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Journal of Biomedical Photonics & Engineering
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This is an Open Access Journal

Open Access journal
ISSN (Online) 411-2844
Published by Samara University

[1 journal]

Cover: Special Issue. Biophotonics for blood studies: the 75th anniversary
of the scholar and teacher Alexander Priezzhev
- Authors: Greg House
  First page: 040000
  PubDate: 2022-12-28
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Issue Info: J of Biomedical Photonics & Eng 8(4)
- Authors: Greg House
  First page: 040001
  PubDate: 2022-12-28
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Foreword to the Special Issue "Biophotonics for blood studies: the 75th
anniversary of the scholar and teacher Alexander Priezzhev"
- Authors: Greg House
  First page: 040101
  PubDate: 2022-12-28
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Diagnostics of Oxidative Stress by Laser Optical-Acoustic Spectroscopy
- Authors: Аndrey А. Boyko, Alexey V. Borisov, Vyacheslav S. Zasedatel, Vyacheslav V. Romanchuk, Yury V. Kistenev
  First page: 040301
  Abstract: The results of the registration of oxidative stress volatile molecular markers (NOx, C2H6, and C5H12) in exhaled air by optical-acoustic spectroscopy are presented. Aerobic physical exercises were chosen as a method of oxidative stress activation. Three time points were studied: before exercises, immediately after exercises, and after 25 min rest. It was shown that there is a statistically significant increase in the studied markers concentrations in the exhaled air immediately after the exercises. After the rest, statistically significant differences are observed in relation to the initial state only for a part of these markers. This is most likely caused by different recovery of the subjects after the exercises and insufficient rest time. Thus, this instrumental approach is promising for non-invasive registration of markers of oxidative stress.
  PubDate: 2022-12-12
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040301
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Polarization Analysis of Gene Sequence Structures: Mapping of Extreme
Local Polarization States
- Authors: Dmitry A. Zimnyakov, Marina V. Alonova, Anatoly V. Skripal, Sergey S. Zaitsev, Valentina A. Feodorova
  First page: 040302
  Abstract: A method for visualization and identification of nucleotide sequences is proposed based on the synthesis of phase screens displaying the structure of the analyzed sequences and reconstruction of binary maps of the extreme values of the local Stokes vector components in the diffraction zone. This diffraction zone is formed due to reading out the phase screen by a coherent collimated beam with two orthogonally polarized (x–y) components. With different phase delays of the x–y components of the readout beam introduced by the phase screen elements, this causes a variety of local polarization states in the diffraction zone. The discrimination level for the local component of the Stokes vector chosen for the binary mapping is established near the extreme value for this component. Computer verification of the proposed method using nucleotide sequences for various strains of the model African swine fewer (ASF) virus as the test objects shows its high efficiency in the detection of differences between two compared sequences corresponding to the same type of infectious agent. Analysis of the model data for the strains under study made it possible to establish a power-law character of correlation coefficients of the synthesized binary distributions of extreme local polarization states depending on the discrimination threshold detuning from the maximum value of the Stokes vector component used for the mapping.
  PubDate: 2022-12-03
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040302
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Numerical Study of Supra-Wavelength Axial Motion Compensation in
- Authors: Alexey A. Zykov, Alexander L. Matveyev, Lev A. Matveev, Vladimir Y. Zaitsev
  First page: 040303
  Abstract: Label-free angiographic methods based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) visualize blood vessels utilizing detection of red blood cells motion against surrounding static tissue. However, in practice, the surrounding tissue is never still due to natural motions of living organisms (e.g., breathing or heart beating). To mitigate large scale motions of the tissue relatively to the OCT probe the tissue examination can be made in contact mode. In such a case, however, the OCT probe inevitably exerts some pressure onto the tissue, so that bulk motions lead to interframe deformations and depth-dependent tissue displacements which have to be numerically compensated prior to angiographic visualization. Usually, sufficiently small deformations primarily affect pixel phases in OCT images rather than pixel amplitudes, and, therefore, phase-only compensation of the masking motions may be fairly sufficient. However, in case of larger strains and supra-wavelength displacements, larger inter-scan phase variations of the order of several periods lead to the appearance of pronounced “decorrelation noise” in which variations in pixel amplitudes and phases are combined. This effect significantly degrades the quality of the final OCT-angiography images. In this paper, we present a new method allowing to a significant degree to compensate this phase-amplitude decorrelation caused by spatially-inhomogeneous supra-wavelengths displacements. This compensation is based on the Fourier-shift theorem which allows one to back-shift fragments of the deformed OCT-scans to their initial positions before deformation. At the same time variations of pixels due to the motion of blood particles within smaller-in-size vessel cross sections are retained. Although such backshifts do not compensate relative motions of sub-resolution particles, this procedure efficiently reduces decorrelation even for fairly big spatially-inhomogeneous displacements and leads to much lower signal variability outside blood vessels while preserving high variability inside. The proposed compensation method is compared to the earlier proposed phase-only compensation using simulated data. Pronouncedly lower strain-induced artefacts and much higher contrast between blood vessels and background are demonstrated.
  PubDate: 2022-12-08
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040303
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Evaluation of the Additional Effect of Vitix® Gel on Vitiligo Lesions in
Patients Treated with Narrow-Band Ultraviolet-B Phototherapy
- Authors: Sara Rahsepar, Emadodin Darchini-Maragheh, Pouran Layegh
  First page: 040304
  Abstract: Vitiligo is a polygenic acquired skin disorder resulting from the destruction of melanocytes in epidermal cells. Conventional therapeutic options include covering agents, topical corticosteroids, topical immunomodulators, phototherapy with psolaren ultraviolet A (PUVA) and narrowband ultraviolet B (NBUVB). However, successful repigmentation with these modalities is expected only in half of the patients. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of topical Vitix® gel combined with NB-UVB versus NB-UVB alone in the treatment of vitiligo lesions. Thirty patients with vitiligo were enrolled in this study. All patients had relatively symmetrical lesions and received topical Vitix® gel in combination with NB-UVB on one side and NB-UVB alone on the other side. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. Twenty-five patients completed the course of study (68% female, age: 32.3 ± 13.5 years). Five patients were excluded due to noncompliance to follow-up. The highest treatment response rate was observed in the upper limb’s lesions. However, no statistical difference was observed in patients treated with Vitix® gel combined with NB-UVB versus NB-UVB alone after adjusting for age, sex and lesions’ site (p > 0.05). Significant additional clinical repigmentation was not observed by adding Vitix® gel to NBUVB therapy in treatment of vitiligo lesions.
  PubDate: 2022-12-15
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040304
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Dynamic Study of PDT-Induced Oxidative Stress in Cancer Cells Embedded in
3D Collagen Hydrogel Using Genetically Encoded H2O2-Sensor
- Authors: Ludmila M. Sencha, Anastasia A. Gorokhova, Nina N. Peskova, Elena I. Cherkasova, Irina V. Balalaeva
  First page: 040305
  Abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a rapidly developing cancer treatment method based on the induction of severe oxidative stress in treated cells. Despite widespread clinical application, the molecular mechanisms underlying the photodynamic reaction have not yet been fully elucidated. Currently, the attention of the scientific community has been drawn to the crucial role of the tumor microenvironment which led to transition from using monolayer cultures of cancer cell to complex 3D in vitro models of tumor growth. Such a transition requires modification of existing methods for assessing cellular viability and metabolic responses to therapeutic interventions. We proposed a method for real-time registration of oxidative stress in response to photodynamic therapy in tumor cells embedded in 3D collagen hydrogel. This approach is based on spectroscopic registration of the integral signal from embedded cells expressing genetically encoded fluorescent sensor. The measuring technique does not require the destruction of the hydrogel and allows real-time recording of cell responses to various types of exposure. Using the genetically encoded HyPer sensor, we registered the wave of the secondary production of H2O2 in PDT treated cells lasting for about 1–2 h after the end of irradiation and demonstrated it transient mode, which add new information about mechanisms of PDT-induced oxidative stress. We believe that the proposed approach can become a potent and cost-effective option for real-time registration of cells’ response to various types of exposure and identification of the underlying mechanisms.
  PubDate: 2022-12-18
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040305
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Comparison of Probe Materials for Tissue Cryoablation: Operational
Properties of Metal and Sapphire Cryoprobes
- Authors: Aleksandr V. Pushkarev, Sergey S. Ryabikin, Dmitry I. Tsiganov, Arsen K. Zotov, Vladimir N. Kurlov, Irina N. Dolganova
  First page: 040501
  Abstract: Typical probes that are used for cryosurgical applications are manufactured from metals, since such materials as copper and brass feature high thermal conductivity at low temperatures and enable rapid growth of an ice ball in living tissues. Due to a favorable combination of properties, sapphire could be also widely used for tissue cryoablation. In this paper, a sapphire probe is experimentally compared with metal ones. Using a gel-based biotissue phantom, an ice ball volume and phantom temperatures in control points are analyzed for the considered probe materials aimed at revealing the advantages of using sapphire for cryosurgery. Next, the impact of probe-tissue contact on the sample and probe surface is studied. The experimental results and qualitative comparison of the considered cryoprobes demonstrate the abilities of the sapphire one for faster tissue freezing, reaching lower temperatures and featuring less damage of its contact surface and adjacent tissues, justifying a potential of sapphire as a material for tissue cryosurgery.
  PubDate: 2022-11-23
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040501
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Investigation of the Changes in Extinction Spectrum of Modern
- Authors: Andrey V. Belikov, Anastasia D. Kozlova, Sergey N. Smirnov, Yulia V. Fyodorova
  First page: 040502
  Abstract: The paper presents the results of a study of the extinction spectra (350–900 nm) of aqueous solutions of modern chlorine-containing photosensitizing drugs for photodynamic therapy “Chloderm" (Chloderm, Russia) and "Chloderm with hyaluronic acid" (Chloderm, Russia) before and after irradiation by visible light with wavelengths of 405 nm, 450 nm, and 656±10 nm, with exposure time 0–20 min and intensity 0–200 mW/cm2. It is demonstrated that the addition of hyaluronic acid does not deform the shape of the extinction spectrum of the photosensitizing drug but reduces its absorption in proportion to the drop in the concentration of the photosensitizer in the drug. Photodynamic light action in the investigated range of parameters leads to a slight decrease in the extinction coefficient of both drugs at the wavelengths of the exposure, but significantly reduces extinction and deforms the Qy 00 absorption band (600–700 nm), thereby changing the ratio of monomers and tetramers in the drugs. This band is most significantly deformed after exposure to light with a wavelength of 656±10 nm, the least – with a wavelength of 450 nm.
  PubDate: 2022-11-24
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040502
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Calibration Problem in Laser Ektacytometry of Erythrocytes
- Authors: Sergey Y. Nikitin, Evgeniy G. Tsybrov, Mariia S. Lebedeva
  First page: 040503
  Abstract: The problem of measuring the deformability of erythrocytes by laser diffractometry in shear flow (ektacytometry) is considered. The question of how the shape of the isointensity line in the diffraction pattern, which arises when a laser beam is scattered by an ensemble of erythrocytes, is related to the level of light intensity on this line, is analyzed. A simplified algorithm for measuring the parameters of the distribution of erythrocytes in deformability is proposed, which does not require photometry of the central part of the diffraction pattern.
  PubDate: 2022-12-12
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040503
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Effect of Hydrated Fullerene C60 in a Wide Concentration Range on
Low-Level Photon Emission from Undiluted Human Blood
- Authors: Olga I. Yablonskaya, Vladimir L. Voeikov, Kirill N. Novikov, Ekaterina V. Buravleva, Nadezhda G. Berdnikova
  First page: 040504
  Abstract: Hydrated fullerene C60 (HyFnC60) is a symmetrical molecule of C60 Buckminster fullerene surrounded by a water shell obtained by an original technique. It can act as an antioxidant or a pro-oxidant in various biological objects, depending on the conditions. In this study we added HyFnC60 at a range of concentrations obtained by a method of serial dilutionswith vigorous shaking at each step to whole undiluted blood of healthy donors and hospital patients with COPD and examined lucigenin-enhanced blood chemiluminescence. We have found that HyFnC60 at concentrations of
  2.5 ´ 10–6 M, 2.5 ´ 10–7 M, 2.5 ´ 10–17 M, and 2.5 ´ 10–19 M increased lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence in heathy donors’ blood while in blood of patients with COPD it had an opposite effect. This can be interpreted as in healthy donors’ blood reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is enhanced by HyFnC60 while in patients with a chronic inflammatory disease with already increased ROS generation it is attenuated. This indicates that HyFnC60 preparations even in ultra-high dilutions may play the role of a tuner of the processes with ROS participation. Probable reasons of such action of HyFnC60 on human blood even in ultra-high dilutions are discussed.
  PubDate: 2022-12-17
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040504
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Hemoglobin Heme Conformation in Patients with Different Oxygen Saturation
Values
- Authors: Alexander I. Yusipovich, Elvin S. Allakhverdiev, Evgeniia Yu. Parshina, Sergey K. Pirutin, Margarita A. Silicheva, Oleg V. Rodnenkov, Tamila V. Martynyuk, Georgy V. Maksimov
  First page: 040505
  Abstract: The characteristics of prosthetic group of hemoglobin – heme at different values of the oxygen saturation (sO2) was studied in human whole blood of patients with various clinical forms of coronary heart disease using the method of Raman spectroscopy. Correlation between the values of ratios of Raman spectra bands (1375 and 1355 & 1588 and 1552 cm–1, correspondingly) and oxygen saturation was shown. Based on the analysis of the Raman spectra, it is directly shown that at low sO2 the streatching of the heme ring comes before the binding of the bivalent iron atom to the oxygen molecule. It is probably caused by the cooperative effect (the attachment of a ligand to one heme leads to a change in of the protein and therefore the conformations of other hemes without ligands).
  PubDate: 2022-12-15
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040505
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Nanodiamonds for Biomedical Applications – Features of Interaction with
Blood Components and Behavior in the Circulatory System [Review]
- Authors: Elena V. Perevedentseva
  First page: 040506
  Abstract: The development of the application of nanoparticles for biomedical research and theranostics in many cases involves the injection of nanoparticles into the bloodstream. The interaction of nanoparticles with blood components and the circulatory system is one of the key points of the relevant study or treatment. In this review, the interaction of diamond nanoparticles with blood in vivo and in vitro is considered in terms of the nanodiamonds safety and hematocompatibility and biomedical applications.
  PubDate: 2022-12-13
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040506
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Dental Pulp Location and Dentin Thickness Assessment in Situ with Diffuse
Reflectance Spectroscopy
- Authors: Elena E. Nikonova, Gleb S. Budylin, Alena S. Kochmareva, Anna Yu. Turkina, Peter S. Timashev, Evgeny A. Shirshin
  First page: 040507
  Abstract: The modern approach to the treatment of caries requires maximum preservation of tooth tissues and pulp viability, for which it is necessary to know the residual thickness of dentin during its removal. Currently existing methods (Cone-beam Computed Tomography, electrical impedance device, and optical coherence tomography) are not widely used in clinical practice due to the laboriousness of their use or low accuracy. We evaluated the capabilities of the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) method for determining dentine thickness in situ. Dentin tissues transmit light well in the visible and near-IR range, which makes it possible to detect the optical response of the dental pulp. The pulp contains hemoglobin and water, while dentin contains no hemoglobin, and its water content is less than 10%. Thus, the selection of the contributions of these components allows estimating the thickness of the dentin. Our results show a strong correlation (> 0.9) between dentin thickness and the amplitudes of the water and hemoglobin components. However, hemoglobin content is more susceptible to changes, caused by inflammation or the action of anesthesia. Thus, the most promising approach is use the water component as a proxy. The proposed method can be the basis for the development of a fiber-optic laser probe for clinical dentistry.
  PubDate: 2022-12-13
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040507
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Correlation between Blood Flow and Various Physiological Parameters in
Human Skin
- Authors: Juergen Lademann, Maxim E. Darvin, Martina C. Meinke, Sora Jung
  First page: 040508
  Abstract: Blood flow is an important parameter of the human organism and skin physiology. It correlates with skin temperature, penetration of active substances through the skin, delivery of antioxidants and development of disease symptoms, especially during inflammatory processes. Dr. Alexander Vasilyevich Priezzhev played a major role in the investigation of blood circulation, cell aggregation and disease correlation, as well as in the development of an aggregometer to determine the rheology of human blood flow. The following article provides an overview of the work performed at the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, partly in cooperation with Dr. Priezzhev, on the correlation of blood flow and various physiological parameters in human and animal skin in vivo.
  PubDate: 2022-12-15
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040508
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Evaluating the Speckle-SFDI for the Quantification of Optical Properties
of Biotissues: Modeling and Validation on Optical Phantoms
- Authors: Boris P. Yakimov, Kirill E. Buiankin, Anastasia V. Venets, Evgeny A. Shirshin
  First page: 040509
  Abstract: The spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) method is rapidly emerging for quantitative mapping of the concentration of tissue chromophores and their scattering coefficients. This method analyzes the optical response of tissues to spatially inhomogeneous radiation with different spatial frequencies, which makes it possible to separate the contributions of absorption and scattering to the diffusely reflected light. However, the projection of spatially inhomogeneous radiation usually requires complex optical schemes, including the use of a spatial light modulator, which is difficult to implement in endoscopes. In this work, we evaluate an alternative approach, in which, instead of analyzing deterministic intensity patterns, the diffuse reflectance at different spatial frequencies can be reconstructed based on the information from random speckle patterns projected onto the surface of the studied tissue, which can be generated without the use of spatial light modulators. We evaluated the speckle-SFDI approach by simulating random speckle patterns and their interaction with turbid and absorptive media with tissue-like optical properties, as well as evaluated this approach experimentally using optical phantoms mimicking properties of real biotissues. The error of absorption and reduced scattering estimation on the number of projected speckles, speckle spatial properties, and optical properties of studied samples was assessed. The suggested approach provided an estimation error of ~10–15% for optical parameters. Given the ease of both experimental and analytical implementation of this technique, it can find applications for quantitative analysis of the optical properties of biological tissues, where “classical” SFDI is hard to implement. The major benefit is the possibility to implement the developed approach within endoscopes.
  PubDate: 2022-12-18
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040509
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Cell Viability in Optical Tweezers: A Mini-Review
- Authors: Herbert Schneckenburger
  First page: 040510
  Abstract: Optical tweezers are based on a transfer of momentum from laser photons to a transparent particle and are often applied to hold, move or manipulate single living cells. This paper discusses up to which light dose irradiance can be regarded as non-phototoxic, summarizes some possible applications, and describes experimental setups, which might fulfil these requirements.
  PubDate: 2022-12-21
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040510
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Combined Monte Carlo and k-Wave Simulations for Reconstruction of Blood
Oxygen Saturation in Optoacoustics: A Pilot Study
- Authors: Valeriya Perekatova, Daria Kurakina, Aleksandr Khilov, Mikhail Kirillin
  First page: 040511
  Abstract: Optoacoustic (OA) imaging of biological tissues is a modern technique allowing for three-dimensional blood oxygen saturation mapping based on OA spectroscopy data. Since biological tissues are optically inhomogeneous and the spatial distribution of optical parameters within a biological tissue is a priori unknown, Monte Carlo simulation technique is traditionally used to estimate the distribution of probing illumination within tissues in quantitative OA reconstruction. Currently, machine learning techniques are actively employed for reconstructing 3D distribution of blood oxygen saturation or estimating optical properties of biological tissues based on training datasets. In this paper, systemic calculations of synthetic OA images of a medium with embedded vessel-like structures were performed to create a training dataset for machine learning employing combined application of the Monte Carlo technique for direct solution of optical problem and difference-space pseudo-spectral approach implemented through k-Wave Toolbox calculations for the acoustical part. The calculations were performed for probing wavelengths of 532 nm, 658 nm and 1064 nm, which are commonly employed in spectral OA imaging. Simulated OA data for different orientation, diameter and embedding depth of blood vessels allows analyzing the effect of these parameters on the formation of OA image and the reconstruction of blood oxygen saturation. The ratio of OA signals corresponding to probing wavelengths of 658 nm and 1064 nm was employed for simple reconstruction of blood oxygen saturation in silico for different vessel geometries with the precision of < 3–15% for the most of blood vessels diameters and embedding depths and the range of blood oxygen saturation values ≥ 0.8. The obtained set of synthetic OA data has high potential as a training set for employment in machine learning techniques aiming at mapping blood oxygenation based on spectral OA data.
  PubDate: 2022-12-24
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040511
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Comparative Analysis of Methods of Laser Doppler Flowmetry and Doppler
Ultrasound Measurement of Blood Flow during the Procedure of Intermittent
Pneumatic Compression
- Authors: Konstantin V. Mashkov, Andrey D. Usanov, Rustyam G. Chabbarov, Anatoly V. Skripal
  First page: 040512
  Abstract: The results of the analysis of microcirculation of the blood flow of the toe and ultrasound Doppler measurement of blood flow in the femoral artery during the intermittent pneumatic compression procedure are presented. A professional device “Doctor Life Mark 400” (South Korea) was used for the pressotherapy procedure. Microcirculation was measured using a portable laser Doppler flowmeter “LAZMA PF” (Russia). Ultrasonic Dopplerograms were obtained using the device “Edan U50” (China) with a linear sensor model L15-7b with a frequency in pulsed Doppler mode (PW) 7.2 MHz. The study involved a group of 11 subjects without identified vascular disorders, the age of the group was from 23 to 42 years. The method of calculating the average speed and volume of blood flow over the period of the cardiac cycle was used for ultrasound Dopplerograms. Arterial resistance was evaluated, which was compared with the dynamics of perfusion in the limb. In the studies, approximately half of the test subjects had an increase in perfusion of the microcirculatory bed and a decrease in resistance of arterial vessels. At the same time, with an increase in the perfusion of the microcirculatory bed, a decrease in the resistance of arterial vessels was observed.
  PubDate: 2022-12-24
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040512
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)
Thermography of Whole Blood during Laser Heating through Bare Fiber
- Authors: Natalia Yu. Ignatieva, Olga L. Zakharkina, Alexander P. Sviridov
  First page: 040513
  Abstract: The dynamics of temperature fields in whole blood during the action of continuous-wave (CW) laser radiation with wavelengths of 0.97, 1.56, and 1.68 µm for the temperature range up to 600 ºC were studied. On the blood heating thermograms four characteristic stages differing in the heating rate were distinguished. Comparison of the obtained thermograms with the data of differential scanning calorimetry of blood and its thermogravimetry with mass spectrometry of released gases made it possible to attribute these stages as the temperature rises to protein denaturation and aggregation of blood cells, formation of coagulates, and carbonization of organic blood components coagulate and burning carbon. It has been established that the duration of separate stages of laser blood heating is determined mainly by the wavelength and power of laser radiation. The results obtained may be useful for the development of automated laser systems for the obliteration of varicose veins and other vascular tissues.
  PubDate: 2022-12-27
  DOI: 10.18287/JBPE22.08.040513
  Issue No: Vol. 8, No. 4 (2022)