Abstract: Objective: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has as diagnostics characteristics chronic deep sadness, anhedonia, sleeping disorder, lower energy, and cognition impairment like memory deficits. Among the pharmacological treatments that have been used until the moment, most of them act by monoaminergic pathways. Overall, the antidepressant effects promoted by this kind of medication usually delay starting, resulting in treatment resistance by the patients; moreover, in some cases, this kind of treatment has shown to be inefficient in depression remission. With this, new treatments have been studied for resistant cases and an immediate antidepressant effect, for example, ketamine – whose action occurs in glutamatergic pathways. This study aimed to analyze, from a literature review, the molecular mechanisms involved in the action of ketamine - focusing on the neuroplastic hypothesis of depression. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, and SciELO databases using the following terms as descriptors: "ketamine AND depression AND neuroplasticity," with criterion PICO, resulting in 60 bibliographic texts. Results/discussion: The studies analyzed demonstrated that ketamine could exert its antidepressant effects through the inhibition of GABAergic interneurons, activation of TRK-B/AKT/mTORC pathways involved with cell survival/growth through the neurotrophine BDNF and increased activation of AMPAr by glutamate. Furthermore, it is evident that the pharmacodynamics of ketamine involves different molecular cascades present in the impaired neural plasticity pathways in individuals with MDD. Conclusion: Thus, more research on the effectiveness of ketamine is needed to consolidate its use in MDD and to evolve with glutamatergic pharmacological therapy for other mental disorders, such as bipolar and neurodegenerative affective disorders, an example of Alzheimer's disease. PubDate: 28 Mar, 2023
Abstract: A recently developed Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT)-based process has been used to understand and explore the nature of spirituality and spiritual experience and its healing characteristics. Experiences of self-worth and dignity (both are operationalized) as the core of spirituality are directly injured by bullying with resultant depression and anxiety. Bullying experiences with progression to actively bullying are devastating to our spiritual core and undermine fundamental faith in self, others and life. This level of injury is often not recognized by many bullying programs. This preliminary communication is presented for researchers in these areas to consider how this process may be used for further research and prevention and intervention efforts. PubDate: 17 May, 2023
Abstract: Bipolar disorder is a chronic illness, defined by a succession of depressive and/or manic periods separated by free intervals. Its evolution with aging is marked by a high suicide mortality rate. Bipolar disorders raise the question of their evolution when the age of the subject, in particular with regard to their frequency, their clinical characteristics, their prognosis and their management. The evolution of bipolar disorder with aging poses several difficulties in clinical practice due to its underestimated frequency and its misleading presentation and in particular by the presence of sometimes significant cognitive alterations leading sometimes to dementia. PubDate: 17 Mar, 2023
Abstract: Mental health is one of the 3 essential health columns which is defined according to WHO as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity". Depression is one of the most common mental health. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), depression is defined as at least two weeks period with either or both depressed mood most of the time or anhedonia with 3 to 4 of the following (change of appetite, feeling of worthlessness, insomnia, diminished of concentration, psychomotor agitation, fatigue, or thought of death or suicide) and should not be attributed to drugs or another medical condition. PubDate: 13 Apr, 2023
Abstract: The success of a patient's rehabilitation depends greatly on many variables. Stroke survivors are often not sufficiently or fully aware of their mental health condition, and as a result are unresponsive, frustrated, and have difficulty with executive functions. The aim was to investigate the effect of the "Golden Circle" cognitive exercise on the quality of life of post-stroke patients.The subjects were 30 volunteers at a subacute stage after an ischemic stroke. They were randomly allocated to either an experimental group (n = 15) or a control group (n = 15). Quality of life questionnaire and Visual Analogue Scale administered. They were asked to draw a circle on a blank A4 page and at the top to write a title, and within the circle to write their problems, their suggested solutions and to intuitively write associations to a color, a taste, an animal, and a general physical sensation, and below these the date.Following the intervention experimental group showed improvement in walking, standing up, daily activities and general quality of life.Using the "Golden Circle" exercise to improve self-awareness and motivation in stroke survivors contributes to coping and taking responsibility for their rehabilitation. PubDate: 09 May, 2023
Abstract: Hysteria still exists, even if this stigmatizing term has been abandoned in favor of more descriptive terms (dissociative disorders, conversion disorders, functional disorders), and represents a frequent and disabling pathology. Even if in some situations, the establishment of a definitive diagnosis remains difficult, more and more clinical and paraclinical signs are developing to help in the diagnosis and the error rate is low. Thus, the clinician must currently make a positive diagnosis of conversion and no longer, as unfortunately often in the past, confine himself to evoking by default such a possibility in the face of an atypical picture accompanied by an extensive negative paraclinical assessment. The most probable etiology concerns triggering factors of a psychiatric nature (traumatic episode or psychic stress, vulnerability with a field of abuse in childhood, comorbidity of anxio-depressive disorders), which can, in turn, lead to changes in brain function, the exact neurobiological correlate of which remains to be determined, even if many leads have recently been suggested by brain imaging. The care of these patients requires an in-depth and specialized examination, if possible, with the help of a neurologist, then psychiatric care, combined with somatic follow-up. In the future, a better understanding of the etiological mechanisms will make it possible to develop more specific treatments. PubDate: 29 Mar, 2022
Abstract: Objective: It is a systematic review on the COVID-19 and its post complication by using pulmonary rehabilitation as an intervention. This review paper aims at collecting, focusing, and presenting the current evidence and information on pulmonary rehabilitation to patients with COVID-19 and also its effect upon the HRQoL, ADL and mental health. Design: It is a systematic review, where 3756 studies were searched on the web of science, Scopus, PubMed, PEDro, and google scholar. published from 18th Jan 2020-19th Sep 2020. We searched the reference lists of selected studies, registries, international clinical trials, and respiratory conference abstracts to look for qualifying studies. Selection criteria; Randomised controlled trial, case reports, cohort and cross-sectional studies in which pulmonary rehabilitation as an intervention in COVID-19 patients and its effect on the HRQoL, ADL and mental anxiety depression health were included.Result: Eleven, out of 3765 studies were included, consisting of 4 RCTs, 4, cross-sectional, 2 case reports, and one cohort the studies evaluated effects of PR on HQoL, ADL, mental health, anxiety, and depression. In COVID-19 patients. The 11 studies included evaluated HQoL, ADL and mental health. among these Four studies reported using SF-36, IE (impact of the event) scale, and VAS. Three studies evaluated ADL through the FIM scale and Barthel index. Five studies evaluated mental health, depression, and anxiety using SDS (Self-Rating Depression Scale), SAS (Self-Rating Anxiety Scale), STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Scale), PHQ-9 (physical health questionnaire), MHLS(Mental Health Lifestyle Scale) and HADS(hospital anxiety and depression scale).Conclusion: The studies included in this systematic review showed that PR is an effective treatment option for patients with COVID-19, its post complications, and the effects upon HQoL, ADL, mental health, depression, and anxiety. There is a future need for more studies of a high methodological quality addressing PR effects on COVID-19 patients. Trial registration number: PROSPERO CRD42020209619. PubDate: 17 Mar, 2022
Abstract: Dental anxiety is associated with the thought or idea of seeing the dentist and undergoing dental procedures. Anxiety-associated problems in the dental setting include avoidance of appointments, inability to provide successful dental care, and delay in optimal recovery. Anxiolysis is important to the level of being mandatory for suitable administration of dental care. Since times immemorial, dentists have struggled to manage anxiety successfully by employing changing concepts and strategies over time. Pharmacological modalities to allay anxiety-like sedation and general anesthesia are popular yet associated with an added cost per patient, side effects, expensive armamentarium, documentation, and patient monitoring. Non-pharmacological modalities for anxiety management have been employed over time but have limited nature of success. The use of hypnosis as a therapeutic modality for healing and resolving anxiety is known for over five thousand years and has been a part of many cultures over time. Progressive Muscle Relaxation, which was documented first in 1908 is based on the principle of releasing neuromuscular tension in the body which creates a state of emotional equilibrium. In the present paper, an in-depth review of the techniques i.e. Hypnosis and Progressive Muscle Relaxation is provided from the perspective of a dental clinician from historical evolution to practical recommendations. Both Hypnosis and Progressive Muscle Relaxation hold promise to be adjunct tools in the modern dentist’s armamentarium to manage anxiety. PubDate: 07 Apr, 2022
Abstract: The increasing size of displaced populations seeking protection in third countries, should be considered in public health and especially in Psychotherapy in that countries. Refugees from the Middle East, usually from collective cultures, require special skills and modifications in the treatment setting. The cultural formulation (CF) of illness and suffering, as described in the recent version of medical standard manuals, is part of this challenge. Besides bridging cultures, the specific nature of trauma, especially highly complex issues such as a genocidal environment, - in our case example - the both transgenerational and the immediate persecution experienced by the Yazidi ethnic and religious minority - the therapist must also consider aspects of distress caused by displacement and exile. The article discusses the needed adaptations in the therapeutic setting, using the case of a Yezidi woman surviving ISIS violence abduction. Within the framework of our treatment, she received cognitive behavioral therapy with individual and group therapies (multimodal interventions) over a period of 10 weeks. Besides establishing stability, safety and orientation and strengthening her self-consciousness, her traumatic experiences were considered from an individual, collective, socio - cultural and political point of view. Both the causes and maintaining conditions of the symptoms as well as the symptoms themselves are being worked on. The sensitive confrontation with the trauma was particularly helpful for the patient. In addition, she learned to participate actively in everyday life and in new social contacts again during therapy. She was able to overcome the passive - avoidant lifestyle since the traumatic event in a somewhat stable manner, although she will still need time to develop a stable perspective in the long term. She was offered the prospect of renewed follow-up treatment if necessary. PubDate: 03 Oct, 2022
Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, incidence, and related variables of anxiety and depressive disorders among physical therapy students in Faisalabad's private institutes.Material and methodology: This is a cross-sectional study including medical students from the University of Faisalabad's Department of Physical Therapy. Using convenient sampling, 98 subjects were enrolled in the study after the ethics committee approved it. Questions about socio-demographic characteristics like gender, age, and parental education were included in the data collection tool. Descriptive results are represented in the form of Mean ± S.D. Chi-square test was applied for comparison of anxiety and depression with other variables. Checked significance at p-value 0.05.Results: Out of 98 participants, 63(64%) were male and 35(36%) were female. Out of 98 participants, 31(31.36%) were in age group pf 18-22 years, 39(39.79%) were in age group of 23-26 years and 28(27.57%) were in age group of 27-30 year. Average of age was 25.22 ± 2.19 years. Semester wise students included in the study out of 98 26.53% belonged to 2nd semester. 32.65% belonged to 4th semester and 40.85% belonged to 6th semester. After checking the association between variables and anxiety and depression significant difference were found between all variables with p-values less than 0.05.Conclusion: The study discovered high discomfort among physical therapy students. Furthermore, no significant gender variations in the incidence of anxiety and depression were found. Anxiety and depression have a significant societal and individual cost, including failure in clinical and written exams, medical dropouts, professionalism and personality development. PubDate: 02 Feb, 2022
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