Subjects -> BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION (Total: 139 journals)
    - BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION (131 journals)
    - CARPENTRY AND WOODWORK (8 journals)

CARPENTRY AND WOODWORK (8 journals)

Showing 1 - 8 of 8 Journals sorted by number of followers
Wood Material Science & Engineering     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 9)
Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 6)
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 3)
Wood Science and Technology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 2)
Wood and Fiber Science     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 2)
Journal of The Indian Academy of Wood Science     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 2)
International Wood Products Journal     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 1)
IAWA Journal     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 1)
Similar Journals
Journal Cover
Wood Science and Technology
Journal Prestige (SJR): 0.659
Citation Impact (citeScore): 2
Number of Followers: 2  
 
  Hybrid Journal Hybrid journal (It can contain Open Access articles)
ISSN (Print) 1432-5225 - ISSN (Online) 0043-7719
Published by Springer-Verlag Homepage  [2468 journals]
  • A laboratory method to determine 3D fibre orientation around knots in sawn
           timber: case study on a Douglas fir specimen

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      Abstract: Abstract The mechanical properties of structural timber largely depend on the occurrence of knots and on fibre deviation in their vicinities. In recent strength grading machines, lasers and cameras are used to detect surface characteristics such as the size and position of knots and local fibre orientation. Since laser dot scanning only gives reliable information about the fibre orientation in the plane of board surfaces, simple assumptions are usually made to define the inner fibre orientation to model timber boards. Those models would be improved by better insight into real fibre deviation around knots. In the present work, a laboratory method is developed to evaluate growth layers geometries and fibre orientation, solely based on the fact that the fibers are parallel to the tree rings and without any further assumptions. The method simply relies on color scans and laser dot scans of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) timber specimen sections revealed by successive planing. The proposed method provides data on fibre orientation in 3D with an accuracy that is relevant for the calibration of detailed models.
      PubDate: 2024-08-09
       
  • A study on internal bond strength detection model based on vibration
           mechanics

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      Abstract: Abstract This study proposed a linear model between internal bond strength and compressive elastic modulus based on Griffith’s fracture theory. The local compressive elastic modulus was determined by non-destructively detecting the inherent frequency of material vibration using a method based on rod longitudinal vibration theory. In the experiment, the inherent vibration frequencies of 10 types of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) were measured through excitation and vibration of piezoelectric ceramics based on longitudinal wave vibration theory. Then, the compressive elastic modulus of each board was calculated. The calculated compressive elastic modulus of MDF and the measured internal bond strength values were fitted into a linear regression model. A high linear correlation between them (r2 = 0.972) was found, having a mean square error of \(2.6\times {10}^{-5}\) . In addition, the average error between the model prediction value and the measured value was 0.014 MPa, having an average relative error of 1.49%. The maximum error was 0.044 MPa with a maximum relative error of 5.06%, indicating that the developed model was highly consistent with reality and had very small deviations. The results indicated that this proposed method can be used to accurately estimate the internal bond strength by non-destructively detecting the compressive elastic modulus of MDF.
      PubDate: 2024-08-08
       
  • Reducing fluorescence interference for improved Raman spectroscopic
           analysis of plant cell walls

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      Abstract: Abstract Lignin fluorescence in plant cell walls significantly interferes with Raman spectroscopic signals, resulting in compromised analytical accuracy and resolution. To address this issue, a strategy was implemented to both reduce the absolute lignin content in samples and prepare thinner plant tissue sections. This approach involved embedding plant samples in LR White resin, complemented by an ultrathin sectioning technique. Additionally, algorithms were developed to eliminate the impact of resin spectra on the imaging process. These advancements collectively enhanced the performance of Raman spectroscopy by effectively diminishing the disruptive effects of lignin fluorescence. Further analysis with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) elucidated the presence of aggregation-induced luminescence (AIE) in plant tissues, revealing a direct correlation with lignin concentration. These findings not only offer a new perspective for the application of Raman spectroscopy in plant science, but also pave the way for advancements in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) detection.
      PubDate: 2024-08-08
       
  • Multifunctional metallized particleboard for enhanced electromagnetic
           interference shielding and mechanical thermal stability

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      Abstract: Abstract The development of multifunctional electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with low cost, stable performance and mass production is still facing great challenges. High-density traditional metals limit the application of EMI shielding materials. The unique structure of wood is considered an effective way to solve the above-mentioned problems. In this study, waste wood was used as raw material to prepare low-energy metallized particleboard. The particleboard was functionally finished to show excellent hydrophobic properties and been used stably in a humid environment. Dynamic thermal mechanical properties and mechanical properties analyses of particleboard were carried out. The bend strength (MOR), elastic modulus (MOE) and tensile strength were 30.50 MPa, 5384 MPa and 7.85 MPa, respectively. Metallized particleboard exhibited excellent electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) (average value 81.62 dB) in the entire X-band. The preparation of wood-based shielding metallized particleboard provides a feasible strategy for replacing traditional metal materials.
      PubDate: 2024-08-08
       
  • A lattice model with a progressive damage applied to fracture problems of
           wood

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      Abstract: Abstract In this study, we have implemented the first lattice model that incorporates progressive material damage, taking into account ductile failure under compression and brittle failure under tension. The model also considers fracture energy within the constitutive model by incorporating progressive material degradation, where damage variables depend on the fracture energy of the material. In addition, the lattice fracture criterion includes a typical failure criterion for wood and assumes a coefficient of variation in elastic constants and strengths to account for the heterogeneity of wood. The lattice model relies on axial springs, with their mechanical properties explicitly calculated based on the wood’s macroscopic mechanical properties. The model’s capability is evidenced by simulating two fracture tests and comparing the results with previously presented numerical and experimental data. The observed results align well with experimental observations.
      PubDate: 2024-08-02
       
  • Electro-depolymerization of Kraft lignin with deep eutectic solvents

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      Abstract: Abstract The paper production industry annually produces approximately 50 million tons of lignin, an intermediate product. While lignin has the potential for producing valuable chemicals and energy materials, an effective method for its conversion is yet to be developed. This study aims to establish a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for electrochemically synthesizing valuable compounds from lignin with using natural deep eutectic solvents as electrolytes. The study used cyclic voltammetry (CV) for the electrochemical depolymerization of Kraft lignin, examining the effects of different scan numbers on depolymerization and the resulting lignin derivatives. Observed changes in the depolymerization peak current of lignin were reported as the number of scans increased. Choline chloride: Lactic acid (CC:LA), Choline chloride: Ethylene glycol (CC:EG), and Lactic acid:1,2-propanediol (LA:PR) were used as green electrolytes. Syringaldehyde was found to be the major compound obtained by this method. As a result of statistical analysis performed using The Grey Relations Analysis method, it was determined that the conditions that utilized Kraft lignin with the highest added value involved performing five cycles of CV scans with the CC:LA electrolyte. CV scans in DES environments increased the yield of lignin-derived phenolic compounds.
      PubDate: 2024-07-31
       
  • A novel process for improving the pore structure and electrochemical
           performance of wood-derived carbon/MnO composites

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      Abstract: Abstract Water has different forms of existence in wood (free water and bound water), which can generate different effects on the microstructure of wood. Compared to other methods, the freeze-thawing method is equipped with simple, environmentally friendly, and low-cost features. In this paper, the permeability of wood with different ratios of free water to bound water (water content), as well as the pore structure characteristics and electrochemical properties after carbonization, were investigated by the freeze–thaw method. The results show that dry samples of poplar chips with a moisture content of 15–17% after KMnO4 and freeze–thaw cycle treatment and carbonization (PC@15%-MnO) have a specific surface area of 936.94 m2/g. The areal specific capacitance is 4784 mF/cm2 at a current density of 12 mA/cm2, which is 3.3 and 22 times higher than those of wood-derived carbon without freeze–thaw treatment, respectively. Additionally, PC@15%-MnO maintains 80% of its specific capacitance after 2000 testing cycles, indicating that the freeze–thaw method effectively enhances the permeability, pore structure, and electrochemical properties of wood-derived carbon materials. This strategy offers new avenues for the research and application of wood in electrode materials.
      PubDate: 2024-07-30
       
  • Effects of cellulose fibril cross-linking on the mechanical behavior of
           wood at different scales

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      Abstract: Abstract Predicting the influence of structural parameters on wood elasticity is useful for engineering application, however due to the complex imbrication of several scales it is important to know which features need to be taken into account. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence on wood stiffness of waviness and interconnection of cellulosic fibrils, an observed feature usually overlooked in micromechanical models. For that, a multi-scale model estimating the macroscopic behavior of wood is developed. This model integrates three different scales of wood structure: that of the cell wall, that of the cellular tissue and that of the growth ring. It relies on both numerical and analytical homogenization procedures to determine their effective behavior by defining at each scale a periodic representative volume element. Using this multi-scale model, it is shown that the influence of the oscillations and interconnections of the fibrils is significant for certain moduli at the macroscopic level (ring scale), such as the macroscopic shear moduli, while it can be neglected for others. Furthermore, although the effect of fibril crosslinks is quite strong for certain components of elastic behavior at the cell wall level, it loses its importance at the macroscopic level, especially for low-density wood. This trend can be explained by the anti-symmetric tilt of fibrils in adjacent cell walls. On the other hand, for denser woods where the interactions between adjacent cell walls are less dominant, or in the case of softened wood, the effect of fibril oscillations remains important.
      PubDate: 2024-07-26
       
  • On the char front temperature of beech (Fagus sylvatica)

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      Abstract: Abstract The article investigates the charring and the char front temperature of beech, the most widespread hardwood species in Central Europe. The current Eurocode standard EN 1995-1-2 specifies the char front temperature to be 300 \(^{\circ }\) C, albeit this determination primarily applies to softwood species. Consequently, this article aims to examine whether this assumption applies to beech. Through advanced experimental analysis and numerical modelling, it was determined that the char front temperature for beech exceeds 300 \(^{\circ }\) C. This finding represents crucial information for the correct validation of fire-resistant design for structural elements made of beech. Moreover, it lays the groundwork for improving simplified methods of fire design, particularly for a more accurate determination of the charring depth.
      PubDate: 2024-07-26
       
  • Analysis of shear creep properties of wood via modified Burger models and
           off-axis compression test method

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      Abstract: Abstract In this study, the rheological Burger model combining Maxwell and Voigt–Kelvin model units as well as modified mechanical models were employed to analyze the shear creep mechanism of wood. Off-axis compression tests were conducted on Japanese Hinoki cypress specimens (Chamaecyparis obtusa), and a mechanical analysis of the shear creep mechanism was performed. First, the measured creep compliance curves [JTL(t)] were fitted using this Burger model, which is a typical model used to explain the creep behavior of wood. Furthermore, three modified Burger models with non-Newtonian dashpots were proposed to explain the measured data more accurately: model 1—only the dashpot in the permanent strain unit is non-Newtonian; model 2—both dashpots are non-Newtonian; and model 3—only the dashpot in the delayed elastic strain unit is non-Newtonian. The mean value of the coefficient of determination was highest for model 1. The number of specimens that could be fitted with a tolerance error of 0.1% was 43 out of 50 with the Burger model, 45 with model 1, 25 with model 2, and 45 with model 3. The Burger model exhibited large discrepancies between the theoretical and measured values, model 2 could not be used to explain several specimens, and model 3 exhibited a delayed elastic strain behavior that was inconsistent with the definition. Therefore, we conclude that model 1 is the most appropriate for studying the shear creep behavior of wood.
      PubDate: 2024-07-24
       
  • Machine learning based tomographic image reconstruction technique to
           detect hollows in wood

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      Abstract: Abstract A new technique based on machine learning algorithms was introduced to detect internal wood defects. This technique relies on analyzing segmented propagation rays of stress waves and successfully generates the tomographic images of the defects by using the stress wave velocity. Utilizing a dual-stage methodology, the initial phase involves ray segmentation for the precise delineation of stress wave propagation, while the subsequent stage integrates advanced classification and clustering algorithms to facilitate the generation of tomographic images. This approach effectively tackles the inherent challenges associated with accurate segmentation and classification of stress wave velocity rays. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated using both synthetic and experimental data. The results showed that the proposed method, when compared with some state-of-the-art methods, has a superior ability to accurately detect defective regions in the wood. The success of the proposed method is evaluated with four different evaluation metrics. It determined that over 90% success is achieved for all metrics. In comparison with related studies, it determined that the results are improved by 7–22% compared to the literature.
      PubDate: 2024-07-24
       
  • Raman characterization of layer of graphene-like structures in
           3d-transition metal-loaded charcoal by comparison with X-ray diffraction
           data

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      Abstract: Abstract To evaluate the formation and changes in graphitic structures in transition-metal loaded charcoal, charcoal samples synthesized from Japanese cedar wood impregnated with 3d-transition metal (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) ions were analyzed using microscopic Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffractometry. The metal-loaded charcoal samples were carbonized at 650, 700, 750, 800, and 850 °C in downstream N2 gas. The Raman Gˊ-band, which shows the structural ordering of carbon atoms, was observed in the Raman spectra of Fe-, Co-, and Ni-loaded charcoal. The Gˊ-bands occurred at ≤ 2670 cm− 1 and shifted to 2700–2690 cm− 1 with increasing carbonization temperature. The Gˊ-band observed in the higher wavenumbers (2700–2690 cm− 1) range corresponded to an X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak at ∼ 26.3 ° assigned to the (002) plane of graphite-like structures. The high-wavenumber Gˊ-band also corresponded to the XRD detection of the carbide of the three metals. However, the XRD peak was not found for Co- and Ni-loaded charcoal samples exhibiting Gˊ-bands at ≤ 2670 cm− 1.
      PubDate: 2024-07-22
       
  • Origin-specific differences in the durability of black locust (Robinia
           pseudoacacia) wood against wood-destroying basidiomycetes

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      Abstract: Abstract Global climate change is accompanied by a change in tree composition in many regions. In Europe, the distribution areas of many species are expanding towards the north so that, among others, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), which is native to the USA and has long been established in south-eastern Europe, is also becoming increasingly important in central and northern Europe. Many other tree species are known to have different properties between their original and new locations, including the biological durability of the wood. Hence, the resistance of black locust wood against decay fungi was studied concerning origin-specific differences. Wood was sampled from seven different origins in Europe and original habitats in the United States. Fungal incubation experiments were conducted, wood extractives were analysed, and different anatomical characteristics were quantified such as ring width, vessel size distribution and the presence of tyloses. In addition to differences in durability between juvenile and mature wood, origin-specific differences within the mature heartwood were attributed to extractive contents and the percentages of earlywood vessels containing tyloses. Based on parameters that contributed at least 20% to mass loss, susceptibility to fungal decay was modelled with multiple regressions.
      PubDate: 2024-07-20
       
  • An alternative approach for conditioning wood samples in nuclear magnetic
           resonance studies

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      Abstract: Abstract A significant challenge in applying nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in examining the wood-water system is accurately and effectively conditioning wood samples before such tests. The common approaches, such as the saturated salt solution method, have drawbacks of long equilibrium time and significant moisture content deviations. The water-addition-equilibrium method proposed here is an alternative conditioning approach that adds liquid water directly to oven-dried samples following sealing and equilibrating at 45 ℃ for 72 h until obtaining the even water distribution in samples. The equilibrium time in the latter method was determined by analyzing evolutions of the spin-spin relaxation time ( \(\:{T}_{2}\) ) spectra with five equilibrium time durations, i.e., 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Compared with the salt solution method, it is much easier and faster to achieve target moisture content using the water-addition method. When the actual target moisture of the samples is similar, no apparent differences are observed between the \(\:{T}_{2}\) spectra obtained using the two methods. For this study, the water-addition method was applied to poplar samples with the moisture content target of 32% and below. The proposed method may be applied to other wood species and is expected to contribute to NMR examinations where the accurate and continuous control of sample moisture is required.
      PubDate: 2024-07-16
       
  • Research on stress relaxation behavior of confined Chinese fir subjected
           to compression

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      Abstract: Abstract The anchorage system can enhance the bending resistance and initial stiffness of timber structure joints. The system applies pressure through squeezing plates and a surrounding steel tube, compressing the enclosed wood significantly. However, if the wood within the anchoring steel tube experiences stress relaxation, it will gradually diminish the force-transfer capacity of the anchorage system over time. In order to quantify the stress relaxation occurred in the confined wood, specimens of 54 were fabricated and compressed under lateral constraints. During the testing process, six fixed temperatures and three distinct compression ratios were taken into account. Thereafter, the evolution of relaxation modulus was discussed according to various temperatures and compression ratios. A linearized Arrhenius equation was proposed and used to determine the parameters of the Arrhenius equation based on the time–temperature superposition principle and experimental data obtained. Besides, the relationship between the compression ratio and the parameters of Arrhenius equation was formulized and the relaxation modulus and relaxation times were presented for five-element general Maxwell model. The results indicate that the stress relaxation behavior of fir wood is closely related to temperature, time, and compression ratio. The relationship between the horizontal shift factor and temperature follows the Arrhenius equation. Additionally, the five-element Maxwell model obtained can be used to predict stress relaxation behavior of confined Chinese fir.
      PubDate: 2024-07-10
       
  • Doubling genome size of energy willow affects woody stem cell wall
           structure, chemistry, and biogas yield

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      Abstract: Abstract Effectiveness in woody biomass utilization is highly dependent on its genetics and physiology. We performed morpho-anatomical, chemical, and biomethane productivity characterizations of one-year-old woody stems in three shrub Salix viminalis genotypes: a diploid (Energo) and its two autotetraploid derivatives (PP-E7 and PP-E13). Tetraploidization affected changes in stem morpho-anatomy and corresponding improved chemical features and biomethane productivity, considerably more pronounced in tetraploid PP-E13, while PP-E7 was more similar to diploid Energo. Compared to diploid Energo, in tetraploid PP-E13 morphometric analysis showed increased stem diameter and higher wood fiber radial double wall thickness, while microscopic analysis suggested higher syringyl to guaiacyl (S:G) ratio of the wood fiber cell wall. Presented changes in stem morpho-anatomy of tetraploid PP-E13 compared to diploid Energo correspond to the improved chemical features: the lower Klason lignin content and higher S:G ratio, the higher cellulose and xylan content, and lower cellulose crystallinity (Crl). Presented improved chemical features, along with the increase in ash content, resulted in a 7.3% (10.3 CH4 mL/g VS) increase in biomethane productivity in tetraploid PP-E13, compared to diploid Energo, suggesting tetraploid PP-E13 as an optimal raw material for fermentation technologies. In addition, besides the well-known chemical markers of willow biomass quality, the presented results highlight key stem morpho-anatomical parameters, which can serve as additional markers in energy willow improvement.
      PubDate: 2024-07-03
       
  • A multi-scale modelling strategy to determine the effective elastic
           properties of Pinus pinaster (Ait.) accounting for variability

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      Abstract: Abstract Multi-scale numerical homogenisation strategies have been used in the recent years to efficiently compute the effective elastic properties of heterogeneous materials. Coupled with a stochastic approach, they can be applied to natural material such as wood to take into account the variability of their properties. In the case of Pinus pinaster (Ait.), available elastic properties are based on those of generic softwood species due to a lack of data in the literature, reducing the overall precision of the results. This paper proposes an efficient numerical framework based on both a general numerical homogenisation method and the well-known Monte Carlo approach to determine the equivalent elastic properties at the macroscopic scale, with the associated variability, of the Pinus pinaster (Ait.) species. The coherence of the numerical model is established by comparison with analytical and experimental results available in the literature. The obtained results reveal very good accuracy in terms of equivalent elastic properties with a macroscopic behaviour characterised by an orthotropic symmetry. Moreover, the influence of the distance from the pith on the equivalent macroscopic elastic response is highlighted.
      PubDate: 2024-07-02
       
  • Walnut wood steaming: chemical profile and antioxidant activity of the
           condensate to assess the potential application

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      Abstract: Abstract Steaming of green timber, a common industrial process for various hardwood species, significantly influences wood properties, including coloration and drying characteristics. However, the environmental implications of substantial volumes of condensate generated during wood steaming underscore the urgency for its sustainable management. This study explores the chemical composition of the condensate obtained during the 90-hour indirect steaming of walnut timber (WTSC), aiming to identify potential applications for this wastewater while addressing environmental risks. Chemical characterization of WTSC included qualitative LC-MS/MS analysis, determination of the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and the content of selected phenolics. WTSC exhibited high TPC (188 mg gallic acid equivalents per L) and TFC (9.74 mg quercetin equivalents per L) values. Additionally, WTSC showed significant antioxidant activity (IC50 (DPPH) = 61.4 µg/mL and 103 µg ascorbic acid equivalents per mL in FRAP assay). Specific phenolic compounds detected in the WTSC distinguish it from other wood industry effluents and are a consequence of the unique characteristics of walnut wood and conditions during steaming process. A variety of acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, syringic, gallic, cinnamic, cinnamic, p-coumaric, o-coumaric, vanillic) and flavonoids (apigenin, genistein, naringenin, luteolin, kaempferol, chrysoeriol, isorhamnetin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, vitexin, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, catechin, epicatechin, and quercitrin) were identified and quantified. The condensate exhibited higher TPC value and antioxidant activity than other wood industry effluents, positioning it as a promising natural antioxidant with potential applications in pharmaceutical and food industries. However, our short-term goal is to explore the potential use of WTSC as received – without isolating individual compounds – in studies focused on plant protection, textile dyeing, and wood-based panel production.
      PubDate: 2024-07-01
       
  • Scale modeling of thermo-structural fire tests of multi-orientation wood
           laminates

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      Abstract: Abstract The stacking sequence of laminated wood significantly impacts the composite mechanical behavior of the material, especially when scaling down thermo-mechanical tests on plywood. In previous research, we developed a scaling methodology for thermo-structural tests on samples with similar cross sections, however this paper focused on testing plywood samples with different stacking sequences between the scales. Plywood samples at ½-scale and ¼-scale were subjected to combined bending and thermal loading, with the loading scaled to have the same initial static bending stresses. While the ¼-scale 4-layer [0°/90°]s laminate and the ½-scale 8-layer [0°/90°/90°/0°]s laminate had an equal number of 0° and 90° layers, as the char front progresses, the sections behave differently. Thus, modeling becomes essential to extrapolating the data from the smaller ¼-scale test to predict the behavior of the larger ½-scale test. Reduced cross-sectional area models (RCAM) incorporating classical laminated plate theory were used to predict the mechanical response of the composite samples as the char front increased. Three methods were proposed for calibrating the RCAM models: Fourier number scaling, from detailed kinetics-based pyrolysis GPyro models, and fitting to data from fire exposure thermal response tests. The models calibrated with the experimental char measurements produced the most accurate predictions. The experimental char models validated to predict the behavior of the ¼-scale tests within 2.5%, were then able to predict the ½-scale test behavior within 4.5%.
      PubDate: 2024-06-27
       
  • Extraction and investigation of the lipophilic fraction from Norway spruce
           (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forestry side-stream
           biomass

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      Abstract: Abstract Coniferous forests in the European Union serve as crucial sources of roundwood, as well as contribute to various industries with different wood products. Harvesting of these trees leaves significant amounts of needles and small branches (logging residues). This underutilised forestry side-stream has the potential for various applications in the bioeconomy due to its chemical composition. Extraction of biomass involves various methods and solvents, including petroleum-based solvents, raising environmental and health concerns. This study aims to assess different extraction methods, with a focus on minimising or eliminating the use of hydrocarbon solvents, thereby refining valuable compounds for various applications, as well as evaluating the antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the obtained extracts. The most effective methods in extracting pine and spruce wood logging residues were determined to be maceration at boiling temperature with methanol and butanol, respectively. Extracts consisted of various compound groups such as fatty acids, resin acids, terpenes and more. The obtained extracts demonstrated antimicrobial and antifungal activity, as well as antioxidant activity.
      PubDate: 2024-05-31
      DOI: 10.1007/s00226-024-01566-x
       
 
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  Subjects -> BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION (Total: 139 journals)
    - BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION (131 journals)
    - CARPENTRY AND WOODWORK (8 journals)

CARPENTRY AND WOODWORK (8 journals)

Showing 1 - 8 of 8 Journals sorted by number of followers
Wood Material Science & Engineering     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 9)
Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 6)
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 3)
Wood Science and Technology     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 2)
Wood and Fiber Science     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 2)
Journal of The Indian Academy of Wood Science     Full-text available via subscription   (Followers: 2)
International Wood Products Journal     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 1)
IAWA Journal     Hybrid Journal   (Followers: 1)
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JournalTOCs
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