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Topics in Current Chemistry
Number of Followers: 0  Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)ISSN (Print) 2365-0869 - ISSN (Online) 2364-8961 Published by Springer-Verlag  [2468 journals]
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- Recent Advances in Bioorthogonal Ligation and Bioconjugation
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Abstract: Abstract The desire to create biomolecules modified with functionalities that go beyond nature’s toolbox has resulted in the development of biocompatible and selective methodologies and reagents, each with different scope and limitations. In this overview, we highlight recent advances in the field of bioconjugation from 2016 to 2023. First, (metal-mediated) protein functionalization by exploiting the specific reactivity of amino acids will be discussed, followed by novel bioorthogonal reagents for bioconjugation of modified biomolecules.
PubDate: 2023-11-22
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- Progress of Metal Nanomaterial Controllable Preparation by Photoreduction
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Abstract: Abstract Metal nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in biomedicine, catalysis, environment, electronics, and other fields, which is closely related to its structural form. For this purpose, researchers have been looking for a simple, green, and controllable way to mass produce metal nanomaterials with desired characteristics (shape, size, stability, etc.). Due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of metal nanoparticles, photoreduction method can control the morphology of metal nanoparticles well, which is also simple, large-scalable, and energy-saving. This review provides an overview of the photoreduction method for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles and discusses the factors such as the light source, pH value, reagents, and temperature on the morphology of the nanoparticles. Finally, the challenges and development trends in the controlled preparation of nanomaterials are proposed.
PubDate: 2023-11-08
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- Recent Advances in Palladium-Catalyzed [4 + n] Cycloaddition of
Lactones, Benzoxazinanones, Allylic Carbonates, and Vinyloxetanes-
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Abstract: Palladium-catalyzed allylation cyclization reaction has recently emerged as an efficient and powerful synthetic platform for the construction of diverse and valuable carbo- and heterocycles. Thus the development of new allylic motifs for achieving this type of transformations in high reactivity and selectivity is of great importance. Generally, these substrates have been utilized as 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5-, 1,6-dipoles in many reactions, which are applied to prepare highly functionalized products with complete control of chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity. In this review, we focus our attention on the development of palladium-catalyzed [4 + n] cycloaddition of allylic motifs and describe a comprehensive and impressive advances in this area. Meanwhile, the related mechanism and the application of these annulation strategies in natural product total synthesis will be highlighted in detail. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-11-03
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- The Renaissance of Ferrocene-Based Electrocatalysts: Properties, Synthesis
Strategies, and Applications-
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Abstract: Abstract The fascinating electrochemical properties of the redox-active compound ferrocene have inspired researchers across the globe to develop ferrocene-based electrocatalysts for a wide variety of applications. Advantages including excellent chemical and thermal stability, solubility in organic solvents, a pair of stable redox states, rapid electron transfer, and nontoxic nature improve its utility in various electrochemical applications. The use of ferrocene-based electrocatalysts enables control over the intrinsic properties and electroactive sites at the surface of the electrode to achieve specific electrochemical activities. Ferrocene and its derivatives can function as a potential redox medium that promotes electron transfer rates, thereby enhancing the reaction kinetics and electrochemical responses of the device. The outstanding electrocatalytic activity of ferrocene-based compounds at lower operating potentials enhances the specificity and sensitivity of reactions and also amplifies the response signals. Owing to their versatile redox chemistry and catalytic activities, ferrocene-based electrocatalysts are widely employed in various energy-related systems, molecular machines, and agricultural, biological, medicinal, and sensing applications. This review highlights the importance of ferrocene-based electrocatalysts, with emphasis on their properties, synthesis strategies for obtaining different ferrocene-based compounds, and their electrochemical applications.
PubDate: 2023-11-01
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- Principles of Photocatalysts and Their Different Applications: A Review
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Abstract: Abstract Human existence and societal growth are both dependent on the availability of clean and fresh water. Photocatalysis is a type of artificial photosynthesis that uses environmentally friendly, long-lasting materials to address energy and environmental issues. There is currently a considerable demand for low-cost, high-performance wastewater treatment equipment. By changing the structure, size, and characteristics of nanomaterials, the use of nanotechnology in the field of water filtration has evolved dramatically. Semiconductor-assisted photocatalysis has recently advanced to become among the most promising techniques in the fields of sustainable energy generation and ecological cleanup. It is environmentally beneficial, cost-effective, and strictly linked to the zero waste discharge principle used in industrial effluent treatment. Owing to the reduction or removal of created unwanted byproducts, the green synthesis of photoactive nanomaterial is more beneficial than chemical synthesis approaches. Furthermore, unlike chemical synthesis methods, the green synthesis method does not require the use of expensive, dangerous, or poisonous ingredients, making it a less costly, easy, and environmental method for photocatalyst synthesis. This work focuses on distinct greener synthesis techniques utilized for the production of new photocatalysts, including metals, metal doped-metal oxides, metal oxides, and plasmonic nanostructures, including the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning to the design and selection of an innovative photocatalyst in the context of energy and environmental challenges. A brief overview of the industrial and environmental applications of photocatalysts is also presented. Finally, an overview and recommendations for future research are given to create photocatalytic systems with greatly improved stability and efficiency.
PubDate: 2023-10-31
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- Construction of 1,4-Dihydropyridines: The Evolution of C4 Source
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Abstract: Abstract The field of cascade cyclization for the construction of 1,4-dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs) has been continuously expanding during the last decades because of their broad-spectrum biological and synthetic importance. To date, many methods have been developed, mainly including the Hantzsch reaction, Hantzsch-like reaction and newly developed cascade cyclization, in which various synthons have been successively developed as C4 sources of 1,4-DHPs. This review presents the cascade cyclization synthesis strategy for the construction of 1,4-DHPs according to various C4 sources from carbonyl compounds, alkenyl fragments, alcohols, aliphatic amines, glycines and other C4 sources.
PubDate: 2023-09-25
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- C–H Bond Functionalization of N-Heteroarenes Mediated by Selectfluor
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Abstract: Herein, recent developments for Selectfluor-mediated C–H functionalization of N-heteroarenes are described. This type of C–H bond activation is an attractive and competitive alternative to traditional methodologies, allowing the functionalization of a variety of chemical functions. In addition, Selectfluor is a more sustainable and economically accessible oxidant compared with expensive/toxic metals or hazardous peroxides. For a practical understanding, the current review classified systematically the reported strategies in four subsections as follows: (1) carbon–carbon formation, (2) carbon–nitrogen bond formation, (3) carbon–chalcogen bond, and (4) carbon–halogen bond formation. Mechanistic aspects and reaction conditions are fully discussed to provide an understanding of the aspects that govern C–H functionalization in N-heteroarenes mediated by Selectfluor. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-09-22
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- Functionalization of BODIPY Dyes with Additional C–N Double Bonds
and Their Applications-
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Abstract: BODIPY (4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) dyes are regarded as highly useful compounds due to their rich photophysical properties, stability, and ease of functionalization. In recent years, hot topics studied with this class of compounds are targeted photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, fluorescent bioimaging agents, structural modification of the BODIPY core, synthesis of BODIPY analogs, and BODIPY-based supramolecular constructs. This review covers the advances in BODIPY structures substituted with additional carbon–nitrogen double bonds, namely imines, hydrazones, oximes, and related derivatives for various applications. Works based on fluorescent indicators of anions, cations, and neutral molecules are included in this review. In addition, the use of such structures for pharmaceutical applications, photodynamic therapy, fluorescent switches, and fluorescent building blocks are also investigated. In addition to covering the major literature within the mentioned subclass, design principles, working mechanisms, and outlooks are also provided to enlighten forthcoming promising efforts. With this work, we aim to provide insights about the synthesis, photophysical properties, contribution of C=N bonds to a class of dye, and possible areas of use and stimulate researchers to present new ideas and overcome the current problems using these derivatives. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-09-07
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- Recent Advances in MXene Quantum Dots: A Platform with Unique Properties
for General-Purpose Functional Materials with Novel Biomedical
Applications-
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Abstract: Developing new, high-performance materials is a prerequisite for technological advancement. In comparison to bulk materials, quantum dots have a number of good advantages due to their small size, high surface area, and quantum dimensions. Quantum dots, two-dimensional materials with lateral dimensions less than 100 nm, can be generated by the quantum confinement effect. Mxene quantum dots (MQDs) retain some of their two-dimensional characteristics. They also exhibit novel physicochemical properties, including enhanced dispersibility in aqueous and nonaqueous phases, modification or doping capabilities, and photoluminescence. MQDs, due to their unique and diverse properties, have been receiving a great deal of attention as new members of the Mxene group and wide use for biotechnology, bioimaging, optoelectronics, catalysis, cancer therapy, etc. This review aims to provide an overview of the synthesis of MQDs, their optical properties, and their cancer therapy applications. MQDs exhibit remarkable photothermal and photodynamic features and can be suitable for bioimaging. In addition to obtaining bioimaging, photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects simultaneously, MQDs have high biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo, providing evidence of their potential clinical utility. Herein, recent developments and future prospects concerning MQDs biomedical applications are discussed. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-09-05
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- The Novel Organic Emitters for High-Performance Narrow-Band Deep Blue
OLEDs-
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Abstract: Abstract Narrow-band deep-blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have played a key role in the field of high-quality full-color displays. However, because of the considerable challenges of inherent band gaps, unbalanced carrier injection and the lack of molecular structures, narrow-band deep-blue emitters develop slowly compared with red- and green-emitting materials. Encouragingly, with the continuous efforts of scientists in recent years, great progress has been made in the molecule design and material synthesis of highly efficient narrow-band deep-blue emitters. The typical deep-blue emitters which exhibit narrow emission with a full width at half maximum of < 50 nm are summarized in this article. They are divided into the three categories: fluorescence, phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence. The methods of molecular design for realizing narrow-band deep-blue emission are described in detail and future research directions are also discussed in this article.
PubDate: 2023-08-26
DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00436-7
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- Recent Progress on Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials Based on Tetrazole
Skeleton-
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Abstract: Development of nitrogen-rich energetic materials has gained much attention because of their remarkable properties including large nitrogen content and energy density, good thermal stability, low sensitivity, good energetic performance, environmental friendliness and so on. Tetrazole has the highest nitrogen and highest energy contents among the stable azoles. The incorporation of diverse explosophoric groups or substituents into the tetrazole skeleton is beneficial to obtain high-nitrogen energetic materials having excellent energetic performance and suitable sensitivity. In this review, the development of high-nitrogen energetic materials based on tetrazole skeleton is highlighted. Initially, the property and utilization of nitrogen-rich energetic materials are presented. After showing the advantage of the tetrazole skeleton, the high-nitrogen energetic materials based on tetrazole are classified and introduced in detail. Based on different types of energetic materials (EMs), the synthesis and properties of nitrogen-rich energetic materials based on mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-tetrazole are summarized in detail. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-08-23
DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00435-8
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- Performance Regulation of Single-Atom Catalyst by Modulating the
Microenvironment of Metal Sites-
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Abstract: Metal-based catalysts, encompassing both homogeneous and heterogeneous types, play a vital role in the modern chemical industry. Heterogeneous metal-based catalysts usually possess more varied catalytically active centers than homogeneous catalysts, making it challenging to regulate their catalytic performance. In contrast, homogeneous catalysts have defined active-site structures, and their performance can be easily adjusted by modifying the ligand. These characteristics lead to remarkable conceptual and technical differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. As a recently emerging class of catalytic material, single-atom catalysts (SACs) have become one of the most active new frontiers in the catalysis field and show great potential to bridge homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic processes. This review documents a brief introduction to SACs and their role in a range of reactions involving single-atom catalysis. To fully understand process-structure-property relationships of single-atom catalysis in chemical reactions, active sites or coordination structure and performance regulation strategies (e.g., tuning chemical and physical environment of single atoms) of SACs are comprehensively summarized. Furthermore, we discuss the application limitations, development trends and future challenges of single-atom catalysis and present a perspective on further constructing a highly efficient (e.g., activity, selectivity and stability), single-atom catalytic system for a broader scope of reactions. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-07-22
DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00434-9
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- Recent Progress in NiH-Catalyzed Linear or Branch Hydrofunctionalization
of Terminal or Internal Alkenes-
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Abstract: The construction of C–C and C–X (X = N, O, Si, etc.) bonds is an important field in organic synthesis and methodology. In recent decades, studies on transition metal-catalyzed functionalization of alkenes have been on the rise. The individual properties of different transition metals determine the type of reaction that can be applied. Generally, post-transition metals with a large number of electrons in the d-orbit such as Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn, etc., can be applied to more reaction types than pre-transition metals with a small number of electrons (e.g., Ti, Zr, etc.). Alkyl nickel intermediates formed by oxidative addition could couple with various of nucleophiles or electrophiles. Moreover, nickel has several oxidation valence states, which can flexibly realize a variety of catalytic cycles. These characteristics make nickel favored by researchers in the field of functionalization of alkenes, especially for the hydrofunctionalization of alkenes. Both terminal and internal alkenes could be converted, and the strategies of synthesizing linear and branched compounds have been expanded. Moreover, the guiding groups in alkenes played an almost decisive role in the regional selectivity, and the ligand or temperature also had regulating effects. Herein, we will give a comprehensive and timely overview of the works about the Ni-catalyzed hydrofunctionalization of alkenes and some insights on regional selectivity. Graphic
PubDate: 2023-07-20
DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00433-w
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- Structure-Based Drug Design of RdRp Inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2
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Abstract: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic since 2019, spreading rapidly and posing a significant threat to human health and life. With over 6 billion confirmed cases of the virus, the need for effective therapeutic drugs has become more urgent than ever before. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is crucial in viral replication and transcription, catalysing viral RNA synthesis and serving as a promising therapeutic target for developing antiviral drugs. In this article, we explore the inhibition of RdRp as a potential treatment for viral diseases, analysing the structural information of RdRp in virus proliferation and summarizing the reported inhibitors’ pharmacophore features and structure–activity relationship profiles. We hope that the information provided by this review will aid in structure-based drug design and aid in the global fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00432-x
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- The Intramolecular Povarov Tool in the Construction of Fused
Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles-
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Abstract: Abstract Nitrogen heterocycles are part of the structure of natural products and agents with important biological activity, such as antiviral, antibiotic, and antitumor drugs. For this reason, heterocyclic compounds are one of today’s most desirable synthetic targets and the Povarov reaction is a powerful synthetic tool for the construction of highly functionalized heterocyclic systems. This process involves an aromatic amine, a carbonyl compound, and an olefin or acetylene to give rise to the formation of a nitrogen-containing heterocycle. This review illustrates advances in the synthetic aspects of the intramolecular Povarov reaction for the construction of intricate nitrogen-containing polyheterocyclic compounds. This original review presents research done in this field, with references to important works by internationally relevant research groups on this current topic, covering the literature from 1992 to 2022. The intramolecular Povarov reactions are described here according to the key processes involved, using different combinations of aromatic or heteroaromatic amines, and aliphatic, aromatic, or heteroaromatic aldehydes. Some catalytic reactions promoted by transition metals are detailed, as well as the oxidative Povarov reaction and some asymmetric intramolecular Povarov processes.
PubDate: 2023-05-30
DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00428-7
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- Photothermal Catalytic CO2 Conversion: Beyond Catalysis and Photocatalysis
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Abstract: Abstract In recent years, the combination of both thermal and photochemical contributions has provided interesting opportunities for solar upgrading of catalytic processes. Photothermal catalysis works at the interface between purely photochemical processes, which involve the direct conversion of photon energy into chemical energy, and classical thermal catalysis, in which the catalyst is activated by temperature. Thus, photothermal catalysis acts in two different ways on the energy path of the reaction. This combined catalysis, of which the fundamental principles will be reviewed here, is particularly promising for the activation of small reactive molecules at moderate temperatures compared to thermal catalysis and with higher reaction rates than those attained in photocatalysis, and it has gained a great deal of attention in the last years. Among the different applications of photothermal catalysis, CO2 conversion is probably the most studied, although reaction mechanisms and photonic-thermal synergy pathways are still quite unclear and, from the reaction route point of view, it can be said that photothermal-catalytic CO2 reduction processes are still in their infancy. This article intends to provide an overview of the principles underpinning photothermal catalysis and its application to the conversion of CO2 into useful molecules, with application essentially as fuels but also as chemical building blocks. The most relevant specific cases published to date will be also reviewed from the viewpoint of selectivity towards the most frequent target products.
PubDate: 2023-05-30
DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00430-z
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- Multicomponent Reactions Using C,N-Binucleophilic Nature of
Aminopyrazoles: Construction of Pyrazole-Fused Heterocycles-
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Abstract: Synthesis of pyrazole-fused heterocycles has gained considerable attention in recent years due to their wide applications in medicinal chemistry. Aminopyrazoles are versatile building blocks for the synthesis of pyrazole-fused heterocycles by multicomponent reactions. Due to the presence of multiple reaction sites, they have fascinating chemical reactivity. Thus, they have been extensively used in multicomponent reactions for the construction of pyrazole-fused heterocycles. Although few review articles on the preparation and applications of aminopyrazoles are known in the literature, to date there is no dedicated review article on the construction of pyrazole-fused heterocycles exploring the reactivity of amino pyrazoles as C,N-binucleophiles in multicomponent reactions. Considering this, herein the multicomponent reactions for the construction of pyrazole-fused heterocycles exploring C,N-binucleophilic nature of amino pyrazoles have been reported. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-05-26
DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00427-8
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- Laser-Induced Transfer of Functional Materials
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Abstract: Abstract Patterning is crucial for the large-scale application of functional materials. Laser-induced transfer is an emerging patterning method for additively depositing functional materials to the target acceptor. With the rapid development of laser technologies, this laser printing method emerges as a versatile method to deposit functional materials in either liquid or solid format. The emerging applications such as solar interfacial evaporation, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, sensors, high-output synthesis, and other fields are rising fields benefiting from laser-induced transfer. Following a brief introduction to the principles of laser-induced transfer, this review will comprehensively deliberate this novel additive manufacturing method, including preparing the donor layer and the applications, advantages, and limitations of this technique. Finally, perspectives for handling current and future functional materials using laser-induced transfer will also be discussed. Non-experts in laser technologies can also gain insights into this prevailing laser-induced transfer process, which may inspire their future research.
PubDate: 2023-05-22
DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00429-6
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- Oxime Esters: Flexible Building Blocks for Heterocycle Formation
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Abstract: Oxime esters as the applicable building blocks, internal oxidizing agents, and directing groups in the synthesis of –, S-, and O-containing heterocycle scaffolds have gained great attention in the last decade. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the cyclization of oxime esters with various functional group reagents under transition metal and transition metal-free catalyzed conditions. Moreover, the mechanistic aspects of these protocols are explained in detail. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-05-18
DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00431-y
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- Spectroscopic Determination of Acetylcholine (ACh): A Representative
Review-
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Abstract: Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the most crucial neurotransmitters of the cholinergic system found in vertebrates and invertebrates and is responsible for many processes in living organisms. Disturbances in ACh transmission are closely related to dementia in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. ACh in biological samples is most often determined using chromatographic techniques, radioenzymatic assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or potentiometric methods. An alternative way to detect and determine acetylcholine is applying spectroscopic techniques, due to low limits of detection and quantification, which is not possible with the methods mentioned above. In this review article, we described a detailed overview of different spectroscopic methods used to determine ACh with a collection of validation parameters as a perspective tool for routine analysis, especially in basic research on animal models on central nervous system. In addition, there is a discussion of examples of other biological materials from clinical and preclinical studies to give the whole spectrum of spectroscopic methods application. Descriptions of the developed chemical sensors, as well as the use of flow technology, were also presented. It is worth emphasizing the inclusion in the article of multi-component analysis referring to other neurotransmitters, as well as the description of the tested biological samples and extraction procedures. The motivation to use spectroscopic techniques to conduct this type of analysis and future perspectives in this field are briefly discussed. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-05-11
DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00426-9
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