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Journal of The Indian Academy of Wood Science
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.267  Citation Impact (citeScore): 1 Number of Followers: 2  Subscription journalISSN (Print) 0972-172X - ISSN (Online) 0976-8432 Published by Springer-Verlag  [2468 journals]
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- Production processes, material properties and applications of densified
wood: an overview-
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Abstract: Abstract The increase in demand and the acute supply of good quality wood has created a gradual shift towards fast-growing species with low to medium-strength properties. Modification methods are often necessary to improve the properties of such timbers thereby expanding their application potential. As the mechanical properties of wood are strongly dependent on its density, artificially increasing the density is a good wood modification strategy for quality enhancement. Wood densification helps improve the mechanical properties of low to medium-density woods with limited structural applications in building and construction. The structure of the wood changes when the porosity is reduced through impregnation with chemicals, mechanical compression or their combination, thereby increasing the density and altering the material properties. The mechanical densification of wood follows three basic steps i.e., plasticisation, compression and fixation of the deformed or densified stage. The different processes adopted for wood densification have been described in this paper. The properties of densified wood are dependent on the process parameters such as pressure, temperature, treatment duration and the densification method used. The properties of the densified wood, their applications and future areas of research are also explored in this review.
PubDate: 2024-07-29
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- Assessment of properties of medium density fibre (MDF) board produced in
India with respect to prescribed limits specified in international
standards and the revision of Indian standard-
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Abstract: Abstract This study was undertaken to evaluate the properties of medium density fibre board (MDF) for general purpose manufactured in India and compare the results with prescribed limits specified in Indian and international standards. The Samples of various thicknesses of grade 1 and grade 2 of MDF (IS 12406, 2003), produced by different manufacturers in India were evaluated for generating the data on the desired physical and mechanical properties. This data was statistically analyzed and compared with requirements of Indian standard (IS), International organization for standardization (ISO) and British Standard/European norms (BS EN). On comparing the requirements specified in different standards, it was observed that the values prescribed for different physical and mechanical properties in Indian standard were more stringent as compared with other international standards. The requirements specified in Indian standard were then harmonized with limits prescribed as specified in ISO and BS EN standards for various tests such as swelling in thickness, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, internal bond strength in dry, cyclic and accelerated water resistance test.
PubDate: 2024-07-29
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- Effect of connection elements on shear strength of wooden pieces for
structural use-
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Abstract: Abstract The mechanical behavior of wood joined by connecting elements under shear stress is not fully understood. This study evaluated the shear strength of wooden pieces connected by nails or screws, with and without adhesive. Each push-out specimen was formed by joining three prismatic wood pieces using connecting elements, with or without adhesive. A total of 60 specimens were produced from 180 prismatic pieces, each measuring 25 mm x 25 mm x 100 mm, of young Eucalyptus wood. In the glued specimens, adhesive was applied on the radial surface of the wood pieces, resulting in a critical section area of 37.5 mm². The results showed significant variations in shear strength between different treatments. Specimens connected only with screws or nails exhibited lower maximum strength compared to glued specimens but demonstrated more ductile behavior. The application of adhesive between the parts increased both strength and stiffness, while the metal pins did not contribute significantly. Furthermore, applying screws or nails immediately after the adhesive reduced the shear strength of glued pieces by 24% and 39%, respectively, according to push-out tests.
PubDate: 2024-07-29
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- Estimation of energy properties of wood from Brazilian Cerrado biome by
NIR spectroscopy-
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Abstract: Abstract Knowledge of the technological properties of wood is important for its use and the quality of its products. The aim was to assess the quality of charcoal produced from wood grown in the Cerrado biome. Wood samples of Handroanthus roseoalba (ipê branco), Handroanthus heptaphyllus (ipê roxo) and Piptocarpha rotundifolia (‘blackheart’) were selected. Charcoals from these samples were produced at two charring temperatures (500 and 550 °C). Basic density, total extractives, lignin and holocellulose, gravimetric yield, higher calorific value and immediate chemical properties of the charcoals were determined. Near infrared (NIR) spectra were obtained on the transverse and longitudinal faces of the wood using a DLP® NIRscan™ portable spectrometer. Partial least squares regression was used to adjust predictive models of charcoal properties using the NIR spectra measured in the precursor wood. The coefficients of determination in the cross-validation (R2cv) ranged from 0.49 to 0.87 for volatile materials, from 0.48 to 0.88 for fixed carbon and from 0.49 to 0.85 for higher calorific value of charcoal. The spectra generated better models for properties of charcoals produced at 500 °C. The models generated were satisfactory, indicating that the NIR spectrometry can predict the quality of charcoal before it is produced.
PubDate: 2024-07-18
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- Analysis of the density profile and bending properties of commercial
particleboard-
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Abstract: Abstract This study comprehensively analyzed the bending properties of three types of commercial three-layer particleboards (Boards A, B, and C) to understand the intricate relationships between density profiles and bending properties. Density profiles notably varied among particleboards. Board A exhibited a heightened influence of the outer core-layer density on the bending properties, which surpasses that of the face-layer density. In contrast, Board C exhibited a greater influence of the face-layer density on the bending properties. Board B exhibited the same influence of the face-layer and outer core-layer densities on the bending properties. The outer core layers, manufactured with coarse particles retained long-wood fibers, thereby increasing the bending properties. The influence of the outer core layers on the bending properties varied among particleboards. The complexity in the mechanism of the bending properties was attributed to intricately intertwined factors: density, long-wood-fiber strength, and face-to-core ratio. In conclusion, this study highlights the multifaceted nature of bending properties, emphasizing the complexities among these factors.
PubDate: 2024-06-24
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- Stem anatomy of Calamus species of Arunachal Pradesh, India
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Abstract: Abstract The study was conducted on eleven Calamus species viz., C. acanthospathus, C. erectus, C. flagellum, C. floribundus, C. gracilis, C. inermis, C. khasianus, C. latifolius, C. leptospadix, C. nambariensis and C. nambariensis subsp. arunachalensis collected from three districts of Arunachal Pradesh with an aim to investigate their anatomical characteristics. Five matured stems of each species were randomly collected and anatomical characteristics were studied at bottom, middle and top positions of the stems. Lumina shape was rectangular in C. acanthospathus, tubular in C. floribundus and C. nambariensis subsp. arunachalensis, irregular in C. erectus and C. flagellum, drop shape in C. gracilis, C. leptospadix and C. nambariensis, club shape in C. inermis, conical in C khasianus and conical and rectangular in C. latifolius. Type-b vascular bundles in C. acanthospathus, C. floribundus, C. gracilis, C. inermis, C. latifolius and C. nambariensis; Type-b and c vascular bundles in C. nambariensis subsp. arunachalensis; Type-b and d vascular bundles in C. erectus and C. khasianus; Type-d vascular bundles in C. flagellum and C. leptospadix were observed. Parenchyma was Type-A in C. acanthospathus, C. erectus, C. flagellum, C. gracilis, C. inermis, C. khasianus, C. latifolius and C. nambariensis; Type-B in C. floribundus, C. leptospadix and C. nambariensis subsp. arunachalensis. Parenchyma and fibre percentage were highest in C. flagellum and C. nambariensis respectively. Vessel percentage was highest in C. acanthospathus. All the anatomical characteristics exhibited significant variations within and among selected species and can be used for identification of the Calamus species.
PubDate: 2024-05-03
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-024-00343-4
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- Tree ring oxygen isotope (δ18O) variations from western Himalaya and it
linkage with vapor pressure and runoff water in India-
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Abstract: Abstract A 242-year regional oxygen isotope (δ18O) ratio has been prepared based on distinct oxygen isotopes collected from different species from different locations of the western Himalayas for a better understanding of climate fluctuations. The strongest negative correlation coefficient (-0.40) of δ18O was observed with runoff during 1902–2006. The result indicates that δ18O is controlled by runoff water from June-August. Increasing/decreasing runoff over the region may be in favour for decreasing/increasing the oxygen isotope. Whereas Vapor pressure shows a positive correlation (0.38) with δ18O from June to August across the western Himalayas. The positive relationship of δ18O with vapor pressure indicates that warmer conditions over the region may enhance the evaporation from soil moisture increasing δ18O in the water. It means that increasing/decreasing temperature might be associated with increasing/decreasing oxygen isotope (δ18O) ratio in tree ring cellulose. The correlation coefficient of temperature and vapor pressure with runoff water is -0.41 and − 0.35. Both are statistically significant at 0.1% level.
PubDate: 2024-04-25
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-024-00340-7
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- The effects of age and height on the physical properties of Bambusa
vulgaris var. Green in Chagni, Northwest Ethiopia-
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Abstract: Abstract This study aimed to investigate the influence of the physical properties of Bambusa vulgaris var. Green on its utilization. A total of nine B. vulgaris var. green culm samples were harvested from three age groups. The results showed that the highest average density (629.45 kg/m3) was found in the age of four at the top culm portion, while the lower (573.35 kg/m3) was at the bottom culm portion of age two. High density at the top portion was due to a large number of vascular bundle distribution and law density at bottom portion was due to a less number of vascular bundle distribution with large size metaxylem vessels in this portion. In this study, considerably higher moisture content was observed at the bottom culm portion of age two (72.37%), but the lowest (39.91%) was at the top of the culm at four years old. The present study unveiled an increasing trend in the basic density of bamboo within an increasing age and basal to the top portion of the bamboo culm. In terms of shrinkage, a decreasing trend was observed from the basal to the top culm portion in both radial and tangential directions. Additionally, decreasing trends in culm diameter, culm solid volume, and number of internodes per culm were found with an increase in the culm’s maturity and the culm’s portions. This circumstance may be due to the silvicultural process or the soil properties of the locality. Moreover, the culm solid volume was higher (912.75 cm3) at the bottom portions of the age two and lower (346.64 cm3) at the top sections of the age four bamboo culms, whereas the length of the internode increased from the bottom towards the middle portion again decreasing at the top portion. In conclusion, younger B. vulgaris culm is ideal for bent items in addition to coating with finishing materials to enhance its durability; because of having low density, longer internode length, and thin culm wall thickness; however, it’s not appropriate for structural and outdoor purposes due to higher moisture content and less dimensional stability.
PubDate: 2024-03-25
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-024-00339-0
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- Viscoelastic creep in bending of olive wood (Olea Europea L.)
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Abstract: Abstract The present work is the subject of an identification of the viscoelastic behavior of olive wood in creep. Creep bending tests are applied to a cantilever beam fixed at the left end and subjected to a concentrated load at its free end. The applied loads are sufficiently small that they cannot produce viscoplastic strain. A four-parameter viscoelastic model was adopted to reproduce the viscoelastic creep of wood. The elastic modulus is determined directly from the deflection creep curves. It increases with increasing load. The viscoelastic parameters of the studied model are identified using an inverse analysis technique. These parameters increase with increasing load. The test model creep curves show satisfactory consistency.
PubDate: 2024-03-15
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-024-00337-2
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- Comparative wood anatomy with ecological and evolutionary trends among
different growth forms of genus Ficus-
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Abstract: Abstract Ficus is a largest genus of family Moraceae with amazing diversity in growth forms varying from shrub and lianas/climbers to free-growing and epiphytic trees. While it is easy to find habits variations among various families, within families, or even between genera, it is more interesting to find them within a genus. The objective of the study was to investigate the wood anatomical variations among the different habits of Ficus. Wood samples were collected from the ten Ficus species which includes shrub (F. squamosa), climbers/lianas (F. pumila and F. hederacea), small trees (F. carica, F. arnottiana, F. sarmentosa) and very large trees (F. virens, F. drupacea, F. pomifera, F. krishnae). All species of selected growth forms shared common wood anatomical features like diffuse porosity, solitary with radial multiple of 2–5 vessels, SVOs angular, simple perforation plate and heterocellular rays. However, significant variations were observed in fiber septation; ripple marks, tyloses, ray characteristics, type of parenchyma, prismatic crystals and shape of IVPs. Among all habits, vessel frequency decrease from climber (~ 50/ mm) to shrubs followed by small tree with lowest in large trees ( ~ 10 vessels/ mm). Climber species have less fiber with more vessels per millimeter and presence of ripple marks. In evolutionary trends, shrub are more primitive than tree, climber/lianas and ecologically the lower value of mesomorphy and vulnerability index in shrub indicate devoid to xeric conditions and tree habit with highest values shown in large tree F. virens i.e., 61.14 and 21,703 respectively. The present study reveals that even wood anatomy is conservative science with consistent or constant qualitative wood anatomical features but the habits alter the anatomy itself within same genus.
PubDate: 2024-03-11
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-024-00336-3
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- A review on wood permeability: influential factors and measurement
technologies-
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Abstract: Abstract Gas and liquid permeabilities of wood are of utmost importance for numerous applications in the wood industry. This is a review study timeline on the technology advancement of the experimental procedures used for determining wood permeability using liquids or gases as infiltrating fluids. Also, anatomical (like presence of vessels, tracheids and pits, as well as heartwood/sapwood proportion), chemical (like cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives contents) and physical (like grain orientation and density) characteristics, which affect wood permeability, are herein discussed. Finally, advantages and limitations of the main existing methods to determine wood permeability are listed and compared to each other. Based on the currently used methodologies, it seems that there is a gap for new experimental procedures, which shall ally versatility, velocity, low cost and high precision.
PubDate: 2024-03-06
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-024-00335-4
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- Overview of applications of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in wood
science: recent advances and future prospects-
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Abstract: Abstract The present article gives an outline of various recent advances in the area of applications of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in developing the wood science and technology. The technical and scientific results and findings reported in the literature on the NIRS in relation to assessment of various attributes of wood as a material have been studied. The ability of this technique to quickly incorporate the advancements being made in the related fields of instrumentation and software indicates that it is very easy to adopt in the area of research and development of wood and its products including wood-based composites and apply it in the wood-based industry. This article also includes the advances in NIR spectroscopic imaging techniques and the future trends and opportunities towards its applicability in the field of wood science leading to technological advancements in various industry sectors.
PubDate: 2024-02-24
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-024-00334-5
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- Performance evaluation of particle boards treated with fire retardant
chemical compositions-
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Abstract: Abstract Under this study, the particle boards of lops and tops of poplar were prepared using urea formaldehyde resin with 110 °C pressing temperature. One set of particle boards was kept as control particle boards, and remaining boards were treated with five different combinations of fire retardant (FR) chemicals at 10% and 20% conc. by dipping method for 15 min and 30 min duration. The prepared control particle boards as well as FR treated boards were tested in accordance with IS 3087, IS 2380 and IS 5509 for their various properties, viz. modulus of rupture (MoR), modulus of elasticity (MoE), internal bond strength (IBS), time taken under rate of burning test (RBT), flammability test (FT) and flame penetration test (FPT). It was found that particle board treated at both concentration (10%, 20%) and both duration (15 min, 30 min) of dipping with all five compositions passed the mechanical test, viz. MoR, MoE and IBS whereas particle board treated at lower concentration (10%) and both duration (15 min, 30 min) of dipping with all five compositions do not pass the FR properties, viz. time taken under RBT, FT and FPT as per relevant IS specifications. The particle board treated at higher concentration (20%) and both duration (15 min, 30 min) of dipping with all five compositions passed the FR properties, viz. time taken under RBT, FT and FPT as per relevant IS specifications. However, at higher concentration (20%) and higher duration (30 min) of dipping the IBS reduces significantly but still all mechanical properties, viz. MoR, MoE and even IBS meet as per relevant IS specifications.
PubDate: 2024-02-21
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-024-00333-6
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- Water-resistant wood adhesive without plasticizers: synthesis and
characterization-
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Abstract: Abstract Commercially available polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) stabilized polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion adhesives produce affordable, colourless gluelines with an extremely durable connection to various types of wood. At room temperature, the adhesive solidifies as a result of water evaporation. Plasticizers are required for the PVAc emulsion; however, they have drawbacks that affect their mechanical and thermal properties. On the other hand, they demonstrate limited strength at high relative humidity and high temperatures and are neither heat- nor moisture-resistant. The goal of the present research is to develop a plasticizer-free glue by copolymerizing vinyl acetate (VAc), vinyl neodecanoate (VeoVa), and methyl methacrylate (MMA) with butyl acrylate (BA). The sample with BA is also put together with PVA solution, aluminium nitrate, and preservatives, and it is tested with the copolymer sample without BA. The viscosity, pH, water contact angle, scratch resistance of the films, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements were used to analyse the physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of adhesives containing BA. The shear strength of the samples on the wood specimen was evaluated in dry and wet conditions in accordance with EN 204-205. The viscosity of the adhesives increased as the BA concentration increased. The hardness of the adhesive films was adversely impacted by the addition of BA. The hydrophobic properties of the BA addition were confirmed through measurements of the water contact angle. The tensile shear strength value evaluated under dry conditions after 6 h of drying demonstrated a 9.5% increase on the 1 wt% BA sample in comparison to pristine glue. Analysis of performance in wet situations also showed that BA addition improved performance. By adjusting the amount of BA, a novel water-resistant crosslinked emulsion adhesive without any plasticizer can be developed with enhanced water resistance and performance. The technique used to increase the wood adhesive's resistance to moisture was affordable, plasticizer-free, and environmentally safe.
PubDate: 2024-02-20
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-024-00332-7
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- A rapid and nondestructive method for the prediction of lignin content in
tropical Amazon woods using FT-NIR spectroscopy-
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Abstract: Abstract Nondestructive methods have been used to predict different technological characteristics of wood. The study evaluated multivariate PLS (partial least squares) models for Klason lignin prediction in forest species native to the Amazon using Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR). Samples of 40 species of commercial wood (Amazonas/Brazil) were obtained in the form of discs at breast height, and wedges in the sapwood-pith direction were extracted. Lignin quantification (reference) was performed, and NIR spectra were obtained on the surface of the radial plane of the samples. A matrix was built with reference data × spectra, and PLS models were built and evaluated. The combination of chemometric data produced 150 predictive models in the bands 7,400–5,823, 7,332–5,187, and 7,000–4,100 cm−1. Using figures of analytical merit (precision), 28 models were selected when they presented R2c > 0.85 (calibration determination coefficients) and R2v > 0.50 (validation). The PLS 4 model (2nd derivative, 8 latent variables) was considered the most robust in the study (R2v = 0.93; SE = 0.01%, standard error; RMSEP = 3.52%, root mean squared error of prediction). The results indicate the use of FT-NIR spectroscopy to predict Klason lignin in Amazonian woods, confirming the efficiency of the tool in producing fast, accurate, nondestructive results without the generation of chemical residues, where this estimate can be useful for studies of forestry, ecology, forest management, and wood technology.
PubDate: 2024-01-31
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-024-00331-8
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- Guanyl urea phosphate-based adhesive for fire-retardant particleboard
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Abstract: Abstract Particle board is widely used for panelling, partitioning and ceiling in buildings. A novel type of flame-retardant particle board was prepared based on one kind of flame-retardant adhesive. The flame-retardant adhesive was composed of the fire-retardant chemical (mixture of guanyl urea phosphate (GUP), boric acid (BA)) and melamine urea formaldehyde resin. The data reveal that there was improvement in flame retardancy properties like flame penetration, flammability and rate of burning. Among the all three formulations of GUP: BA ratio showed the best performance in improving the fire retardancy of particle board when exposed to fire. Physical and mechanical properties of particle board such as water absorption, modulus elasticity, modulus of rupture and internal bond strength have been evaluated as per Indian standard 3087.
PubDate: 2024-01-11
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00327-w
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- The effect of the use of filler and recycled high-density polyethylene on
the physical, mechanical and structural behavior of wood–polymer
composites by the compression molding process-
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Abstract: Abstract In this paper, wood polymer composites (WPC) consisting of recycled high-density polyethylene and sawdust (SD) were prepared and characterized. A range of mechanical properties, including tensile strength, flexural properties, were studied, along with morphology and water contact angle. The results showed that the mechanical properties of WPC increased with an increase in 30 wt% of the SD content coupled to 7% of CaCO3. Furthermore, the SD content significantly influenced the water uptake of the composites allowing good physical properties. The produced wood polymer composites also displayed an improved mechanical property with 30% of wood. Whereas a good resistance to water uptake and enhanced physical and mechanical properties are attributed to 50% of wood waste generated from wood products manufacturing such as sawdust (SD), the obtained properties have made the fabricated WPCs good potential candidates for building materials due to their improved stability and strength properties.
PubDate: 2024-01-02
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00329-8
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- Comparative anatomy of some Rhododendron species of Arunachal Pradesh,
India-
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Abstract: Abstract The present study was carried out on ten Rhododendron species of different plant habits (shrub and tree) viz., R. dendricola, R. edgeworthii, R. keysii, R. maddennii, R. neriiflorum, R. virgatum, R. kendrickii, R. kesangiae, R. barbatum and R. sinogrande were selected from Tawang and West Kameng districts of Arunachal Pradesh with the objectives to evaluate anatomical characteristics and ecological adaptations of these species. Wood samples were taken from five randomly selected trees/shrubs for each species. Woods were ring-porous in R. kendrickii, R. neriiflorum and R. sinogrande; semi-ring porous in R. barbatum and diffuse-porous in remaining species. Vessels solitary, angular outline, tube-shaped with small tails, helical thickenings, scalariform perforation plate, tyloses present, opposite inter-vessel pits, vessel-ray pits with distinct borders similar to inter-vessel pits, fibres small, thin-walled, bordered pits, septate fibres, scanty paratracheal parenchyma, uniseriate, multiseriate rays with uniseriate wings, disjunctive ray parenchyma, homocellular and heterocellular rays were common anatomical features. However, variations in anatomical characters such as alternate inter-vessel pits in R. edgeworthii and R. kendrickii, occasional scalariform inter-vessel pits in R. neriiflorum and R. sinogrande, pith flecks in R. sinogrande and R. barbatum were observed. R. kendrickii has the maximum fibre percentage and parenchyma percentage was highest in R. kesangiae. All the selected species were xeromorphic and have combination of both primitive and advanced characters. Principal component analysis revealed close relationship between R. sinogrande and R. kesangiae; R. kendrickii, R. keysii and R. edgeworthii. Thus, anatomical characteristics can be used for identification of Rhododendron species.
PubDate: 2023-12-29
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00326-x
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- Effects of NaOH treatment and NaOH treatment conditions on the mechanical
properties of coir fibres for use in composites manufacture-
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Abstract: Abstract The influences of NaOH treatment and NaOH treatment conditions (NaOH concentration, treatment temperature and duration) on the mechanical properties of coir fibres were examined. The experiment was designed on a Minitab Software with a view to determining the optimal NaOH treatment conditions that would reveal the variable(s) that exerted the most significant influence on the tensile properties of the NaOH-treated coir fibres. NaOH treatment brought about increase in the tensile strength of coir fibres. The highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus were observed at the same treatment condition of; 20% NaOH concentration, 24 h duration and at 50 °C. Pareto Chart confirmed concentration as the parameter that exerted the highest influence on the material’s tensile properties. Observations from the microstructure showed that removal of tyloses was more as a result of treatment temperature and duration than NaOH concentration. The microstructure of the NaOH-treated coir fibres showed rough surfaces which can lead to improved adhesion between the fibres and the matrix during composites manufacture, thus improved mechanical properties of the composites.
PubDate: 2023-12-27
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00328-9
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- Nanocellulose extraction from lignocellulosic materials and its potential
applications: a review-
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Abstract: Abstract All plants naturally contain cellulose which is a linear biopolymer. In addition to being the most common natural polymeric material on the global scale, it also has numerous advantages, such as comparatively low density, good biocompatibility, as well as noteworthy mechanical strength at a reasonable price. Lignocellulosic materials are generally converted into cellulose nanofibers or cellulose nanocrystals, commonly known as nanocellulose using mechanical or chemical or a combination of both the methods. In recent years, nanocellulose has appeared as one of the most notable green materials for diverse applications. Nanoscaled cellulose has also achieved commendable recognition owing to its intrinsic properties like more surface area, high mechanical strength, abundance and renewability, less toxicity, biocompatibility, decomposability making it a perfect and ideal nanomaterial. This review provides a broad introduction to nanocellulose, its types and various methods of extraction. In addition, a number of recent and forthcoming applications for nanocellulose have also been discussed, including wood adhesives, surface coatings, biomedical, wastewater treatment and in developing novel bio-based nanocomposites.
PubDate: 2023-12-12
DOI: 10.1007/s13196-023-00325-y
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