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Abstract: Several major alcohol theoretical frameworks postulate that people consume alcohol to attain relief from negative states. These relief experiences are consistent with the classification of alcohol as a central nervous system depressant and may reinforce drinking behaviors that sustain the addiction cycle. The present research developed and validated a multidimensional questionnaire to assess the relief effects and experiences attributed to alcohol consumption in adult drinkers. In Study 1 (N = 380), an initial set of questionnaire items representing an array of alcohol relief effects was administered, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed. A correlated four-factor structure consisting of psychological relief, interpersonal relief, sleep relief, and physical relief was exhibited. In Study 2 (N = 531), confirmatory factor analysis cross-validated the four-factor structure. In tests of convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validities, the four alcohol relief subscales evidenced differential correlations with subscales of alcohol expectancies and alcohol affect and correlated with higher drink frequency, drink quantity, and alcohol problems. Furthermore, the overall alcohol relief scale incrementally explained alcohol use and problems beyond positive and negative alcohol expectancies and alcohol affect. The Alcohol Relief Questionnaire (ARQ) advances the conceptualization of relief as a multidimensional construct stemming from self-medication with alcohol. The measure and its subscales may be used to inform etiology, prevention, and treatment of alcohol use and misuse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 30 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/pas0001232
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Abstract: While there is strong evidence for the psychometric reliability of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule–Expanded Form (PANAS-X) in cross-sectional studies, the between- and within-person psychometric performance of the PANAS-X in an intensive longitudinal framework is less understood. As affect is thought to be dynamic and responsive to context, this study investigated the multilevel reliability of PANAS-X Positive Affect, Negative Affect, Fear, Sadness, and Hostility scales. Generalizability theory and structural equation modeling techniques (coefficient ω) were employed in four ecological momentary assessment samples (N = 309; 41,261 reports). Results demonstrate that the PANAS-X scales, including short versions of the Positive and Negative Affect scales, can reliably detect between-person differences. PANAS-X scales also were able to reliably measure within-person change, though these estimates may be impacted by scale content and study design. These results support the use of the PANAS-X in daily life research to intensively measure affect in the natural environment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 16 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/pas0001231
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Abstract: Measurement invariance underlies construct validity generalization in psychology and must be demonstrated prior to any cross-population comparison of means and validity correlations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fifth Edition (WISC-V) across Australia and New Zealand (A&NZ) versus the U.S. normative samples. The WISC-V is the most widely used assessment of intelligence in children. Participants were census matched, nationally representative samples from A&NZ (n = 528) and the United States (n = 2,200) who completed the WISC-V standardization version. Baseline model estimation was conducted to ensure the same model showed acceptable fit in both samples separately. Measurement invariance was then examined across A&NZ and United States. The five-factor scoring model described in the test manual showed excellent fit in both samples. Results showed that the WISC-V demonstrated strict metric measurement invariance across the A&NZ and U.S. samples. Further, the results were consistent with the Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) framework of cognitive abilities, indicating the generalizability of cognitive abilities across cultures. Small but significant differences in visual spatial latent means were found across females, highlighting the importance of local normative data. These findings suggest that the WISC-V scores can be meaningfully compared across A&NZ and United States and that the constructs, which align with CHC theory, and associated construct validity research, generalize across countries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 09 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/pas0001221
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Abstract: The Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) is a collateral-rated measure of behavioral and psychological symptoms commonly found in dementia (BPSD). Several factor structures have been published, but they have not been systematically compared. Furthermore, the possibility of hierarchical models or presence of measurement invariance around cognitive stage or dementia syndrome has not been previously evaluated. This study addressed these gaps with confirmatory factor analyses using a multicenter sample (n = 41,801; Mage = 71.4; 57% women; 79% White, 13% Black, 8% Hispanic; Meducation = 15.1) that was divided into exploratory, derivation, and holdover subsets for cross-validation. We found that a four-factor model had the best fit, with adequate reliability estimates, adequate τ-equivalence, and the least amount of measurement variance. Strict invariance across stage and syndrome was not supported, although there was adequate support for weaker restrictions (e.g., equal forms). Furthermore, all bifactor models had a significant increase in fit. In sum, the present study provides practical guidance on using NPI-Q factor-derived subscales and theoretical elaboration of BPSD’s hierarchical and syndrome-variant structure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 09 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/pas0001230
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Abstract: The use of statistical learning methods has recently increased within the risk assessment literature. They have primarily been used to increase accuracy and the area under the curve (AUC, i.e., discrimination). Processing approaches applied to statistical learning methods have also emerged to increase cross-cultural fairness. However, these approaches are rarely trialed in the forensic psychology discipline nor have they been trialed as an approach to increase fairness in Australia. The study included 380 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males assessed with the Level of Service/Risk Needs Responsivity (LS/RNR). Discrimination was assessed through the AUC, and fairness was assessed through the cross area under the curve (xAUC), error rate balance, calibration, predictive parity, and statistical parity. Logistic regression, penalized logistic regression, random forest, stochastic gradient boosting, and support vector machine algorithms using the LS/RNR risk factors were used to compare performance against the LS/RNR total risk score. The algorithms were then subjected to pre- and postprocessing approaches to see if fairness could be improved. Statistical learning methods were found to produce comparable or marginally improved AUC values. Processing approaches increased several fairness definitions (namely xAUC, error rate balance, and statistical parity) between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The findings demonstrate that statistical learning methods may be a useful approach to increasing the discrimination and cross-cultural fairness of risk assessment instruments. However, both fairness and the use of statistical learning methods encompass significant trade-offs that need to be considered. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 02 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/pas0001228
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Abstract: Interest in protective factors in risk assessment work with adjudicated populations is increasing and evidence suggests that protective factors in structured professional judgment (SPJ) tools predict the absence of one or more types of recidivism with some evidence also of incremental validity in recidivism-desistance prediction models with risk scales. But, there is little evidence of interactions, demonstrated using formal tests of moderation, between scores on risk- and protective factor-focused applied assessment tools, despite the documentation of interactive protective effects with nonadjudicated populations. In this study, with 273 justice-involved male youth and a fixed 3-year follow-up, direct effects of medium size were found for sexual recidivism, violent (including sexual) recidivism, and any new offense with totals for tools developed for adult offending populations (modified versions of the actuarial risk-focused Static-99 and the SPJ protective factor-focused Structured Assessment of PROtective Factor [SAPROF]) and tools developed for adolescent offending populations (the actuarial risk-focused Juvenile Sexual Offense Recidivism Risk Assessment Tool-II [JSORRAT-II] and the SPJ protective factor-focused DASH-13). As well, incremental validity and interactive protective effects, in the small-to-medium size range, were found for the prediction of violent (including sexual) recidivism using various combinations of these tools. The value-added information provided by strengths-focused tools indicated by these findings suggest their inclusion in comprehensive risk assessments in applied practice has promise for improving prediction and also intervention and management planning with justice-involved youth. The findings also highlight the need for further research on developmental considerations and practical questions about how to integrate strengths with risks to inform such work empirically. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 02 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/pas0001227
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