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Annals of Marine Science
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This is an Open Access Journal

Open Access journal
ISSN (Online) 2640-2300
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Orca reproduction in captivity: A review of the science, ethics and
welfare concerns
- Abstract: Orca whales, also known as killer whales, are highly social and intelligent animals that have captured the public’s fascination for decades. However, the use of orca whales in marine parks and aquariums for human entertainment has sparked controversy about their welfare and ethical considerations. Captive breeding programs have been developed for several marine species, including orca whales, to ensure their survival. However, captive orca reproduction is a contentious topic due to the potential health and welfare concerns for the animals. In this scientific essay, we review the reproductive biology of orca whales in captivity, the health and welfare concerns associated with captivity, and the ethical considerations of keeping these intelligent and social animals in captivity for human entertainment. Our review highlights the need for continued research to improve the welfare of captive orcas and the conservation efforts of wild populations.
  PubDate: 31 Mar, 2023
Review on the role of women along the aquaculture value chain in Kenya
- Abstract: Aquaculture is perceived as masculine work in most regions despite several years of women’s involvement in the sector. Women participate in almost all activities of the aquaculture value chain such as pond construction, sorting of seeds, fertilization of ponds, making and mending of fishing gears, fish harvesting, processing, value addition, transport, and marketing. The majority of women engage in aquaculture to earn income and food for the household. Women’s involvement in aquaculture has led to the creation of more job opportunities thus increasing income generation for rural women. Nevertheless, women face several challenges in aquaculture with the most critical one being limited access to income despite their heavy involvement. They also lack limited access to certified seed, high cost of feeds, and collaterals to access credit. The promotion of aquaculture, gender equity, and empowerment of women and youths has been promoted through various initiatives including Sustainable Development Goals and Blue Economy. However, gender discrepancies are still high despite both gender playing fundamental roles in aquaculture development. Therefore, there is a need to promote gender equity as it will lead to recognition of their full potential towards increasing production, productivity, processing, trade, and economic growth.
  PubDate: 22 Apr, 2023
Biomonitoring of aquatic habitat using Apodu Dam in Malete, Moro local
government area of Kwara state Nigeria as a case study
- Abstract: Water bodies such as dams are an essential part of the ecosystems and the Apodu dam, a Local Government Area of Kwara State supplies water for the populace of Malete. The water is used for both domestic and agricultural purposes. Given the proposed rural development in the catchment area of the Apodu dam, it becomes imperative therefore to do extensive biomonitoring of the dam before the development begins so as to determine the likely source of pollution in the dam as well as determine the health of the dam. Ten samples of both water and plants were collected at different sampling points designated as A-J. The samples collected were digested and analyzed using standard techniques. Data generated from the research were subjected to T-test to determine whether there is a significant variation in the two sets of data. The parameters examined fall within the permissible level of standards set by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). Total hardness (TH) was 88.00-128.80 mg/l, pH 6.60-6.80, Total dissolved solids (TDSS) 242.00-420.00 mg/l, Electrical conductivity 102.32-103.39 µs cm, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 3.47-3.53 mg/l, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 104.00-168.00 mg/l and Dissolved oxygen (DO) 3.47- 3.53 mg/l. The lower concentration of DO is an indication of high water quality and this is advantageous for aquatic life as it suggests that there is less decomposition of foreign materials. In conclusion, high potential for an increasingly detrimental impact on the water quality resulting from increased anthropogenic activities especially if the proposed developments commence is imminent.
  PubDate: 21 Mar, 2023
Temperature effects on grain growth phenomena and magnetic properties of
silicon steels used in marine applications
- Abstract: The present paper investigates the stages of the microstructure and texture evolution in non-oriented electrical silicon steels by means of magnetic measurements and metallographic analysis. The goal of this work was to study temperature effects and their influence on grain growth processes in non-oriented electrical steels while being subjected to different annealing conditions and to clarify the mechanism of grain boundary motion during annealing. It is important to study the development of texture and grain size in electrical steel samples along the entire production line chain (hot rolling, cold rolling, and final annealing), as both are affected by each processing stage. The lack of magnetic data dependent on the operating temperature of non-oriented electrical steels makes it impossible to accurately design high-power motors (e.g., propulsion systems in ships) or generators that are to operate at high temperatures. The correlation of magnetic properties with the microstructure of electrical steels can yield important information about their suitability for various substrates and marine applications. In addition, it can potentially non-destructively define both the annealing stage and the preferred crystallographic growth pattern in single-phase ferritic steels, which affect the performance and longevity of the electromagnetic devices in which these are used.
  PubDate: 21 Jun, 2023
Disabled industrial traumatic brain injury of members of vessel`s crew in
water transport of the Northern Water`s Basin
- Abstract: Introduction: Epidemiological study of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and the improvement of the organizational capabilities of medical care at all stages of its provision plays an important role in forecasting and social and labor rehabilitation of the sailing crew. Planning the development of the neurosurgical service of port hospitals is impossible without knowing the structure of TBI, both in severity and sectoral, occupational and territorial prevalence.Materials and methods: The analysis of the treatment of 92 patients from members of the vessel`s crew who received industrial TBI with a disability while performing voyage tasks in the northern water basin was carried out.When working on the material, analytical and statistical methods were used. The significance of differences was calculated using a t-test for independent samples.Results: In the general structure of traumatism of the studied contingent of the members of the vessel`s crew, TBI accounted for 4.1% of cases, while in the territorial population, they reach 30.0% - 40.0%. Most of the victims worked in the transport fleet of the northern water basin - 68.7% (9.4), while in the fishing fleet - 17.2% (3.3) and the river fleet - 14.1% (4.6). Command staff: navigators (10.5), captains (10.1), chiefs of radio stations (7.4), skippers (6.8), as well as boatswains (27.8), who are responsible for organizing and conducting deck operations, receive TBI 4.0 - 2.5 times more often than rank-and-file personnel. This distribution becomes easy to understand if we take into account that 43.4% of the damage was sustained during the performance of ship operations related to movement on ladders and decks, in the engine room, and their hasty execution by the supervisors in the absence of safety precautions leads to severe TBI. The members of the vessel`s crew receive them several times less often when performing loading and unloading operations (0.9), closing holds (0.4), mooring, and servicing deck mechanisms (0.2 each). The probability of getting TBI is especially high during the first three years of work in the specialty (34.8% of all injuries). With an increase in work experience, injuries decrease by more than 1.4 times among workers with 15 years of work experience. Every third TBI (36.5%) on ships is associated with a fall of the victim from a height, that is, it is a catatrauma. All injuries arise from collisions with blunt objects.Discussion: Every twenty-fifth work-related injury with loss of ability to work, sustained by the members of the vessel`s crew of the northern water basin, while performing ship operations, is a TBI. The minimum knowledge required for shipboard crew members, and ship managers to suspect this life-threatening condition, is given during an injury first aid session that is required by the ship’s medical officer.Conclusion: 1. In the general structure of industrial injuries of the studied contingent of the members of the vessel`s crew, TBI accounted for 4.1% of cases, while in the territorial population, they reach 30.0% - 40.0%. The incidence of TBI in men from among the members of ve+-ssel`s crew is only 1.5 times higher than in women and is the highest in people under 20 years of age (4.8%; 11.0).2. Most of the victims worked in the transport fleet of the northern water basin - 68.7% (9.4), while in the fishing fleet - 17.2% (3.3) and river - 14.1% (4.6). The members of the vessel`s crew receive them several times less often when performing loading and unloading operations (0.9), closing holds (0.4), mooring, and servicing deck mechanisms (0.2 each). Every third TBI (36.5%) on ships is associated with a fall of the victim from a height, that is, it is a catatrauma.3. TBI, accompanied by a concussion, in the northern basin accounts for up to two-thirds of all head injuries, of which 69.5% fall on the most able-bodied and productive age of workers (20-39 years). Concussions occur 4 times more often in the transport fleet than in the fishing and river fleet. Sailors and minders make up 44.3% of the victims. Falls from a height onto decks, mooring lines, into the hold, or overboard were the cause of 78.5% of concussions.4. Mild brain contusions are a rarer pathology and occur mainly in transport and fishing fleets with rank-and-file personnel during falls from a height.5. Brain contusions of moderate and severe degrees occur only in the transport fleet in the youngest men: in every second case, the patients were 20-29 years old. Every third victim is a sailor, every sixth is a minder. A severe degree of brain injury was more often observed in persons who received TBI while servicing deck mechanisms, moving along ladders, and mooring operations. More than half of them are associated with falls from a height.
  PubDate: 19 Jan, 2023
Oceans’ surface pH-value as an example of a reversible natural response
to an anthropogenic perturbation
- Abstract: The anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) has influenced the pH values of the oceans’ surface. Observations show that for several decades, the surface pH value is declining with a simultaneously rising CO2 concentration. It is an important question to understand to what extent this process is reversible. Hence, in this study, the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure from 1850 to 2020 is derived from the chemical composition of the seawater, the mass action law, Henry’s law, and published literature data on the relevant equilibrium constants. A single exponential relaxation or equilibration time τ = 52 ± 10 years (or half-time of 36 ± 7 years) accounts for the anthropogenic perturbation due to emissions. The model is based on reversible mechanisms and simultaneously represents the atmospheric CO2 volume fraction with a standard deviation of 7 ppm and the oceans’ surface pH values. Projections until 2100 for various emissions include the possibility of recovery within decades.
  PubDate: 15 Jun, 2023
Singlet-excited dioxygen O2(a1Δg) and organic pollutants in marine waters
beneath the Sun
- Abstract: The ground state dioxygen has a triplet spin state O2(X3Σg). The singlet excited O2(a1Δg) dioxygen possesses an excess energy of 22 kcal/mole and is highly reactive with respect to organic matter since all organic molecules have also singlet ground states with all spins paired; their reactions with O2(a1Δg) are not forbidden by spin selection. The chromophoric pollutants in sea waters under sun irradiation can generate O2(a1Δg) and other reactive oxygen species which could oxidase many wastes. This review describes mechanisms of O2(a1Δg) interaction with organic pollutants in seawater with black carbon dispersion and with corals.
  PubDate: 05 May, 2023
Sailing mega-solar rafts for huge renewable energy in the low-latitude
Pacific Ocean
- Abstract: An innovative idea of exploiting huge solar energy in the low-latitude Pacific Ocean using wind-sailing mega-solar rafts is reviewed to emphasize its great potential for human renewable energy resources besides currently promoted offshore wind energy. The basic technologies including energy-transportation are already available but necessary to be developed commercially viable. It will also promote the peaceful use of open seas in the Pacific Ocean for a truly sustainable world instead of military confrontations.
  PubDate: 04 Apr, 2023

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