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- The ABC Model of Positive Feelings: A Preliminary Test
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Abstract: Abstract According to the ABC model of positive feelings, responding to positive activating events with irrational beliefs will result in dysfunctional positive feelings. Evidencing the role of irrational beliefs in dysfunctional positive feelings may have important clinical implications. However, no study has tested this model. Here, we tested the ABC model of positive feelings based on the REBT model of emotion. 115 participants had to imagine eight anticipatory positive situations. Then they reported how vividly they imagined the situations, and what they would believe and feel if they were in each situation. After that, they completed a hypomania scale, a general measure of positive irrational beliefs, and a general measure of irrational beliefs about adverse events. Results showed that situational positive primary irrational beliefs mediate the effect of vividness of imagining positive situations on dysfunctional positive feelings (b = 2.436, 95% CI: LL = 1.314 to UL = 3.832) while situational preferences mediated the effect of positive events on functional positive feelings (b = 0.642, 95% CI: LL = 0.165 to UL = 1.209). Moreover, the effect of positive primary irrational beliefs on dysfunctional positive feelings was mediated by secondary positive irrational beliefs such as positive intolerance (b = 3.826, 95% CI: LL = 0. 370; to UL = 7.740), and extreme self-valuing (b = 1. 330, 95% CI: LL = 0.287 to UL = 2.471) but not by wonderfulizing (b = 0.061, 95% CI: LL = −3.337 to UL = 3.298). Finding support for the ABC model of positive feelings and showing the role of irrational beliefs in dysfunctional and functional positive feelings may advance existing treatments for promoting mental health and reducing the disturbances of positive emotions.
PubDate: 2025-02-04
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00578-7
- Social Support and Flourishing Among Adolescents: The Multiple Mediating
Roles of Self-Compassion and Sense of Coherence-
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Abstract: Abstract Social support plays an important role in the flourishing of the adolescents. However, little is known about the roles of self-compassion and sense of coherence in this relationship. The main objective of the current study was to examine the associations between social support and flourishing, through serial mediation analysis that included self-compassion and sense of coherence. The participants consisted of 416 adolescents (Mage= 15.29, SD = 1.39). The study data were collected using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Sense of Coherence Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale for Youth, and the Flourishing Scale. The results revealed a positive correlation between social support, self-compassion, sense of coherence, and flourishing. In addition, the serial mediating role of self-compassion and sense of coherence between social support and flourishing was accepted. Bootstrap analysis confirmed that the direct and indirect effects were significant. The study findings put forth that social support increases flourishing through self-compassion and sense of coherence.
PubDate: 2025-02-04
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00576-9
- Does a Group CBT-Course for Depressed Youth also Reduce Aggression'
Results from a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial-
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Abstract: Abstract Aggression and depression are two of the most common forms of psychosocial difficulties in adolescents. High prevalence and disabling effects stress the need for more cost-effective interventions. Studies show that the two difficulties are closely linked regarding comorbidity, risk factors, consequences and theoretical background, making it interesting to investigate whether an intervention targeting one of them could also reduce the other. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the association between aggression and depression and to investigate whether a treatment that has been found effective in reducing depression—“Adolescents coping with depression course” (ACDC), a group-based cognitive behavioural intervention-, could also reduce aggression, either directly, or indirectly via reducing depression. The data came from a randomized control trial, with a pre- post- and follow-up longitudinal design. In total 228 youth participated in the study, of which 133 received the ACDC-intervention and 95 received usual care. Correlation analysis showed that aggression and depression were associated at all time points. Structural equation modelling showed that the intervention did have neither direct nor indirect effect on aggression. Our conclusion is that future CBT interventions with a primary aim to reduce depression might have to design intervention components that are more directly targeted toward aggression if also this potential comorbid difficulty should be addressed. Previous studies have found higher levels of comorbid aggression among depressed boys than girls. Few boys in our sample may thereby have reduced statistical power to detect potential influences on aggression. Trial Registration: ISRCTN registry ISRCTN19700389. Registered 6 October 2015. Full Protocol: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0954-y
PubDate: 2025-02-04
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00579-6
- REBT and the Treatment of Emotional Disturbance Related to Estrangement
from Adult Children-
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Abstract: Abstract It is not uncommon for parents to experience estrangement from their adult children. While therapeutic techniques exist to assist in the reunification of these strained relationships, many parent-child relationships will, unfortunately, never reconcile. REBT is an effective therapeutic modality for the treatment of individuals experiencing emotional disturbance (often feelings of guilt, shame, and anger) related to their adult children’s decision to sever contact. The teaching of unconditional self-acceptance, unconditional acceptance of the family member who has decided to sever contact, and the disputation of rigid and extreme attitudes related to their estrangement make it a practical therapeutic approach for individuals experiencing the loss of desired contact with their family members.
PubDate: 2025-02-04
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-025-00580-7
- Hope and Loneliness Between Social Support and Resilience: Parallel
Mediator Model-
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Abstract: Abstract Psychological resilience is the capacity of individuals to adapt to stress, trauma and adversity, and this process is based on the interaction of biological, psychosocial, ecological and cultural systems as well as individual characteristics. In addition, this multidimensional approach emphasizes that resilience depends not only on individual capacities but also on environmental and social supports. Therefore, the research aims to look at the mediating role of hope and loneliness between social support and psychological resilience. 309 female university students between the ages of 18–23 participated in the study. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to test the mediation dimension of the research data. According to the results, a parallel mediating role of hope and loneliness was found between social support and psychological resilience. In the model, it was observed that hope increased with the increase in social support, loneliness decreased and thus psychological resilience increased. Strengthening social support networks increases the psychological resilience of individuals by reducing loneliness while instilling hope in individuals. It is important in terms of resilience to carry out activities that increase the social support of individuals faced with problems.
PubDate: 2024-12-25
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00575-w
- Client Factors Influencing Adherence to Homework in Psychotherapy:
Findings from a Tertiary Care Setting in India-
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Abstract: Background Homework adherence (HWA) plays a crucial role in predicting psychotherapy outcomes. However, there is limited research on factors that impact homework adherence. This study employs a social cognitive framework to examine client variables and predictors impacting homework adherence among individuals undergoing individual psychotherapy. Method Using a cross-sectional design, 94 adults (aged 18–60 years) seeking treatment from an outpatient clinical services unit at a mental health center, were recruited. Participants completed the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSRQ), Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), Barriers to CBT Homework Completion Scale, and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC). Therapists rated Homework Compliance Scale (HCS). Correlations between self-regulation, self-efficacy, perceived barriers, locus of control, and homework adherence were examined. Median regression (MR) analysis was utilized to identify predictors of homework adherence. Results Homework adherence was positively correlated with both self-efficacy (p < 0.01) and self-regulation (p < 0.05). There was no significant relationship between the subscales of the locus of control measure and homework adherence. Patient-related perceived barriers and overall barriers were significantly negatively correlated with HWA (p < 0.01). Patient-related and therapy/task-related perceived barriers to HWA were negatively correlated with self-efficacy (p < 0.01) and self-regulation ((p < 0.01). Self-efficacy was a significant predictor of homework adherence. Conclusions Social cognitive factors linked to homework adherence are often overlooked in psychotherapy research. Our findings highlight the role of addressing self-efficacy beliefs and self-regulation and addressing perceived barriers to improve homework adherence and engagement, and thereby treatment outcomes.
PubDate: 2024-12-04
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00566-x
- Introducing Dialectical Core Schemas Theory through Mediation Models
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Abstract: Abstract Contemporary schema theories state that schema formation relies on early maladaptive experiences regarding the frustration of core emotional needs in childhood and adolescence. However, within a broad schema perspective on human emotion and cognition, it is plausible to assume that individuals may also develop adaptive schemas based on adaptive relational experiences. Despite recent studies addressing positive schemas, a clear theoretical articulation between maladaptive and adaptive core schemas is lacking. In this sense, the present paper introduces the notion of the Dialectical Core Schemas, based on empirical data. One hundred and seventy-four participants (Mage = 22.6, SD = 9.4) fulfilled self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional design. Correlational data showed that adaptive core self and other schemas were positively correlated with wellbeing, while maladaptive core self and other schemas were negatively correlated with wellbeing and positively correlated with symptomatology. Adaptive and maladaptive core self-schemas mediated the relationship between psychological well-being and symptomatology. Results partially support theoretical claims showing that individuals may hold simultaneously adaptive and maladaptive core schemas about the self and others. Oppositional schemas may be framed in dialectical poles suggesting that schema activation may be dimensional rather than categorical. Implications regarding developmental perspectives, case conceptualization, and clinical decision-making are discussed.
PubDate: 2024-12-04
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00569-8
- Multiple Mediation of Optimism and Self-Esteem in the Relationship between
Irrational Beliefs and Subjective Well-Being-
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Abstract: Abstract The existence of a significant relationship between irrational beliefs and various mood disorders has been proved by previous research within the literature on irrational beliefs. However, there are a limited number of studies on the relationship between irrational beliefs and positive variables of positive psychology and mental health. This study examines the mediation of optimism and self-esteem in the relationship between irrational beliefs, specifically demandingness beliefs, and subjective well-being in adolescents. The study group comprises 235 students, including 137 female (58.3%) and 98 male students (41.7%). They were between 14-19-year-old (M = 16.14, SD = 1.10). The Irrational Beliefs Scale for Adolescents, The Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Adolescents, The Life Orientation Test, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and The Personal Information Form were used to collect data. The data were analyzed through Pearson correlation analysis, mediation analysis with Ordinary Least Squares regression, and Bootstrap. The findings reveal that optimism and self-esteem mediate the relationship between demandingness beliefs and subjective well-being. Among the mediators, optimism has a stronger mediation effect on the variables than self-esteem. The findings are discussed, and suggestions are offered for further research and practitioners.
PubDate: 2024-12-04
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00574-x
- Perfectionism and Suicidal Ideation in Outpatient Depressed Adults: The
Moderating Role of Self-Esteem, Loneliness and Rumination-
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Abstract: Introduction Identifying factors that contribute to the development of suicidal ideation (SI) is crucial for prevention and treatment. Perfectionistic Concerns (PC) represent the experience of external pressure to be perfect and have been consistently linked to SI, but it is unclear how PC and SI are associated in depressed adults. This study examined the association between PC and SI and whether self-esteem, loneliness and rumination (brooding, reflection and depression-related rumination) moderated this association in a clinical sample. Methods This cross-sectional study used a psychiatric outpatient sample of depressed adults, selected for the presence of SI. In total 110 adults (mean age 33.54 (SD = 12.03) and 60% female) participated in this study. Associations were estimated by regression analyses. Results PC was not associated with SI in the sample (r = .16, p = .087). However, high levels of PC in combination with low self-esteem (β = -.29, p = .007) or with high levels of depression-related rumination (β = .22, p = .017) were positively associated with SI. Loneliness, brooding and reflection did not moderate the PC-SI relationship. Discussion These findings underline the importance of taking into account the individual characteristics in depressed, perfectionistic individuals when estimating SI severity and selecting the focus of intervention. Due to the cross-sectional design no causal inferences can be made.
PubDate: 2024-12-04
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00568-9
- Correction: An Emotional Skills Intervention for Elementary Children with
Autism in China: A Pilot Study-
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PubDate: 2024-12-01
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00547-0
- What Does my Anxiety Look Like' A Thematic Analysis of the Impact of a
Single Session Imagery Technique on Emotional Issues-
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Abstract: Abstract Anxiety is one of the main emotional issues that has grown over the last few years. It is characterized by emotional overreaction to threatening situations that are experienced as frightening and emotionally. Unmanageable. In particular, COVID-19 emergencies lead to impairments in Quality of Life and mental well-being due to severe distress and the fear of getting sick or dying. A guided imagery technique can reportedly reduce emotional issues, anxiety in particular. We sought to determine the cognitive representation of anxiety in a sample of the general population. Moreover, we explored the emotional experience of a recorded guided imagery in reducing participants’ anxiety. Thirty-four participants answered ad hoc questions before and after the psychological tool. Findings were analyzed in accordance with the qualitative thematic analysis procedure, emerging three themes and nine related sub-themes. Firstly, participants reported various main colors and shapes, with a notable emphasis on dark tones and symbols, such as triangles. Second, body and mind are the two main sub-themes as benefits perceived during the imagery technique experiences. Lastly, participants evidenced body, emotions, cognitions, and anxiety management improvements as benefits in a long time. Future directions for practical implication.
PubDate: 2024-12-01
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00545-2
- The Experience of Being Emotionally Maltreated and Self-regulatory
Strategies in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: Pathways to Depressive
Symptoms-
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Abstract: Abstract The contribution of childhood emotional maltreatment to depressive symptoms has been well-established in previous research. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research examining the potential role of emotional and cognitive self-regulatory strategies used by individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder to cope with unpleasant experiences. This study aimed to investigate the effects of childhood emotional maltreatment on depressive symptoms in a sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 300), with a specific focus on the mediating role of self-regulatory strategies, including experiential avoidance, cognitive avoidance, and emotional suppression. Participants completed various measures, including the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, the Emotion Regulation Scale, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. The results revealed that childhood emotional maltreatment had a significant direct effect on depressive symptoms, while controlling for the severity of the disease. Furthermore, experiential avoidance was identified as a significant mediator, while cognitive avoidance and emotional suppression did not show any significant mediation effects. These findings suggest that individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder who have experienced emotional maltreatment during childhood may employ ineffective coping mechanisms, which could potentially contribute to the development of depressive symptoms. Hence, when addressing depressive symptoms in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder, it is crucial to consider their experience of childhood maltreatment and the strategies they use in order to effectively manage their distressing encounters, illness, and associated clinical consequences.
PubDate: 2024-12-01
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00552-3
- Cognitive Control and Flexibility to Happiness: Distress Tolerance and
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation as Serial Mediators-
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Abstract: Abstract Happiness is a positive construct that includes individual, interrelated cognitive and emotional components and is the pursuit of human nature. In this study, serial multiple mediation analysis was performed to test the hypothetical model that addresses distress tolerance and difficulties in emotion regulation as serial mediators in the relationship between cognitive control and flexibility, and happiness. The participants were 315 Turkish individuals from 34 cities in Türkiye. The structural equation modeling revealed that both distress tolerance and difficulties in emotion regulation have a full serial mediator role in the relationships between cognitive control and flexibility, and happiness. Limitations and future research suggestions are discussed.
PubDate: 2024-12-01
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00540-7
- Characteristics of Patients in Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) Who
Have Difficulties in Emotion Regulation-
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Abstract: Abstract Disturbances in emotion regulation among opioid users receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) was reported in a few small studies. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of patients in MMT with impaired emotion regulation. We studied a cross-sectional sample of 121 patients by means of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Data on clinical, sociodemographic and addiction variables were reviewed, including results of random observed urine testing for opioids, alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, and benzodiazepine (BDZ). The prevalence of a high DERS score (> 90) was 39%. Characteristics associated with high DERS scores (logistic regression model) were benzodiazepine misuse and 20 years of opioid use before admission to MMT. Among the subscales, IMPULSE and STRATEGIES were independently related to substance use (logistic regression). Greater cocaine usage was also more prevalent only in univariate analyses. The DERS score correlated inversely with years of education among patients with negative urine test. The DERS subscale score for AWARENESS was lower in females than in males as among patients with suicide attempts or involvement in physical violence. Since the IMPULSE and STRATEGIES scores predict drug use, these aspects of emotional regulation should be targeted first in third-wave cognitive-behavioral intervention in MMT.
PubDate: 2024-12-01
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00562-1
- Metacognitive Awareness as the Predictor of Positive Self-Critical
Rumination, Personal Best Goals (PBs), and Language Achievement-
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Abstract: Abstract The present research scrutinized the nexus between English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners’ metacognitive awareness (MCA), personal best goals (PBs), the positive dimension of self-critical rumination (PSCR) and language achievement (LA) via a quantitative approach. To accomplish this aim, 526 EFL students studying at different private English institutes and a university were asked to take part in a questionnaire survey and fill in three questionnaires. The first questionnaire was L2 Self-Critical Rumination Questionnaire (Ghanizadeh & Jahedizadeh, forthc.). It included 11 items and evaluated positive and negative metacognitions. In this study, positive metacognition was employed. To measure the metacognitive awareness in this study, the scale developed by Schraw and Dennison (1994) was used. It comprised 52 statements measuring two broad classifications of knowledge of cognition (two subcomponents), and regulation of cognition (five subcomponents). To measure student PB goals, the Persian version of ‘Personal Best Goals Scale’ developed by Martin (2006) and translated to Persian and validated by Najafzadeh et al. (2019) was considered. The 16 statements that made up the personal best scale assessed challenging goals, specific goals, competitively self-referenced goals, and self-improvement goals. The results computed via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) demonstrated that MCA positively predicted PSCR (β = 0.45, t = 6.05), PB (β = 0.51, t = 6.48), and LA (β = 0.61, t = 7.87). A further finding was that both PB (β = 0.63, t = 8.08) and PSCR (β = 0.31, t = 3.18) positively predicted LA. Taken together, the highest impact on LA was exerted by PB, followed by MCA. The association between the subscales of MCA and PB demonstrated that the highest correlation is between MCA and information management strategies (r = 0.71, p < 0.05) followed by monitoring (r = 0.70, p < 0.05), planning (r = 0.69, p < 0.05), and evaluation (r = 0.67, p < 0.05). The outcomes of this study can be significant for teachers, education policymakers, and material developers. They should understand that enhancing metacognitive awareness helps students be more mindful in their learning and set more ideal goals, resulting in greater academic achievement.
PubDate: 2024-12-01
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00548-z
- Can REBT Reduce Academic Stress and Increase Adjustment in Rural
Students'-
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Abstract: Abstract As there are internal and external demands from students to actively engage in several activities in school settings, most of them feel bored, frustrated, and nonadaptive in responding to those demands. This has increased the high prevalence of school maladjustment and academic stress in students, especially among minority groups and rural populations. Based on this, we investigated the impact of rational emotive behaviour therapy on academic stress and school adjustment among students in rural inclusive schools. This study was implemented using a pretest–posttest control group design. After obtaining permission for the study, 94 students who provided consent, participated in the study. These students were randomly assigned to two arms, treated, and assessed three times using two dependent measures. A multivariate statistic was used to test the effect of the intervention on the dependent variables. The results showed a significant effect of the rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) group on academic stress management among students. It also showed no significant effect of the REBT group in improving academic adjustment among students the result reveals that gender is not a significant moderator of academic stress management and school adjustment in schools and no significant interaction effect of group and gender. In conclusion, the application of REBT is useful and beneficial in managing academic stress among the rural student population and calls for advancement. Unlike academic stress, REBT does not have a significant impact in improving school adjustment among rural students.
PubDate: 2024-12-01
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00539-0
- The Impact of COVID-19 on Psychological Adjustment Problems: The Mediating
Roles of Meaning in Life and Resilience-
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Abstract: Abstract While the number of COVID-19 cases has significantly decreased, its lasting effects persist, posing a continued threat to global mental health and well-being. The aftermath of the pandemic raises concerns about psychological adaptation, meaning in life, and resilience among individuals. This study investigated the potential impact of COVID-19 on psychological adjustment problems and explored the mediating roles of meaning in life and resilience in this relationship. The study involved a sample of 481 general publics from Turkey, with 53.8% of participants identifying as male, and ages ranging from 18 to 70 years (M = 26.63, SD = 6.50). Using an online survey, participants completed the self-reported measures of COVID-19 impact, meaning in life, resilience, and psychological adjustment problems. The findings revealed that the COVID-19 impact significantly predicted levels of meaning in life, resilience, and psychological adjustment problems. Also, meaning in life and resilience emerged as significant predictors of psychological adjustment problems. Notably, the mediation effects of meaning in life and resilience in the relationship between COVID-19 impact and psychological adjustment problems were statistically significant. These results suggest that the COVID-19 influence may reduce levels of meaning in life and resilience, ultimately leading to increased psychological adjustment problems. These findings have implications for highlighting the importance of incorporating strength-based approaches in guidelines and interventions aimed at promoting positive psychological health in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
PubDate: 2024-12-01
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00550-5
- Spanish Adaptation of the Social Worries Questionnaire (SWQ): A Tool to
Assess Social Anxiety in Preadolescent Children-
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Abstract: Abstract Social anxiety may appear during preadolescence, causing children to worry and avoid situations where they may be evaluated by others. Previous studies have shown that about 4% of preadolescents present clinically elevated levels of social anxiety, which is related to the later onset of other problems. Therefore, it becomes necessary to have available screening measures, with few items, that assess the different social situations that elicit anxiety, as is the case of the Social Worries Questionnaire (SWQ). The objective of this study was to adapt and assess the psychometric properties of the SWQ in Spanish preadolescent children. The sample was composed of 218 children aged 8 to 12 years (54.1% boys). The SWQ, along with other measures of depression, anxiety and self-concept, were online administered to children. An item addressing videoconference anxiety was added to the SWQ. Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, a one-factor structure composed of 14 items demonstrated favorable fit indices. The results indicate evidence of concurrent and discriminant validity, good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.81; ordinal α = 0.87) and moderate-to-good test-retest stability. Despite some limitations, the Spanish adaptation of the SWQ shows good psychometric properties and enables the assessment of social anxiety generalization to several situations. The questionnaire can be a valuable self-reported tool for detecting risk cases and guiding the treatment in clinical settings.
PubDate: 2024-12-01
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00546-1
- Correction: A Study on the Determinants of Undergraduates’
Procrastination: Social Addiction, Negative Emotion as Mediators and
Mindfulness as Moderator-
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PubDate: 2024-07-13
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00557-y
- An Exploratory Analysis of Vengeful Episodes in Prisoners
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Abstract: Abstract Revenge is a retaliatory behavior following a perceived harm to one’s well-being. It can take the form of passive aggression, verbal aggression, physical aggression, and extreme violence. In fact, revenge is related to homicides, school shootings, and bombings. Despite the need to understand revenge, there is a dearth of research examining its different components, thus making it difficult to prevent and treat. Even less is known about revenge among prisoners, which is especially concerning given their propensity for aggression. Much of the research on revenge focuses on undergraduate students and the general population. As such, it is important to understand vengeful experiences among prisoners. In this study, 184 participants were recruited from a federal prison in California to complete the trait anger scale, general questions about revenge, questions about incident reports, and a specific vengeful experience. In terms of the specific vengeful experience, participants answered questions about their triggers, cognitions during the event, what they did, their emotions prior to and after engaging in revenge, the intensity of their urges, and outcomes. Anger was the most frequent of the listed emotions experienced at the time of the provocation (69%), and demandingness was the most frequent irrational belief reported about the provocation (56.5%). Additionally, many participants reported positive, short-term outcomes after taking revenge, but reported negative long-term outcomes. Treatment implications for working with prisoners and revenge are discussed, including the importance of using a cost-benefit analysis and challenging demandingness.
PubDate: 2024-06-02
DOI: 10.1007/s10942-024-00555-0
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