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Authors:Dhiraj Gondaliya, Ketan Patel Pages: 1 - 5 Abstract: Halogen includes organic and inorganic ions of fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide. Natural crude oils are fossil fuel and generally not having any halogens. Water is part of exploration out come and it will separate maximum extent however some amount of water remains with crude oils which is main source of inorganic halogens. The source of organic halogens is mainly from process chemicals/additives that are used while exploration/transportation or adulteration at any stage. The presence of halogen at trace level (ppm) in crude oil is having many adverse effects, namely, corrosion, fouling, hydrolysis, deactivation of catalyst etc. on refining processes, Hence, crude oil refiners always try to remove/reduce it before crude oil enters into the distillation unit. The proper monitoring and accurate measurement up to trace level can help to control/mitigate refiner problems, hence, accurate measurement become necessity. There are various test methods available for measurement of halogen/chloride/organic chloride/salt for specific application and having limitations with respect to accuracy, scope of method or detection range and hence, need arises to review all available methods for appropriate application. In this review paper, author has reviewed eight different measurement methods for scope of the methods, application of methods and range of measurement, and important technical information are summarized for easy understanding to users. The test method developed by Nayara Energy for measurement of salts (as NaCl) in crude oil (after and before de-salter) was found to be theoretically more appropriate for crude oil application, which is also accepted by BIS for publication however accurate measurement of organic chloride is still need of hour. Author anticipates that comparative information of various test methods and observations will be highly useful for petroleum fraternity, viz crude oil exploration & refining industries, testing laboratories, research institutes, academic institutes etc. PubDate: 2023-01-27 DOI: 10.37591/jopet.v13i1.6592 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2023)
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Authors:Richard Amorin, Harrison Osei Pages: 6 - 13 Abstract: Fuel stations play a major role in the downstream sector of the oil and gas industry. However, their activities are associated with high risk of safety and environmental issues posing traits to fuel attendants, customers and immediate environs. Since 2007, Ghana has recorded numerous accidents at some fuel stations across the country claiming lives and unaccounted damages to assets due to inadequate knowledge of standardised safety policies and poor handling of petroleum products by fuel station operators, attendants and consumers. This study therefore evaluated the compliance of some fuel filling stations in Tarkwa with reference to National Petroleum Authority’s standards. Areas under review included Technical Requirements, Housekeeping, Infrastructure Requirements, Waste Management Storage and Disposal and Occupational Health and Safety. Ten out of fifteen filling stations were evaluated through field visit, interviews, personal observations and administration of questionnaire. The study revealed that, almost all the stations do comply with NPA safety standards to some extent; 40% fell in category A while 60% fell in category B of NPA grading system. Majority of the stations are lacking in the Technical Requirement and Occupational Health and Safety areas which are vital areas to avoiding possible fires and explosions. All fuel stations lacking in any of the five areas of assessment and especially those in the category B per the ranking should be compelled by NPA and oil marketing companies to upgrade their systems to meet grade A standard in order to avoid any unforeseen hazards. PubDate: 2023-01-28 DOI: 10.37591/jopet.v13i1.6827 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2023)
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Authors:Kofi Dabo Jnr Pages: 14 - 19 Abstract: Drilling operations remains the second generator of oil and gas waste after production activities. They are prominent among the primary sources of exploration and production waste. Wastes from drill cuttings and mud, and obnoxious gas emissions are the major contributors of these drilling wastes. These have direct and indirect impact on both humans and the environment. Poor estimation of waste may lead to solid and or liquid loadings at the shaker. Being able to estimate the right volume of waste to be generated during an operation helps in better planning in waste management. This work developed a model that helps to estimate drilling waste generation during drilling operations for effective waste management by Richard (2002), Khan et al. (2003), Lapeyrouse (2002), and Osisanya (2011). For 12.25- and 9.625-inch holes at 3000 ft and 7000 ft depths respectively, for solid waste, Lapeyrouse recorded the highest deviation of a short fall of -19.98%. Khan et al with an overestimation of 15.02%. Richards followed with a deviation of a short fall of -0.07% and Osisanya with 0.02%. while Fof waste estimation, Khan et al recorded the highest deviation of a short fall of - 34.26%, Richards with -34.00%, Lapeyrouse with -17.32 and Osisanya recorded the best deviation with -1.11%. PubDate: 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.37591/jopet.v13i1.6829 Issue No:Vol. 13, No. 1 (2023)
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