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Journal of The Indian Academy of Wood Science
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.267  Citation Impact (citeScore): 1 Number of Followers: 2  Subscription journalISSN (Print) 0972-172X - ISSN (Online) 0976-8432 Published by Springer-Verlag  [2468 journals]
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- Selection of eucalyptus hybrid clones planted in Brazil for growth and
wood quality-
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Abstract: Abstract This study was conducted to assess clones of hybrids eucalyptus to quantify the genetic gain from growth and wood quality selection traits. The analysis assessed 29 clones of hybrids eucalyptus previously selected from a clonal test, and differing in growth. Wood quality was assessed by longitudinal residual stress (LRS), volume without bark (Vwb), weighted basic density (ρweigh), log end splitting index (LSI), variance components estimation and genetic gains from the selection. The eucalyptus clones differed for wood quality. Selection for trait combination resulted in reduced genetic gain for LRS, with 11.7%, and LSI, with 36.5%, and increased genetic gain for Vwb, with 2.2%, and for ρweigh, with 9.8%. Superior eucalyptus clones can be identified to contribute to genetic improvement programs for quality wood production.
PubDate: 2023-09-13
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- Wood-rotting fungi on Pinus kesiya trees, woody debris and cones from East
Khasi Hills, Meghalaya-
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Abstract: Abstract A total of thirty-five wood-rotting fungi were documented from living Pinus kesiya trees, woody debris and cones. Wood-rotting fungi inhabiting P. kesiya were all representatives of the Division Basidiomycota and are distributed under twenty families and twenty-nine genera. The Family Polyporaceae was the most dominant taxa. Two edible wood-rotting fungi: Auricularia auricula-judae and Schizophyllum commune were recorded from the study. Nine species were found growing only on logs, seven on stumps, three on cones and two on living P. kesiya trees. The remaining thirteen species were collected from more than one type of substrata. Seven wood-rotting fungi were host specific and were found growing only on P. kesiya host. It was observed from the study that majority of the species collected from P. kesiya woody debris were also found growing on the dead woody debris of other host tree species present in the forest stands studied. One species, Coltriciella dependens was found growing only at the base of the partially burnt barks of living P. kesiya trees.
PubDate: 2023-09-05
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- Comparative study of polyvinyl acetate-acrylic acid and polyvinyl
acetate-methacrylic acid copolymer-based wood adhesives-
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Abstract: Abstract In comparison with conventional polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) homopolymer-based adhesives, the water-resistant PVAc glues used in the wood adhesive industry today demonstrate high resistance to both water and heat. These glues contain acrylic acid (AA), N-methylolacrylamide, and vinyl ester of versatic acid as co-monomers. Here, PVA-stabilized polyvinyl acetate-acrylic acid and PVA-stabilized polyvinyl acetate-methacrylic acid copolymer emulsions were synthesized using batch emulsion polymerization. Additionally, PVA solution, aluminium nitrate, plasticizer, and preservatives are used to make the adhesive samples. The PVAc-MAA-based adhesive and the PVAc-AA-based adhesive sample are compared. The copolymerization and crosslinking reaction has been studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the polymer films’ glass transition temperatures (Tg). The tensile shear strength of wood joints in dry and wet conditions was determined in accordance with the EN 204-205 standard to evaluate the performance of the crosslinked emulsion-based adhesive. It was observed that using the acid group’s reaction under acidic conditions, AA and MAA provided sites for crosslinking the chains. The AA-based adhesive’s significantly higher glass transition temperature than the MAA-based adhesive’s was shown by differential scanning calorimetry data, and this result was confirmed by film hardness testing. According to EN 204, the AA-based adhesive’s tensile shear strength increased by ~ 11% after 24 h of bonding in a dry environment and by ~ 15% in wet environments when compared to an MAA-based adhesive. A crosslinked network structure developed as a result of the reaction between the acid groups in the copolymer chains, the free hydroxyls in PVA, and the added aluminium nitrate. In comparison with PVAc-AA-based wood adhesive, PVAc-MAA crosslinked adhesive demonstrated excellent product stability despite slightly lower water resistance.
PubDate: 2023-08-29
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- Bamboo reconstituted destructured boards prepared from dendrocalamus
somdevai for structural purposes as a substitute to wood-
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Abstract: Abstract The present study aims to assess the suitability of bamboo scrimbers or reconstituted destructured bamboo boards by Dendrocalamus somdevai, manufactured under varying pressure levels, as a potential wood substitute for structural applications. The boards were prepared using hot-press at various specific pressure levels viz, 21.0, 24.5, 28.0, and 31.5 kg/cm2, using phenol–formaldehyde (PF) adhesive. The boards were comprehensively evaluated for their physical properties, including moisture content, density, water absorption, and general swelling, as well as their mechanical properties, such as modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), hardness, and compression parallel to the grain. Remarkably, the reconstituted destructured bamboo boards exhibited exceptional physical and mechanical characteristics across all tested pressure levels. When considering the timber classification in structural applications, boards fabricated at the lowest specific pressure level (21.0 kg/cm2) fall within the ordinary group, while those produced at 24.5 kg/cm2 align with the standard group, alongside teak (Tectona grandis). Conversely, boards manufactured at higher specific pressures (28.0 and 31.5 kg/cm2) fall within the supergroup, comparable to Sal (Shorea robusta) and Khair (Acacia catechu). This study suggests that destructured bamboo boards can be a viable alternative to traditional wood-based materials for a variety of construction applications. The variability in mechanical properties of destructured bamboo boards at different pressure levels allows for the tailoring of properties to specific applications, which further enhances the potential of this material.
PubDate: 2023-07-02
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00317-y
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- Genetic evaluation and characterization of anatomical and physicochemical
properties in Grevillea robusta: an alternative commercial agroforestry
species-
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Abstract: Abstract The Grevillea robusta belonging to the family Proteaceae is proven to be a valuable and economically important timber species across its exotic distribution range in the world. The present research work aimed to establish the potential of regionally grown G. robusta as an alternative source of the wood-based industry. The wood quality standard tests and genetic evaluation of anatomical and physicochemical traits were conducted in the wood samples of G. robusta in northern India. The results on fiber length (FLmean = 1434.15 ± 7.58 µm) and fiber diameter (FDmean = 21.93 ± 0.18 µm) indicated that the species fall under the class II category of timber, though moderate heritability (H2 = 0.48) coupled with genetic advance (GA%of mean = 19.01%) was observed for the FD. The Runkle ratio (RR) showed moderate H2 (= 0.36) and high (GA%of mean = 31.77%) with a range varied from 0.40–0.82 (RRmean = 0.63 ± 0.01), which showed that the trait is probably governed by the genic action with the low influence of environment and thus, could be used in pulp and paper industries. Further, specific gravity (SG) varied from 0.41–0.61 with a mean of 0.53 ± 0.01 showing that the species was categorized under moderately heavy class (teak class), which is useful in veneer and furniture making. Also, moderate H2 (= 0.32) and GA%of mean(= 10.69%) were noted and selection could be effective for the trait SG. In addition to this, the low moisture content (MC = ~ 17%), moderate level of lignin content (LC = ~ 25%) and high holocellulose content (HC = ~ 75%) reveals that wood can be used for manufacturing kraft paper. Further, the genetic evaluation showed high heritability (0.82) both for LC and HC emphasizing that the tree improvement programme through selection could be applicable for G. robusta in the long-run for wood and timber of industrial applications.
PubDate: 2023-05-11
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00316-z
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- Effect studies of recycled polymer and CaCO3 to the moisture resistance of
processed wood–polymer composites-
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Abstract: Abstract This work is devoted to studying the wood–polymer composites (WPCs), which are processed by combining Moroccan pinaster (Pinus pinaster) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in virgin and recycled forms. The results show that the density increases as the wood content in WPC increases in the presence of 7wt% CaCO3. In addition, it was found that as the wood content in WPC increased, the water absorption and swelling at 2 h and 24 h increased. When using HDPE and 7wt% CaCO3 to develop WPC, the water absorption and swelling properties are reduced. The water saturation of the studied WPC was reached after 31 days. The scanning electron microscopy characterization of WPC samples showed that the morphology of the wood is affected by the polymer content and the amount of added CaCO3. This finding is well confirmed with the results of water absorption and thickness swelling. For all the manufactured composite materials in this work, the value of the diffusion constant n is very close to 0.5 and the water absorption is more likely to be close to the Fick behavior. The water diffusion coefficient in WPC decreases with the increase in polymer content and the addition of 7wt% of CaCO3.
PubDate: 2023-05-06
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00314-1
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- Polyurethane bonded cross-laminated timber prepared from Pinus radiata
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Abstract: Abstract The utilization of cross-laminated timber (CLT) in the multi-storey construction sector has been increasing over the last two decades. To effectively bring these new materials into the mainstream construction market, reliable information is needed on physical and mechanical behaviour of such composites. Further, destructive testing is not always possible and depends only on limited samples. Hence, deriving material properties by non-destructive means can be very helpful. Similarly, predicting the properties of a composite from the properties of its constituent material derived by non-destructive testing can save time, material and money. However, the accuracy of prediction is very important as it influence the decision of the structural engineer/architects. In this endeavour, the present study reports the physical and mechanical properties of polyurethane bonded cross-laminated timber prepared from radiata pine wood. Acoustic-based non-destructive test was carried out to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity (DMOE) of individual planks as well as individual layers. Based on the dynamic MOE of individual lamella, the MOE of CLT was predicted using the rule of mixture and the predicated MOE was validated by measuring the actual MOE of the CLT by destructive testing. Although the flexural modulus and compressive strength of radiata pine CLT are lower than that of Norway spruce, a timber commercially used in the production of CLT, the superior bonding performance, as evident from the lower delamination and higher bond shear strength, suggests the potential of radiata pine in CLT production for light frame construction. The MOE predicted through the rule of mixture was quite comparable to the MOE derived by destructive testing.
PubDate: 2023-05-01
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00315-0
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- Synthesis and characterization of starch-stabilized polyvinyl
acetate-N-methylol acrylamide polymer-based wood adhesive-
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Abstract: Abstract Moisture-resistant environmentally friendly starch-stabilized adhesive joints are obtained by modifying starch-stabilized polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) dispersion with special compounds like reactive N-methylol acrylamide (NMA) co-monomer. Here, the effect of the addition of NMA co-monomer in starch-stabilized PVAc-based wood adhesives on water resistance and heat stability were studied. The copolymers are then formulated with a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution, plasticizer, and preservatives. Compared with the traditional water-resistant wood adhesive, the water resistance of starch-stabilized PVAc-NMA emulsion polymer-based adhesive was similar like PVA stabilized PVAc-NMA emulsion-based adhesive. Glass transition temperatures and cross-linking behaviour of the polymer films were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC results showed a substantial increase in Tg, with the addition of starch in the copolymer emulsion which is also confirmed in film hardness testing. The cross-linking reaction between the amide group in the copolymer chains and the reaction between aluminium chloride with the hydroxyl group of starch and PVA results in a cross-linked structure and occurs rapidly at ambient temperature which is analysed through Fourier transform infrared. The performance of this starch-stabilized PVAc-NMA-based wood adhesive was evaluated in accordance with the EN 204–205 D3 standard by measuring the shear stress of wood joints underwater. The cross-linked adhesive with starch showed superior water resistance, mechanical properties, and stability, unlike PVA stabilized cross-linked wood adhesives.
PubDate: 2023-04-06
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00312-3
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- Wood modification with nanoparticles fortified polymeric resins for
producing nano-wood composites: a review-
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Abstract: Abstract Wood is one of the renewable building materials which can meet the increased global demand for sustainable materials. However, the wood-based sector is experiencing challenges in meeting the rising market demand for high-quality wood and wood-based products because of scarce supply and legal prohibitions on harvesting trees in natural forests. Fast-growing plantation trees are being extensively studied as a prospective raw material source in order to meet the rising demand. But the timber extracted from the fast-grown plantations has some serious drawbacks, such as lower density, poor strength, dimensional instability and susceptibility to biodegrading agencies, limiting its widespread usage in various residential and industrial applications. To overcome these issues, wood is being modified with various types of thermoset and thermoplastic resins by impregnation method, which can substantially improve its properties to suit different applications. Nanomaterials have gained popularity in recent years due to their high efficacy and enormous potential to improve wood properties. The properties of wood can be greatly improved by combining conventional wood modification techniques with nanotechnology. Wood modification using resins fortified with nanomaterials further improves properties of resin modified wood and provide additional properties at low concentrations. Therefore, the nano-wood composites prepared using nanoparticles fortified resins have the potential to replace high-quality wood for various value-added applications and fast-growing trees can serve as a sustainable source of raw material.
PubDate: 2023-04-06
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00313-2
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- Impacts of chemical modification of wood on water absorption: a review
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Abstract: Abstract Reducing the water absorption of wood is important as less permeability to water implies enhanced resistance against wood-decaying organisms and is mechanically stable. Many preservatives are in current practice, configuring which type of preservative is more effective on which species of wood requires an effort. Hence, this can be evaluated by water absorption of differently treated wood. Thus, this review aims to focus on the phenomenon of water absorption on treated wood and build an argument on the impact of chemical modification on water absorption. This study describes the practical applications of wood treatment techniques and how they could be integrated to solve the problematic areas in wood–moisture relations. The initial phase of the study overview the current level of knowledge on essential features of moisture in wood and attempts to identify the existing knowledge gaps in the field of the wood industry. This review is conducted by referring to 85.5% journals, 8.4% conference papers, 3.05% electronic books, and 3.05% others. The review identifies more research ought to be conducted about chemicals that would reduce hygroscopicity and provide durability with minimum toxicity to nature. Such knowledge might be applied to a variety of sectors of research, including how to improve decomposition resistance, how to improve the performance of moisture-induced wooden actuators, and combining various revelations of moisture in wood with the introduction of specific chemical alterations. Regulating the spatial distribution should provide a unique overview of the wood–water reactions. Therefore, the resultant innovative ideas would be useful in related disciplines such as polymer science and the construction industry.
PubDate: 2023-03-28
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00309-y
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- Mechanical and morphological analyses of flamboyant seed pod
biochar/aluminium filings reinforced hybrid polystyrene composite-
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Abstract: Electrical conductivity can be improved in polymer composites by adding reinforcement components like metallic particles and/or high carbon-containing materials. In this study, highly conductive composites were produced from waste particles by reinforcing waste polystyrene with Aluminium powder and flamboyant seed (Delonix regia) pod-derived biochar. The composites were made using the mixing and hand layup method, and they were allowed to cure for 7 days at room temperature (25 °C). The composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the Rockwell hardness test, and the Izod impact test. The SEM analysis generally shows a good interaction between the matrix and the filler as more penetration of the matrix was allowed into the highly porous structures of the biochar and aluminium. The polystyrene resin was shown to become less brittle when biochar and Aluminium were added, enhancing its toughness and capacity to absorb energy. Aluminium was found to be the main filler contributing to the material’s roughness, as the roughness decreased as the Aluminium content increased. This study provided insights on the production of valuable products from waste resources. Graphical
PubDate: 2023-03-28
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00311-4
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- Cold glow discharge nitrogen plasma treatment of banana and sisal fiber
for mechanical and surface characterization improvement-
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Abstract: Abstract Natural fiber as an intriguing option for reinforcing polymeric matrices has sparked a rising interest in creating sustainable and environmentally friendly lightweight structures. Banana fiber is a derivation of the processing of the banana plant’s pseudostem (Musasepientum). Agave sisalana is a rosette-forming succulent plant cultivated largely for the fibers derived from its leaves. Sisal fibers were low in compactness, widely available and ecologically benign despite issues including hydrophilicity and performance swings. The impacts of various plasma powers (80W and 120W) for 30 min on mechanical as well as surface characteristics of unidirectional banana and sisal fibers surface treated with cold glow discharge nitrogen plasma were explored in this research. As compared to an untreated banana-sisal fiber-reinforced epoxy laminate the banana-sisal fiber-reinforced epoxy composite (BSFREC) had nearly 69.91 percent higher interlaminar shear strength, 110.01 percent higher flexural strength, 36.95 percent higher larger elongation and 79.92 percent higher tensile strength characterizations. FTIR spectroscopy and XRD were used to compare the morphological aspects of cold glow discharge nitrogen plasma-treated banana/sisal fibers and pretreated banana/sisal fibers demonstrating an improvement in fiber surface structure and boosting their adhesion to matrices. After being surface-treated banana and sisal fibers might be used in industrial applications making them a highly appealing but viable resource that helps society achieve its goal of cultivating self-sustaining yet biodegradable natural resources.
PubDate: 2023-03-06
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00310-5
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- Assessment of the rate of lumber recovery of Eucalyptus saligna at Gefere
sawmill in Gimbi area, Ethiopia-
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Abstract: Abstract Eucalyptus saligna, is currently gaining significance in lumber production and for construction purposes in Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to investigate the lumber recovery rate of Eucalyptus saligna and the factors influencing it. The operation yielded 47.33 m3 of lumber, accounting for 53.51% of the total lumber recovery rate. Furthermore, 25.49 m3 (28.81%) of slabs and 15.65 m3 (17.69%) of saw dusts were obtained. Lumber recovery rate was recorded 42.86% using through and through (under 35 cm of diameter classes), while 56.31% of lumber recovery rate were achieved using quarter sawing method (above 35 cm of diameter classes). The magnitude of the rate of lumber recovery was reduced by several factors such as end-splitting and brittle-heart. It was observed that cutting use of wider saw kerf was caused a reduction in the rate of lumber recovery owing to generation of increased quantity of sawdust.
PubDate: 2023-01-14
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-022-00307-6
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- The relationship between the density and the dynamic modulus of elasticity
of the date palm stem (Phoenix dactylifera L.)-
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Abstract: Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanical property of the date palm stem (DPS) by analyzing the vibrations (BING test) along the samples. The BING vibratory system offers fast and reliable results for the estimation of elastic properties, especially the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOED). Samples of 2 × 2 × 36 cm3 were taken based on the transverse distance along the stem to assess the results of this original research according to European standards. The classification of modulus of elasticity with respect to radial and tangential positions has made it possible to identify the most reliable parts for structural uses of the DPS. In addition, our results of the evolution of the MOED tested by the BING method have been determined in relation to frequencies and density. As a result, MOED is positively correlated with frequency in a significant way. Thus, a linear correlation was observed between the MOED and the density determined at 12% moisture content for DPS samples. Similarly, the MOED and density linearly correlate with the radial position of the samples. The results obtained concerning the relationship between its properties and the tangential position of DPS are insignificant. In addition, this study allows to put the appropriate choice according to the location of the sample adapted to the realization of a structure with the desired performance.
PubDate: 2023-01-04
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-022-00306-7
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- Occurrence of parenchyma-like fibres (PLFs) in secondary xylem of selected
Indian hardwoods-
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Abstract: Abstract Fibre morphology of secondary xylem of 774 wood samples of 320 tree species belonging to 28 families, viz. Aceraceae, Aquifoliaceae, Bombacaceae, Burseraceae, Buxaceae, Caesalpinioideae, Capparaceae, Carpinaceae, Casuarinaceae, Clusiaceae, Combretaceae, Corylaceae, Dilleniaceae, Ebenaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Grossulariaceae, Lauraceae, Mimosoideae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Oxalidaceae, Papilionoideae, Proteaceae, Sabiaceae, Santalaceae, Sapotaceae and Staphylaceae, was studied. During the study, a different wood element was observed which was different from both fibre and axial parenchyma. This wood element was observed in 185 species belonging to 15 families, viz. Aceraceae, Bombacaceae, Burseraceae, Caesalpinioideae, Capparaceae, Combretaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Lauraceae, Mimosoideae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Papilionoideae, Proteaceae, Sabiaceae and Santalaceae. On scrutiny of the literature, this wood element was referred to as parenchyma-like fibre (PLF) and the occurrence of PLFs known as fibre dimorphism. The dimensions of PLFs were also taken for the comparison with the fibres. The study reveals that the PLFs may be septate or non-septate and may contain coloured deposits, crystals and silica bodies. A difference in length, diameter and lumen diameter was also observed in fibres and parenchyma-like fibres.
PubDate: 2022-12-28
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-022-00305-8
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- Tree-ring based runoff reconstruction for western Himalaya in India during
the last two centuries-
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Abstract: Abstract High-resolution proxy records of tree ring chronologies from different sites of the western Himalaya are used to study climatic variation. The 1st principal component performed based on the multi-species chronologies shows that increases in runoff water over the region are found to have a positive impact in favoring of tree growth process during the winter and summer months. While the role of vapor pressure on tree growth during the summer is not found conducive. The correlation coefficients (CCs) of tree growth with regional runoff and vapor pressure during summer season (April–June) are 0.46 and − 0.50, respectively, showing statistically significant at 0.1% level. The significant positive relationship of tree growth with regional runoff indicates that the increasing runoff water may be useful for the tree growth. Based on the significant relationship, the regional runoff water has been extended back to A.D. 1779, showing the increasing wetness since 1968 onward.
PubDate: 2022-12-27
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-022-00308-5
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- Characterization of the fibre morphology and chemical composition of aged
PB 260 and IRCA 41 clones of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) wood for pulp and
paper making-
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Abstract: Abstract Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is a fast-growing wood species valued for its latex production. The wood could serve as a suitable resource for pulping after latex extraction. However, preliminary information needed for deciding on their pulping potential is unavailable. Using the International Association of Wood Anatomists, and American Society for Testing and Materials standards, the fibre and chemical properties of the wood from PB 260 and IRCA 41 rubber clones after latex extraction were evaluated to provide primary data on their pulping potential. The fibre morphology and indices of the clones are consistent with the requirements for cellulosic fibres used for pulp and paper production. The cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents were 54.4–56.5%, 21.6–23.5% and 21.9–22.1%, respectively. Both clones could produce pulps with strong inter-fibre bonds. While fibres from PB 260 could be more suitable for the production of flexible papers, those from IRCA 41 could produce stiff and less flexible papers used for file folders, index cards, playing cards and posters. Our preliminary study found IRCA 41 and PB 260 rubber clones as forest materials that could have good potential for papermaking after latex extraction.
PubDate: 2022-10-22
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-022-00304-9
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- Experimental and modeling studies on water absorption kinetics of recycled
wood-polymer composites-
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Abstract: Abstract The water absorption and diffusion properties of wood flour/polymer composites were studied according to the different compositions. We have chosen to work with similar particle size either for the wood flour or for the chosen polymer. Diffusion and absorption of moisture in virgin (WPCv) or recycled (WPCr) composites were carried out at different immersion times in water at ambient temperature. Also, the measurements of absorption, swelling and diffusion coefficients were carried out for all WPC composites at different wood flour contents. The results showed that the response of WPCr to water immersion strongly depends on the content of wood powder. Any increase in wood content leads to an increase in water uptake. CaCO3 additives reduce swelling and water absorption. WPCv expressed higher swelling and water absorption values than WPCr. The highest diffusion coefficients were detected in the composites with a high wood content. The study of water absorption in WPCs has clearly indicated that the process follows kinetics and mechanisms described by Fick’s law. The understanding of water-polymeric composites interactions is achieved through the measurements of static water contact angles on the surfaces of the WPCr by indicating the hydrophobicity of the polymer and hydrophilicity of the wood.
PubDate: 2022-10-18
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-022-00302-x
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- Researches on influence of wood sanding direction on wood gluing
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Abstract: Abstract The wood surface quality is most determined by the way in which it has been processed before and by the tools used for this purpose. Machining has its effect primarily on the structural shape of the surface formed after the tool–wood contact and also on the roughness of the surface obtained after a specific process. In most cases, wood surfaces of elements which are materials or semi-finished products used for further processes, including gluing or painting, are sanded with sandpaper of various grit sizes on belt sanders. This causes the structure formed on the wood surface to be unidirectional. No information is available in the literature on the influence of the direction of the post-processing structure of the glued surfaces on the gluing process. Therefore, this was the subject of this research study. Two kinds of wood glues were used, and three gluing pressures were applied. Contrary to what was expected, the effect of the mutual position of post sanding surface structures during the gluing operation on the amount of glue in the connection turned out to be of small significance. In an extreme case, the difference of a necessary minimum amount of glue was 15.1% for the same type of connection and a different position of the glued surfaces against each other. However, the kind of the glue being used and the gluing pressure have been found to have a significant effect on its amount necessary to produce a good connection.
PubDate: 2022-09-14
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-022-00297-5
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- Keratin hydrolysate-modified amino resin for particle board panel product
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Abstract: Abstract Urea formaldehyde-based amino resins were prepared in the laboratory using keratin hydrolysate through copolymerization reaction. Conventional urea formaldehyde amino resins were also synthesized without the addition of keratin hydrolysate powder during the reaction. The main aim of this study was developed to keratin hydrolysate-modified urea formaldehyde amino resin adhesive for the bonding of face and core particle. Low formaldehyde content amino resin has been synthesized with the help of different variables factors like urea formaldehyde mole ratio, adding a sequence of keratin hydrolysate and percentage of keratin hydrolysate. The synthesized resins were mixed with ammonium chloride as hardener and the wood-based particle board panels were made. The physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the modified and conventional were determined which include flow time, gel time, solid content and pH. Bond quality between resin and particles was evaluated along with the formaldehyde emission. The optimized results show that percentage of 5% keratin hydrolysate and adding keratin hydrolysate before the third feeding of urea is the best.
PubDate: 2022-09-06
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-022-00295-7
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