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Automotive Experiences
Number of Followers: 0  Open Access journalISSN (Print) 2615-6202 - ISSN (Online) 2615-6636 Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang  [10 journals]
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- Performance of a Single-Cylinder Four-Stroke Engine with High
Concentrations of Gasoline-Ethanol-Methanol (GEM)
Authors: Muhammad Hanifuddin, Muhammad Faja Taufiqurrahman, Tri Aji Setyawan, Riesta Anggarani, Cahyo Setyo Wibowo, Bambang Sugiarto
Abstract: Several types of alternative fuels have been developed to replace fossil fuels. Alcohols, such as ethanol and methanol, can be blended with gasoline for spark ignition (SI) engines. High octane number and oxygen content in alcohol can increase combustion efficiency. Therefore, our current research investigates the effect of high concentrations of ethanol and methanol mixed in 90 RON gasoline. The mixture was implemented in a 150 cc single-cylinder four-stroke spark ignition (SI) engine without any modifications. Engine testing was carried out with wide-open throttle (WOT) and different engine speeds from 4000 to 10000 rpm. Torque, power, and Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) were measured during experiments on a chassis dynamometer. Our test results found that the higher the methanol fraction in the mixture, the lower the torque generated. To improve engine performance, further research is needed on modified engines so that optimal conditions can be identified.
PubDate: 2023-09-01
DOI: 10.31603/ae.9332
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- Estimating of Critical Gaps at Uncontrolled Intersections under
Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions
Authors: Walid Abdullah Al Bargi, Basil David Daniel, Munzilah Md Rohani, Nasradeen A Khalifaa, Mohd Idrus Mohd Mohd Idrus Mohd Masirin, Joel Kironde
Abstract: Pedestrian crossing behavior can be studied by estimating critical gap, which is determined by analyzing accepted and rejected gaps by pedestrians. This can provide insight into safety levels at pedestrian facilities. The aim of this study is to determine critical gaps using various methods such as the Logit method, Raff's method, and Wu’s Method. These methods are then compared to identify the most appropriate one. Three locations in Malaysia were selected for data collection based on their land use, number of lanes, and carriageway width. Video cameras were used to capture mixed traffic flow and pedestrian crossing movements simultaneously at the selected sections. The results indicate that the critical gap values obtained from the three methods are highly comparable. Specifically, the Logit Method yielded a critical gap value of 8.4s, while Raff's Method and Wu's Method produced critical gap values of 7.7s and 7.12s, respectively. The study concludes that the Logit method is the most suitable for estimating critical gaps as it takes into account both pedestrian behavior and vehicular characteristics concurrently. The findings of this study have the potential to contribute to the review of design parameters for pedestrian crossing facilities, leading to the improvement of existing facilities and the enhancement of pedestrian safety.
PubDate: 2023-09-01
DOI: 10.31603/ae.9406
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- SEM Approach for Analysis of Lean Six Sigma Barriers to Electric Vehicle
Assembly
Authors: Atul Madhukar Zope, Raju Kumar Swami, Atul Patil
Abstract: This study investigates the barriers that the Lean Six Sigma implementation faces during the assembly of electric vehicles. In order to implement lean Six Sigma methodology in electric vehicle assembly processes effectively, it is crucial to identify and analyze the barriers that hinder process improvement. To identify the obstacles and create a conceptual model, a thorough literature review was conducted. Four factors, namely, integration of assembly, inspection, and testing, lack of trained and knowledgeable human resources, external and in-plant battery transportation, and manual assembly and rigid automation, were found to have the potential to affect the lean Six Sigma implementation. Three drivers, namely assembly cost, assembly time, and assembly effort were selected for the study. The model is then tested using the structural equation modeling and the gathered data. The results show a significant relationship between the three drivers and the four barriers of Lean Six Sigma implementation to the electric vehicle assembly.
PubDate: 2023-09-01
DOI: 10.31603/ae.9690
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- Mechanical Characteristics of Distributed Electric Wheel Loader in
Shoveling Condition
Authors: Xiaotao Fei, Han Shenrui, Wong Shaw Voon, Muhammad Amin Azman, Han Yunwu
Abstract: Multi-bridge centralized drive wheel loaders can produce parasitic power to waste energy and aggravate tire wear. Distributed Electric Wheel Loader(DEWL) is a new structure with two drive motors that can be controlled independently or in concert. Hence, this study investigates the mechanical characteristics of DEWL in its shoveling condition. Firstly, for the DEWL, dynamic models are established including running and shoveling conditions, on the basis of automobile theory. Secondly, a simplified structural model of DEWL is used to construct the mechanical equations, and the theoretical derivation is utilized to analyze the forces on wheels during different driving modes of running and shoveling conditions. Finally, the free shoveling of dry sands and gravel materials is tested by a ZL50GV-EV DEWL, and the drive forces of three drive modes on horizontal concrete pavement are tested. The results show that the parasitic power is generated when the driving motor has a larger speed than that of the other motor, which is caused by the movement of the loader's center of gravity. The driving torques generated by the motors are basically the same when the DEWL is in front-drive mode and rear-drive mode at the setting speed of 600rpm, whether it is running forward or backward, with a torque fluctuation of 0.16%-1.28% and a power fluctuation of 0.02%-1.29%. The DEWL consumes more power in dual-drive mode than in single drive if it is controlled in speed-target mode.
PubDate: 2023-08-27
DOI: 10.31603/ae.9024
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- Fabrication and Characterization of Asbestos Free Brake Pads Composite
using Elaeocarpus Ganitrus as Reinforcement
Authors: Mohamad Afiefudin, Rahmat Doni Widodo, Rusiyanto Rusiyanto
Abstract: To minimize potential health hazards, there is awareness to avoid asbestos fibers in brake pads. Therefore, this study aims to produce composite brake pads using Elaeocarpus ganitrus seed powder as a substitute for asbestos. The composition of Elaeocarpus ganitrus seed powder was varied from 8%, 10%, and 12% by weight. The properties of the brake pads, including their morphology, physical characteristics, mechanical performance, and wear behavior, were thoroughly investigated and analyzed. The experimental results showed a positive correlation between the addition of 12% by weight of Elaeocarpus ganitrus and the increase in the density and hardness of the resulting sample. In addition, wear resistance increases with increasing percentage of Elaeocarpus ganitrus. Samples containing 12% by weight of Elaeocarpus ganitrus seed powder gave better properties compared to other composite samples. The research findings indicate that Elaeocarpus ganitrus particles can be an alternative to asbestos in the manufacture of brake pads.
PubDate: 2023-08-27
DOI: 10.31603/ae.9367
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- Enhanced Modeling of Crumple Zone in Vehicle Crash Simulation Using
Modified Kamal Model Optimized with Gravitational Search Algorithm
Authors: Amrina Rasyada Zubir, Khisbullah Hudha, Zulkiffli Abd Kadir, Noor Hafizah Amer
Abstract: The effectiveness of a vehicle crash system depends on how well it can simulate the behavior of a real vehicle in a crash scenario and accurately identifies the correct working limits of the model parameters, including mass, spring, and damper. Therefore, this study explores the modelling vehicle front crumple zone to represent the behaviors of real crash scenario. The modelling process using Kamal approach is used to develop a precise vehicle crash model for analyzing the impact of a collision on both the vehicle and its passengers. In this study, a complex mass-spring-damper system representing the front crumple zone of an actual car is re-designed to modify the existing vehicle crash model. The gravitational search algorithm (GSA) is implemented in the simulation model's code to obtain optimized values of damping coefficient (c) and spring constant (k). The simulation results show that the deformation response of crumple zone and the deceleration response of vehicle body match the experimental results, indicating the model's accuracy. Additionally, this study investigates the effects of varying the GSA parameters' number of agents (N), the beta parameter (β), and the gravitational constant (G) to improve the model's accuracy by minimizing the root mean square error (RMSE) between model response and crash test data. The optimal GSA parameter chosen in this study were N = 50, β = 0.3, and G = 20 with the lowest RMSE of 22.3874, 22.26664, and 23.86638 respectively.
PubDate: 2023-08-27
DOI: 10.31603/ae.9289
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- Justification of the Annual Program of the Transport Company
Authors: Akhmet Murzagaliyev, Akzharkyn Balgynova, Alibek Murzagaliyev, Nurlybek Myrzabekov, Nurzhan Bakytzhanov
Abstract: The issues of optimising economic and labour costs take a significant place in the production activities of transport companies. They depend on the socio-economic situation, objective reasons of production nature, availability of appropriate material and technical bases, as well as effective use and competence of enterprise management. It seems relevant to establish a transport enterprise programme to increase operational efficiency. Therefore, research outlines the characteristics of the work programme (order portfolios) of car service stations in the current environment and focuses on ensuring their stability. Mathematical modelling and methods of mathematical and statistical analysis served as principal tools, although analysis, synthesis, comparison and other methodologies were also significant. The authors represent the car service station production programme as the sum of failures and faults arriving at the enterprise in random order. The results of the experimental studies underwent analysis based on probability theory and mathematical statistics, where mathematical models of the annual programme and the probabilities of its distribution in a given time interval were obtained. The authors recommend measures to optimise the production programme by ensuring uniform loading of car service station structures. It can study numerous theoretical issues during the design phase of production sites and make accurate predictions. There are theoretical methodologies based on certain results, which are suitable for the design of road transport services. One of them is a calculation of the enterprise's annual program based on a grouping of the number of vehicles coming into the site. The work brings new regard to the shape of the programmes related to car service providers.
PubDate: 2023-08-27
DOI: 10.31603/ae.9397
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- Performance of IC Engines Using Chicken Waste as Biofuel, CNT and MnO
Nano-Biofuels and Diesel Fuel: A Comparation Study
Authors: Sathish Thanikodi, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Abdi Hanra Sebayang, Suchart Siengchin
Abstract: Biofuel production and its properties improvisation are the wide areas of research in internal combustion (IC) engines. This research derived biofuel from industrial chicken waste. Nanofuels were produced in this study by adding 40 nm-sized nanoparticles of carbon nanotube (CNT) and manganese oxide (MnO) with a variation of 100 to 200 ppm to the derived oil. Four fuel blends (biofuel (B), B with CNT, B with MnO, and B with CNT+MnO) were compared to the performance of diesel fuel in a 3.5 kW CI engine. The combustion process (peak pressure and heat release), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and exhaust emissions (CO, HC, NOx, and CO2) were used as parameters to evaluate the fuel’s performance. The result revealed that nanofuel outperformed both diesel fuel and biofuel. The addition of 200 ppm CNT in biofuel enhanced the fuel properties, resulting in higher BTE by 28% and 9.7% compared to diesel fuel and biofuel. The CNT-biofuel also generated fewer emissions compared to diesel fuel by 26%, 9.4%, and 25% for NOx, HC, and CO gases respectively.
PubDate: 2023-08-27
DOI: 10.31603/ae.9556
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- Effect of Road Darkness on Young Driver Behaviour when Approaching Parked
or Slow-moving Vehicles in Malaysia
Authors: Nidzamuddin Md Yusof, Juffrizal Karjanto, Muhammad Zahir Hassan, Syabillah Sulaiman, Abd Fathul Hakim Zulkifli, Ahmad Azad Ab Rashid, Zulhaidi Mohd Jawi, Khairil Anwar Abu Kassim
Pages: 216 - 233
Abstract: Traffic accidents at night are higher than in other periods, especially on a dark road. This study explores the impact of the dark road on driver behaviours when approaching a parked or slowed-moving vehicle at the front. An experiment was conducted on a racing track at night, with and without road lighting. Different sizes of obstacles were used to represent other vehicles as a lorry, a car, and a motorcycle. The results show that the obstacles can be detected by drivers much earlier with the help of road lighting, and they tend to increase their speed, probably preparing to overtake the obstacles.
PubDate: 2023-05-18
DOI: 10.31603/ae.8206
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- Investigation of Brake Pad Wear Effect due to Temperature Generation
Influenced by Brake Stepping Count on Different Road Terrains
Authors: Rusli Majuma, Mohamad Heerwan Bin Peeie, Kerisvin Ondong, Othman Abu Hassan
Pages: 234 - 244
Abstract: The use of vehicles in Malaysia has become a need and important to commute to the workplace and commercial business transportation. This necessity resulted in an increase in the number of cars on the road that eventually increase the number of accidents that resulted in the loss of life which is also one of the leading killers in Malaysia. Deriving from this phenomenon, car maintenance especially brake systems has become imperative that eventually become the main objective of this research to investigate the effect of different road terrains to brake pad wear. The experimental vehicle is operated in two different road terrains namely hilly and flat roads and each road terrain is set to complete 1000km of investigation traveled distance. Three main investigation parameters are brake pad thickness wear, the temperature generated from rubbing the brake pad with the rotor, and the brake force applied on the brake pedal. A CANedge external onboard diagnostic (OBD) logger is used to collect real-time data on the relevant parameters from the vehicle’s ECU for analysis. The result from the experiments found that the average brake pad wear rate during hilly roads is 53% higher than that of flat roads. Likewise, brake pad temperature generation on a hilly road is 34% higher than that on a flat road. However, the brake pedal force applied during braking is 60% higher on flat roads compared to on hilly roads. From the findings, data from the vehicle OBD2 and the brake pad wear can be analyzed to provide an electronic signal for indication of timely maintenance for the brake pad.
PubDate: 2023-05-18
DOI: 10.31603/ae.8869
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- Performance and Emission Characteristics Using Dual Injection System of
Gasoline and Ethanol
Authors: Bambang Sulistyo, Herminarto Sofyan, Thomas Sukardi, Agus Widyianto
Pages: 245 - 258
Abstract: This study successfully investigated the engine performance and emission characteristics of a dual injection system that uses both gasoline and ethanol fuels. The study utilized a microcontroller-based control system (PGM-FI) to substitute ethanol fuel injection for gasoline injection. Ethanol fuel was injected at the inlet with three different pressures: 1.0 bar, 1.2 bar, and 1.4 bar, while gasoline injector pressure was fixed at 2 bar. Results showed that substituting ethanol injection with a pressure of 1 bar resulted in a slight decrease in torque and power, but it was the best compared to the other pressures tested. The study found that the use of ethanol injection resulted in improved fuel economy at an ethanol injector pressure of 1 bar with a reduction in SFC of 8.89%. Exhaust emissions were also reduced, with a maximum reduction in CO emissions of 42.54% occurring at a pressure of 1 bar. Similarly, the lowest HC content in exhaust gas was observed at a pressure of 1 bar, which was reduced by 44.48%. However, the results highlighted that ethanol injection pressure could significantly reduce fuel consumption for case A-04 and increase the air-fuel ratio.
PubDate: 2023-05-20
DOI: 10.31603/ae.8070
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- Characteristics of Natural Fiber Composites Materials Reinforced with
Aluminum and Copper Powder for The Performance of Automatic Motorcycle
Clutch Pad
Authors: Riyadi Riyadi, Ahmad Kholil, Januar Parlaungan Siregar, Siska Titik Dwiyati, Danang Budi Pratama, Ari Setiawan, Eko Arif Syaefudin
Pages: 259 - 272
Abstract: Currently, research on natural fiber composites (NFC) for automotive applications has attracted the attention of researchers and academics. Natural fibers such as coconut fiber and wood powder are mixed with metal materials such as aluminum and copper to obtain the composite characteristics of automatic motorcycle clutch pad materials. Coconut fiber and wood powder are suitable natural materials for composites and are easily obtained from waste. Natural fiber materials with metal reinforcement into composites are expected to produce materials suitable for friction materials such as clutch pads and brake pads with a good characteristic. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the coefficient of friction, wear, and hardness of NFC materials reinforced aluminum and copper powder for the performance of automatic motorcycle clutch pads. Experiments were carried out on various compositions of aluminum and copper powder. Tribometer testing was carried out to determine the friction coefficient and wear. Hardness testing using the Vickers method and testing the performance of automatic motorbikes with a chassis dyno test. The results show that the performances of the clutch pad with NFC-reinforced aluminum and copper show power and torque results that resemble the performances of genuine part materials in each operating cycle. The value of friction coefficient, wear, and hardness of this material are a value close to that of a genuine part clutch pad material. The improved performance of this material is expected to be considered in the manufacture of future clutch pads.
PubDate: 2023-08-27
DOI: 10.31603/ae.8878
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- Application of a PEM Fuel Cell Engine as a Small-Scale Power Generator for
Small Cars with Different Fuel Concentrations
Authors: Yusuf Dewantoro Herlambang, Wahyu Sulistiyo, Margana Margana, Nanang Apriandi, Marliyati Marliyati, Muji Setiyo, Jin Cherng Shyu
Pages: 273 - 289
Abstract: A fuel cell power generation system is a renewable energy system that works based on electrochemical processes and produces a direct electric current (DC). Specifically, a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell can operate at low temperatures and produce an efficiency of around 40-60%. In this study, the performance test of the PEM Fuel Cell for power generation was carried out by supplying hydrogen gas using hydrogen from the electrolysis of the hydrogen generator with a variation of KOH catalyst solution with a concentration of 0.5 M; 1.0 M; 1.5 M; 2 M and using Ultra High Purity (UHP) hydrogen with various flow rates of 250 mL/min, 300 mL/min, 350 mL/min, 400 mL/min, 450 mL/min, and 500 mL/min. The test results showed that the output power of hydrogen produced by the electrolysis process was 10.8 W at a concentration of 1 M solutions at an input current of 20 A. The greater the concentration of the catalyst solution, the smaller the electrical power required for the electrolysis process. However, the hydrogen power supply produced by the hydrogen generator was not optimal, so it did not meet the needs of the PEM Fuel Cell. As a result, the PEM Fuel Cell could not work. Meanwhile, testing with UHP hydrogen produced the highest electrical power of 31.588 W at a flow rate of 450 mL/min with a load of 20 W. It indicates that the PEM Fuel Cell is optimal at the output power value with an efficiency of 69.80%.
PubDate: 2023-08-27
DOI: 10.31603/ae.9225
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- Rotating-Magnetic-Field-Assisted Electrodeposition of Copper for Ambulance
Medical Equipment
Authors: Syamsuir Syamsuir, Ferry Budhi Susetyo, Bambang Soegijono, Sigit Dwi Yudanto, Basori Basori, Maman Kartaman Ajiriyanto, Daniel Edbert, Evi Ulina Margaretha Situmorang, Dwi Nanto, Cahaya Rosyidan
Pages: 290 - 302
Abstract: This study examines the influence of the application of a rotating magnetic field in the electrodeposition of copper (Cu). During the electrodeposition, five constant magnets were rotated (500 and 800 rpm) towards the bottom of the sample. To investigate deposition rate, surface morphology, phase, structure, corrosion resistance, and hardness in deposited Cu using a weighing scale, a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), potentiodynamic polarization, and hardness tester respectively. Bacterial activity was also evaluated through this research. Morphological surface observations showed that the increase in the rotational speed of the magnets during the electrodeposition process led to a smooth surface. A perfect Cu phase covers Al alloy with no oxide. The potentiodynamic polarization demonstrated by the increase in the rotating led to a shift to the more positive value of the corrosion potential. Moreover, the corrosion current also decreases with the increase in the rotating speed of the magnets. Less crystallite size promoted forming a higher hardness and inhibition zone of the Cu films.
PubDate: 2023-08-27
DOI: 10.31603/ae.9067
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- A Study on Characteristics of Brake Pad Composite Materials by Varying the
Composition of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3
Authors: Muhammad Khafidh, Finny Pratama Putera, Rahmadi Yotenka, Deni Fajar Fitriyana, Rahmat Doni Widodo, Rifky Ismail, Agustinus Purna Irawan, Tezara Cionita, Januar Parlaungan Siregar, Nur Hidayah Ismail
Pages: 303 - 319
Abstract: The use of composite materials in brake pads is becoming increasingly popular due to their high-performance characteristics, including good thermal stability, high wear resistance, and low noise generation. However, the development of new composite materials that offer even better performance is still an ongoing research area. In this study, the composite was made by hand layup method using epoxy resin as matrix material, with rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 as reinforcing materials. The composition of the composites was varied by changing the percentage of the reinforcement materials. The composites were then subjected to several characterization tests, including density, hardness, flexural strength, thermal analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), TGA/DSC, and wear testing. The test results showed that additional reinforcement materials to the epoxy resin matrix improved the mechanical properties of the composites. Overall, the study demonstrates that a hand layup method is a viable approach for preparing brake pad composite materials and that the addition of rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 can improve the mechanical properties of the composites. The best properties produced in this research were found in one of the specimens which used epoxy, rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 with a composition of 50 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 15 wt.%. However, the addition of rice husk also provides wear resistance and thermal stability. This study contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by advancing innovation, promoting sustainability, and reducing emissions in automotive industry applications.
PubDate: 2023-08-27
DOI: 10.31603/ae.9121
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
- Enhancing Brake System Evaluation in Periodic Testing of Goods Transport
Vehicles through FTA-FMEA Risk Analysis
Authors: Irfan Ansori, Dwitya Harits Waskito, Mutharuddin Mutharuddin, Novi Irawati, Sinung Nugroho, Tetty Sulastri Mardiana, Subaryata Subaryata, Nurul Aldha Mauliddina Siregar
First page: 320
Abstract: Failure of the braking system is one of the factors causing traffic accidents, therefore periodic testing of goods transport vehicles is very important. In fact, the incidence rate is still very high despite routine testing. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for periodic testing must be updated to reduce the risk of possible accidents. Therefore, procedures for updating the SOP for periodic brake system testing are presented in this article. The Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) methods were applied based on accident investigation data from the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) from 2017 to 2022. FTA is used for risk identification, while FMEA is used for risk analysis to find the highest-risk failure cases. The results of our analysis showed that 13 failure cases were classified as intolerable so additional SOPs were required for each case. Finally, the results of this study provide new insights for stakeholders to revise the rules regarding periodic vehicle testing.
PubDate: 2023-08-27
DOI: 10.31603/ae.8394
Issue No: Vol. 6, No. 2 (2023)
