pattern of all social interactions in a network—of animal social groups, and its fitness consequences for those individuals who comprise the group. We studied the association between social structure, quantified via five network measures, and annual reproductive success in wild, free-living female yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer). We quantified reproductive success in two ways: (1) if an individual successfully weaned a litter and (2) how many pups were weaned. Networks were constructed from 38 968 interactions between 726 unique individuals in 137 social groups across 19 years. Using generalized linear mixed models, we found largely no relationship between either measure of reproductive success and social structure. We found a modest relationship that females residing in more fragmentable social groups (i.e., groups breakable into two or more separate groups of two or more individuals) weaned larger litters. Prior work showed that yellow-bellied marmots residing in more fragmentable groups gained body mass faster—another important fitness correlate. Interestingly, we found no strong relationships between other attributes of social group structure, suggesting that in this facultatively social mammal, the position of individuals within their group, the individual social phenotype, may be more important for fitness than the emergent group social phenotype. PubDate: Fri, 11 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac102 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 99 - 107 Abstract: AbstractBatesian mimicry imposes several challenges to mimics and evokes adaptations in multiple sensory modalities. Myrmecomorphy, morphological and behavioral resemblance to ants, is seen in over 2000 arthropod species. Ant-like resemblance is observed in at least 13 spider families despite spiders having a distinct body plan compared to ants. Quantifying the extent to which spiders’ shape, size, and behavior resemble model ants will allow us to comprehend the evolutionary pressures that have facilitated myrmecomorphy. Myrmaplata plataleoides are thought to closely resemble weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina. In this study, we quantify the speed of movement of model, mimic, and non-mimetic jumping spiders. We use traditional and geometric morphometrics to quantify traits such as foreleg size and hindleg size, body shape between the model ant, mimic, and non-mimics. Our results suggest that while the mimics closely resemble the model ants in speed of movement, they occupy an intermediate morphological space compared to the model ants and non-mimics. Ant-mimicking spiders are better at mimicking ants’ locomotory movement than morphology and overall body shape. Some traits may compensate others, suggesting differential selection on these mimetic traits. Our study provides a framework to understand the multimodal nature of mimicry and helps discern the relative contributions of such traits that drive mimetic accuracy in ant-mimicking spiders. PubDate: Sat, 10 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac104 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 108 - 116 Abstract: AbstractRecent research has found that individuals often vary in how consistently they express their behavior over time (i.e., behavioral predictability) and suggested that these individual differences may be heritable. However, little is known about the intrinsic factors that drive variation in the predictability of behavior. Indeed, whether variation in behavioral predictability is sex-specific is not clear. This is important, as behavioral predictability has been associated with vulnerability to predation, suggesting that the predictability of behavioral traits may have key fitness implications. We investigated whether male and female eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) differed in the predictability of their risk-taking behavior. Specifically, over a total of 954 behavioral trials, we repeatedly measured risk-taking behavior with three commonly used assays—refuge-use, thigmotaxis, and foraging latency. We predicted that there would be consistent sex differences in both mean-level risk-taking behavior and behavioral predictability across the assays. We found that risk-taking behavior was repeatable within each assay, and that some individuals were consistently bolder than others across all three assays. There were also consistent sex differences in mean-level risk-taking behavior, with males being bolder across all three assays compared to females. In contrast, both the magnitude and direction of sex differences in behavioral predictability were assay-specific. Taken together, these results highlight that behavioral predictability may be independent from underlying mean-level behavioral traits and suggest that males and females may differentially adjust the consistency of their risk-taking behavior in response to subtle changes in environmental conditions. PubDate: Tue, 13 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac105 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 117 - 124 Abstract: AbstractTo maximize survival, prey often integrates multiple anti-predator defenses. How the defenses interact to reduce predation risk is, however, poorly known. We used the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus to investigate how morphological (spines) and behavioral (floating) defenses are integrated against a common predatory rotifer, Asplanchna brightwellii, and if their combined use improves survival. To this end, we assessed the cost of the behavioral defense and the efficiency of both defenses, individually and combined, as well as their mutual dependency. The results show that the behavioral defense is costly in reducing foraging activity, and that the two defenses are used simultaneously, with the presence of the morphological defense enhancing the use of the behavioral defense, as does the pre-exposure to predator cues. However, while the morphological defense reduces predation risk, the behavioral defense does not, thus, adding the costly behavioral defense to the morphological defense does not improve survival. It is likely that the cost of the behavioral defense is low given its reversibility—compared to the cost of misidentifying the predator species—and that this has promoted the adoption of both defenses, as general low-cost insurance rather than as a tailored strategy toward specific predators. Thus, the optimal strategy in the rotifer appears to be to express both morphological and behavioral defenses when confronted with the cues of a potential predator. PubDate: Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac106 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 125 - 135 Abstract: AbstractOrganisms evolve adaptive strategies to adjust to rapidly changing environmental stressors. Predation pressure is one of the strongest selective forces and organisms respond to predatory threats via innate and learned responses. We utilized a natural, experimental set-up, where two lakes Stoney and Margo in Canada containing natural populations of the prey Lymnaea stagnalis differed in the presence and absence of an invasive, predatory Northern crayfish, Faxonius virilis. We exploited the contrast in the predation backgrounds of the snail populations from the two lakes to test, 1) predator recognition in predator-experienced snails is innate, (2) predator-naive snails learn to detect a novel invasive predator, and 3) learning about a novel predator gets transmitted to the successive generations. We quantified predator fear memory formation using a higher-order learning paradigm called configural learning. We found that 1) predator recognition in predator-experienced snails is innate, 2) predator-naive snails learned to recognize the novel predator even after a brief exposure to predator cues highlighting the role of learning in combating invasive predators and the critical time-window during development that accounts for predator recognition, and 3) the learning and predator detection mechanism in predator-naive snails are not transmitted to successive generations. The population variation observed in the predator-detection mechanism may be due to the past and current experience of predators in one population over the other. We find an interesting study system to address how fear learning occurs and prospective future directions to understand the mechanism of innate fear recognition from a learned fear recognition. PubDate: Wed, 28 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac107 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 136 - 149 Abstract: AbstractSeasonally breeding animals often exhibit different social structures during non-breeding and breeding periods that coincide with seasonal environmental variation and resource abundance. However, we know little about the environmental factors associated with when seasonal shifts in social structure occur. This lack of knowledge contrasts with our well-defined knowledge of the environmental cues that trigger a shift to breeding physiology in seasonally breeding species. Here, we identified some of the main environmental factors associated with seasonal shifts in social structure and initiation of breeding in the red-backed fairywren (Malurus melanocephalus), an Australian songbird. Social network analyses revealed that social groups, which are highly territorial during the breeding season, interact in social “communities” on larger home ranges during the non-breeding season. Encounter rates among non-breeding groups were related to photoperiod and rainfall, with shifting photoperiod and increased rainfall associated with a shift toward territorial breeding social structure characterized by reductions in home range size and fewer encounters among non-breeding social groups. Similarly, onset of breeding was highly seasonal and was also associated with non-breeding season rainfall, with greater rainfall leading to earlier breeding. These findings reveal that for some species, the environmental factors associated with the timing of shifts in social structure across seasonal boundaries can be similar to those that determine timing of breeding. This study increases our understanding of the environmental factors associated with seasonal variation in social structure and how the timing of these shifts may respond to changing climates. PubDate: Fri, 23 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac110 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 150 - 159 Abstract: AbstractMany animals make visits outside of their territory during the breeding period, but these are typically infrequent and difficult to observe. As a consequence, comprehensive data on extra-territorial movements at the population-level are scarce and the function of this behavior remains poorly understood. Using an automated nest-box visit tracking system in a wild blue tit population over six breeding seasons, we recorded all extra-territorial nest-box visits (n = 22 137) related to 1195 individual breeding attempts (761 unique individuals). Sixty-two percent of breeders made at least one extra-territorial visit between the onset of nest building and the day of fledging of their offspring, and individuals visited another nest-box on average on 11% of the days during this period. Visit behavior differed clearly between the sexes, with males making over three times as many extra-territorial forays as females. There was a strong overall seasonal decline in visit behavior, but this was sex dependent, with females showing a strong reduction in the number of extra-territorial visits before the onset of egg laying and males showing a strong and sudden reduction on the day their offspring hatched. The likelihood of visiting a particular nest-box declined sharply with the distance to that box, and blue tits almost exclusively visited direct neighbors. Individuals were more likely to have extrapair offspring with an individual whose box they visited, but they were not more likely to disperse to a box they had visited. Thus, our results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that extra-territorial nest-box visits serve to inform dispersal decisions, but suggest that such visits are linked to extrapair mating opportunities. PubDate: Fri, 23 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac111 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 160 - 161 Abstract: A flurry of recent studies has established that in songbirds, song production by both sexes is both the norm and the ancestral state, overturning traditional assumptions that song is the prerogative of males (Garamszegi et al. 2007; Odom et al. 2014; Riebel et al. 2019). The long-standing misconception that song is a male trait has been attributed to the fact that, historically, most ornithological research has been centered in northern temperate regions, where female song is thought to be comparatively less common. However, the extent to which female song is uncommon in northern temperate regions is increasingly being called into question (Garamszegi et al. 2007; Odom et al. 2014; Sierro et al. 2022). This is no more evident than in the study by Sierro et al. (2022), which documents frequent female song in one of the most intensively studied of all northern temperate songbirds, the blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus. Blue tits are a model system for behavioral research, yet reports of song in female blue tits prior to this study amounted to no more than a few anecdotes (Sierro et al. 2022). PubDate: Thu, 23 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac062 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 162 - 162 Abstract: This is an Expression of Concern regarding: Molly M Ashur, Danielle L Dixson, Multiple environmental cues impact habitat choice during nocturnal homing of specialized reef shrimp, Behavioral Ecology, Volume 30, Issue 2, March/April 2019, Pages 348–355, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ary171 PubDate: Thu, 01 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac108 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 163 - 163 Abstract: This is a correction to: Alexa G Guerrera, M J Daniel, K A Hughes, Black and orange coloration predict success during male–male competition in the guppy, Behavioral Ecology, 2022;, arac093, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arac093 PubDate: Sat, 10 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac118 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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Pages: 163 - 163 Abstract: This is a correction to: David C S Filice, Reuven Dukas, Previous inter-sexual aggression increases female mating propensity in fruit flies, Behavioral Ecology, 2022, arac054, https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arac054 PubDate: Mon, 14 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac092 Issue No:Vol. 34, No. 1 (2022)
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