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Toxicology International
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.324

Citation Impact (citeScore): 1
Number of Followers: 4

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ISSN (Print) 0971-6580 - ISSN (Online) 0976-5131
Published by Informatics Publishing Limited

[20 journals]

Progesterone-Induced Hyperphagia is Attenuated by Myrica nagi through
Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Modulation in Female Mice
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  Authors: Yash Prashar; Nilesh J. Patel, Deepanshi Sharma
  Abstract: Regulation of feeding behavior to control obesity is an alternative line of research for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Compared to other models of obesity, the progesterone-induced obesity model is more specific to the female population; it focuses on the eating behavior and behavioral and emotional changes associated with progesterone. We aimed to study the changes in feeding behavior upon progesterone administration and the effects of Myrica nagi Thunb (Myricaceae) extracts on these changes. Further, this study aimed to provide insights into the progesterone-induced hyperphagia modulated by serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. In this study, experimental obesity was induced in female mice by treating with a high dose of progesterone for 28 days (sub-chronic study) followed by the assessment of parameters such as food consumption behavior, behavioral parameters including ambulatory movements, rearing, and grooming, and biochemical parameters such as lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein), liver parameters (alkaline phosphatase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase), serotonin and dopamine levels, and liver histopathology. The sub-chronic administration of progesterone, via the subcutaneous route, induced significant hyperphagia and promoted fat accumulation. Even though we did not find significant differences in food intake between mice in the control group and progesterone-treated groups, the final weight in the progesterone-administered groups increased, signifying the impact of this progesterone-induced obesity model. Treatment with MEMN extract reversed the progesterone-induced effects suggesting that herbal extracts can be exploited as serotonergic and dopaminergic agents for the treatment of progesterone-induced eating disorders, especially in the female population.
  PubDate: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +053
Formulation and Evaluation of Polymeric Nanoparticles as Carriers of
Rosuvastatin Calcium for Oral Administration
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  Authors: M. Thenmozhi; T. Suganya, Gokul Marimuthu
  Abstract: Aim of this research was to formulate and evaluate the polymeric nanoparticle as carriers of rosuvastatin calcium for oral administration. Rosuvastatin calcium-loaded nanoparticles were formulated by nanoprecipitation method using different ratios of polymers (Eudragit L100 and Eudragit S100) and different concentrations of stabilizers (Pluronic F68 and PVA) with constant drug concentration. The formulations were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, drug content, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, kinetics, solubility, ex vivo intestinal permeability and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies were carried out to check compatibility between the drug and polymers. No significant drug-polymer interactions were found. To enhance drug entrapment particle size range from 100-250 nm were prepared and entrapment efficiencies were found be 28-79 %. In vitro release studies showed a biphasic release pattern of rosuvastatin calcium from nanosuspensions: One initial burst release in the first 2 hours which could be helpful to improve the penetration of drug followed by a second slow release phase consistent with a Higuchi diffusion mechanism. The solubility of rosuvastatin calcium loaded polymeric nanoparticles compared to pure drug form was increased to about two-fold. Intestinal permeability of rosuvastatin calcium entrapped in Eudragit L100 an Eudragit S100 nanoparticles across rat small intestinal segments was significantly improved compared with rosuvastatin calcium in solution. Nanoparticles observed by TEM showed extremely spherical shapes. Results indicated that nanoparticle formulations could be a promising delivery system for oral administration of rosuvastatin calcium with enhanced solubility, intestinal permeability and improved oral bioavailability.
  PubDate: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +053
Safety Assessment of AYUSH SC-3 through Acute and 90 Days Repeated Dose
Oral Toxicity Study
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  Authors: Sudesh N. Gaidhani; S. Viswanth Reddy, Srikanth Ala, Sanjaya Kumar, Shrirang Jamadagni, Pranita Joshi Deshmukh, K. Subrahmanyam, G. Avinash
  Abstract: The present study is focused on establishing the safety of the formulation through acute and 90 days of repeated oral dose toxicity as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. During the acute toxicity test, the drug was orally administered at a limited test dose of 2000 mg/kg. Clinical signs, feed and body weight were recorded. At the end of 14 days, the animals were euthanized and subjected to a detailed post-mortem examination (necropsy). As per OECD, 408 the 90 days repeated dose oral toxicity study was carried out with three different doses of test drug i.e., 1500, 1000 and 500 mg/kg. Cage side observations, body weight and feed intake were recorded. Upon termination of the study, urine analysis, haematology and clinical biochemical examinations were performed. Finally, the rats were subjected to euthanasia, a gross necropsy was conducted and vital organs were weighed and made prone for histopathological evaluation. Cage-side observation of AYUSH-SC-3 treated animals showed no signs of toxicity, and the mortality or moribund state was observed in both of the studies. No significant change in body weight and feed intake was seen in AYUSH-SC-3 treated animals. Gross morphology and necropsy findings of the animals revealed no treatment-related. Haematological and biochemical parameters of rats treated with AYUSH-SC-3 were found to be non-significant when compared to the control group. Necropsy findings and relative organ weights did not change significantly. Further, the histopathological analysis of major organs showed no major lesions and treatment-related changes. The LD50 of AYUSH SC-3 is greater than 2000 mg/kg and NOAEL is up to 1500 mg/kg.
  PubDate: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +053
Optimization of Stability-Indicating HPLC Method for Analyzing Process
Related Impurities of Penfluridol and Structural Elucidation of Stress
Degradation Products by LCMS/MSucidation of Stress Degradation Products by
LCMS/MS
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  Authors: Beram Adilakshmi; V. K. Rohini, T. Eswarlal, Ch. Lakshmi Prasanna, Venkateswara Rao Anna
  Abstract: This study focused on the development of a simple and sensitive HPLC method for resolution and quantification of process-related impurities of penfluridol and further assessment of forced degradation behavior of penfluridol. The chromatographic separation was achieved on XTerra™ C18 (250×4.6 mm, 5.0μm) column and UV detection at 245nm. The mobile phase comprises of methanol and tetrahydrofuran in 55:45 (v/v) as solvent A and acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran in 80:20 (v/v) as solvent B. The 60:40 (v/v) composition of solvent A and B were pumped isocratically at 1.0mL/min. In the proposed conditions, the retention time identified as 5.29 min for penfluridol, 4.51 min, 9.95 min and 7.64 min respectively for impurity 1, 2 and 3 with acceptable system suitability. The method produces sensitive detection limit of 0.008μg/mL for impurity 1, 2 and 0.004 μg/mL for impurity 3 with calibration range of 25-150 μg/mL for penfluridol and 0.025-0.150 μg/mL for impurities. The drug was exposed to different stressed conditions (acid, base, peroxide, thermal and UV light) according to ICH Q1A (R2) guidelines. The Degradation Products (DPs) formed during the stress study was characterized by LCMS/MS in ESI positive mode and the possible structures of five DPs with possible degradation pathways were proposed. The outcomes of other validation studies were likewise satisfactory and proven adequate for regular analysis of penfluridol and its process-related impurities in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms and can also applicable for evaluation of stress degradation mechanism of penfluridol.
  PubDate: Mon, 06 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +053
Effect of Lead Toxicity on Wild Cannabis Species of Punjab Region
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  Authors: Dimpy Balgotra; Sabreen Bashir, Agrataben Vadhel, Madhuri Girdhar, Anand Mohan
  Abstract: Human activities are causing environmental pollution in many ways by contaminating air, water and soil by adding different types of pollutants. Among various pollutants, heavy metals are an emerging threat in today’s world which are degrading our environment in a number of ways. Lead is the most widespread and evenly distributed poisonous element. Due to urbanization and growing human activities, lead emissions in different forms have increased, resulting in the contamination of soil and water. The lead transfers from environment to different forms of life, disrupting biological processes and causing various health issues. In this article, pot culture experiments were carried out to analyse the stress of Lead (Pb) and the capability of Cannabis sp. to tolerate the stress by studying the impact of different concentrations (0 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg of soil) on various biochemical aspects of the plant (Photosynthetic pigments, protein, antioxidant enzyme activity). Lead was given in the form of lead acetate. The results showed that the photosynthetic pigments-chlorophyll and carotenoid decreased with increasing lead concentration. Same effect was shown by the protein content in the leaves. On the other hand, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), which is an antioxidant enzyme, increased with increasing concentration of lead.
  PubDate: Fri, 03 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +053
Prophylactic Efficacy of Allium sativum Essential Oil on Hepatic Tissues
of Mice Model Exposed to Inorganic Lead Salt
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  Authors: Kusum Sharma; Veena Sharma
  Abstract: Hypothesis: Lead is a pervasive environmental pollutant that is major threat for human health. Allium sativum essential oil could impart possible protection from Lead Nitrate (LN) as it contains organosulfur compounds which possess various pharmacological potential including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-apoptotic and other activities as well. Parameters Studied: The ameliorative role of Allium sativum essential oil on hepatic tissue damage caused by Lead nitrate was evaluated through oxidative stress, biochemical parameters, oxidative Stress Index (OSI) and hepatic biomarkers. Methodology and Results: In this study, six groups of animals were taken. These groups were: control animals, toxicant treated animals (LN), LN + plant oil low and high dose treated animals, LN + silymarin treated animals and LN + vehicle oil control group. Lead nitrate exposure significantly decreased the antioxidant molecules mainly SOD, CAT, Gpx, GSH, GST, TPC and increased the lipid peroxidation content, Oxidative Stress Index (OSI), liver indices, Total Cholesterol Content (TCC) and biochemical parameters [ALT, AST, ALP] In addition to this, Lead nitrate increased the level of hepatic biomarkers such as cytp4502E1, 5’-nucleotidase, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and decreased the cytb5 content in hepatic tissues. Conclusion: Antioxidant activity of Allium sativum Essential Oil (ASEO) prevented oxidative stress and restored the level of liver indices, biochemical parameters, and hepatic biomarkers in Lead nitrate-intoxicated mice. Therefore, ASEO can be considered as a promising protective strategy against Lead nitrate-induced hepatotoxicity.
  PubDate: Fri, 03 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +053
Determination of Acute Toxicity and the Effect of Sub-Lethal Concentration
of Quinalphos on Protein and Lipid Peroxidation in Oreochromis niloticus
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  Authors: Chinnu Shaji; Suma M. Abraham, Joe Prasad Mathew
  Abstract: Quinalphos is an organophosphate used in agriculture that is considered to have potential hazardous effects on nontarget organisms. The present study was designed to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of quinalphos (an organophosphate pesticide) on the fish, Oreochromis niloticus, for 96 hours. The LC50 value of quinalphos on Oreochromis niloticus for 96 hours was determined as 3.65 μl/L. The study also focuses on the immediate effect of exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of quinalphos on protein and lipid peroxidation rate after 24 hours in brain and muscle tissues. Protein was found to be decreasing while lipid peroxidation rate increased in both tissues after 24 hours of exposure. By the estimation of antioxidant enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activity, it was also identified that quinalphos is capable of impairing the antioxidant defense mechanism of the non-target organism and thereby increase the oxidative stress.
  PubDate: Fri, 03 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +053
Ameliorative Role of Allicin in Arsenic-Induced Liver and Gonad Apoptosis
in Male Swiss Albino Mice (Mus musculus)
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  Authors: Payel Sarkar; Jayanta Kr. Kundu
  Abstract: Arsenic toxicity is a matter of concern in the present-day world. Arsenic, a potentially hazardous metalloid easily gets biomagnified through the food chain and also affects not only the vital organs such as the kidney, and liver of human beings but also the reproductive organs of males. This study was designed to propose allicin, the main bio-active component of garlic to address arsenic toxicity more efficiently and without any side effects apart from the costly conventional chelation therapy which is not free from various side effects. To conduct this study, allicin has been quantified and collected from ethanolic extract of garlic by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using C18 column at 254nm wave-lengths against standard allicin at the retention time of 18.775min. The calculated concentration of allicin is 77.80%. Next, arsenic trioxide (As2O3) (20mg/kg) and allicin (100mg/kg) were administered orally for toxicity and treatment respectively in mice (Mus musculus) for 30 days. Compared to the control group, liver marker enzymes i.e., Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) levels were significantly increased in the arsenic-induced group. On the other hand, co-treatment with allicin significantly recovered liver enzyme parameters to normal levels (p<0.05). Decreased weight of testis, sperm count, and increased numbers of Sperm Head Anomalies (SHA) indicate reduced reproductive potential in the arsenic-induced group of male albino mice. On the contrary, co-treatment with allicin significantly increased testis weight, sperm count and decreased SHA count (p<0.05). On examining histological slides of the liver and testis, normal histo-architecture was observed in both control and arsenic-induced allicin co-treated groups; whereas damage was observed in the arsenic-induced group. Generated data pointed out that allicin offers significant protection to the mammalian liver and male gonad (testis) against arsenicinduced toxicity.
  PubDate: Fri, 03 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +053
Preclinical Animal Models of Renal Disease
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  Authors: Kunal Bahalkar; Manish Musale, Jagdish Kakadiya
  Abstract: Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is a serious condition where the kidneys suddenly stop working, commonly caused by drug-related injury. This article aims to give a detailed explanation of different animal models used to study ARF, focusing on the biomarkers linked with this condition. When administering drugs to animals, it is essential to be mindful of the potential for ARF to occur. Nephrotoxic drugs like cisplatin, methotrexate, acyclovir, Cyclosporine, folic acid, amphotericin B, and amikacin can induce ARF if the dosage and duration of exposure are not adequately regulated to match the clinical scenario. Careful monitoring is crucial to ensuring the safety and well-being of the animals under our care. This article contains various screening models for ARF caused by various allopathic drugs like glycerol, acyclovir, amikacin, amphotericin B, Isoniazid-Rifampicin, cisplatin, folic acid, diclofenac, and lithium. The intrinsic toxicity of these medications also plays a significant role in the ensuing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), and the kidney is probably more vulnerable to damage than other organs. These medications can be hazardous and their effects on the glomerulus and/or tubules can be caused by oxidative damage, hypersensitivity responses, altered hemodynamics, and tubule blockage. This article aims to provide a thorough description of the model used and to examine the findings in relation to that particular model. This approach can yield valuable insights and help ensure the findings’ accuracy and relevance.
  PubDate: Fri, 03 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +053
Chemical Induce Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome-Preclinical Animal Models
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  Authors: Aakansha Mishra; Jagdish Kakadiya
  Abstract: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a complex endocrine disturbance that leads to hyperandrogenism, disruption in the functioning of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovary (HPO) axis and multiple cysts in ovaries. To understand and study different treatment approaches of polycystic ovarian syndrome, there are several chemical-induced animal models available that mimic polycystic ovarian syndrome. These animal models are designed to closely resemble the characteristic symptoms. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome’s key characteristics are changes in gonadotropin and sex steroid hormone, ovarian morphology, and metabolic characteristics. Direct hormone-regulated animal models are frequently utilized to study PCOS. Rodent animal model is often used which aims to replicate the key feature of human PCOS. Various endocrine-disrupting chemicals also makes a major role in the development of PCOS. In order to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical application in the field of PCOS, PCOS-induced models are essential tools for improving our understanding of the illness and evaluating innovative therapies. The review discusses various animal models used to induced PCOS by various inducers such as aromatase inhibitor inducer (letrozole), androgen excess inducer (dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone), estrogen-induced (estradiol valerate), antiprogesterone (mifepristone), monosodium-L-glutamate, bisphenol-A and tributyltin chloride. This article contributed to underlying the current understanding and provides you a complete review that overall covers various aspects, including the impact of chemical-induced models, which also includes changes in the morphology of ovaries, gonadotropin as well as, and alterations in the level of various sex steroid hormone profile. Additionally it explores the metabolic abnormalities caused by various chemical-inducers used to induce PCOS in animal. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive review about various chemical inducers which are responsible for the development of PCOS.
  PubDate: Fri, 03 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +053
A Review on the Impact of Pesticide Toxicity on the Physiological and
Behavioral Condition of Fish
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  Authors: Sayan Mandal; Basudev Mandal
  Abstract: Pesticides are an essential component of contemporary agriculture because they help keep unwanted insects and animals under control and boost crop yields. However, the widespread usage of pesticides has led to worries over the unexpected consequences that these chemicals have on non-target animals and ecosystems, particularly those that are aquatic. Fish, which play an essential role in aquatic food webs, are particularly vulnerable to the damaging effects of pesticides as a result of their direct contact with contaminated water bodies. The review covers acute and chronic pesticide effects on fish, including physiological and behavioral responses. It discusses population-level effects and biodiversity loss on fish reproduction, growth, development, immunological function, and locomotor activity. It also highlights pesticide toxicity’s long-term effects on fish populations. Pesticide exposure may also alter foraging behavior, competitive aptitude, and predation vulnerability, according to the review. Pesticides harm fish health by accumulating toxins, causing genetic defects, and upsetting the aquatic ecology. These effects put biodiversity in jeopardy and upset the food chain’s delicate balance, raising major environmental issues. It emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research to better understand fish pesticide toxicity and guide environmental regulatory measures. Implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices to ensure sustainable pesticide use in the environment. Use of non-chemical strategies such as crop rotation, natural predators, and resistant varieties. limit pesticide application to specific pests, thereby minimizing ecological damage and preserving ecosystem equilibrium. We can improve agriculture-aquatic biodiversity coexistence by supporting holistic pesticide management.
  PubDate: Fri, 03 Nov 2023 00:00:00 +053
Sub-Acute Toxicity Study of Hydro-Alcoholic Extracts of Sansevieria
cylindrica and Plumeria obtusa in Wistar Albino Rats
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  Authors: Sunil Shewale; Vaishali Undale, V. Addepalli, Vrushali Bhalchim, Shivani Desai, Vikas Wawale, Maruti Shelar, Shubham Padole, Shital Satone, Shweta Lembhe, Sameer Parekh, Pramod Pujari
  Abstract: Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex. Hook (Asparagaceae) and Plumeria obtusa L. (Apocynaceae) are useful traditional medicines. The present study assessed the toxicity of a combination of hydro-alcoholic extract of aerial parts of both these plants through repeat administration in Wistar albino rats. This study is an extension of an acute toxicity study, wherein female rats were orally administered with a single dose of 2000mg/kg of both plant extracts. Sub-acute toxicity of both plants (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) was studied by daily dosing of Wistar rats of both sexes for 28 days. Toxicity, mortality, body weight changes, food and water intake, and neurological assessments were recorded. Hematological, biochemical, and urine analysis was done before and after dosing on day 29. Absolute and relative organ weight and histological evaluation were performed on day 29. The acute toxicity study revealed no lethal effects indicating that LD50 is greater than 2000mg/ kg. The sub-acute study observed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in body weight, feed, and water intake. The body weight gain in rats from the treatment group was non-significant (p > 0.05) compared to the control group. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in lymphocytes, granulocytes, RBC, platelet, creatinine, albumin, triglycerides, and alkaline phosphatase were also observed. The evaluation of different neurobehavior parameters showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). Histopathological analysis showed mild liver distortion in male rats in both treatment groups. Most of the significant observations were considered incidental findings indicative of low toxicity of plant extract during long-term use.
  PubDate: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +053