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Abstract: The measurement tools of school bullying vary, and an instructive study identifying how to select the proper tool is needed. Based on the PRISMA, quantitative research literature on school bullying published from 1978 to 2021 through multiple online databases (i.e., WoS, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, ERIC, and CNKI) were searched. After conducting additional searches, a total of 75 tools were obtained. The specific content and psychometric properties (provided by original and follow-up studies) were then analyzed. Regarding the measurement content, 16 tools provided a definition of bullying, and 14 tools simultaneously measured all three components of “intention to harm”, “repetition”, and “power imbalance”. For the control of subjective explanatory bias, 19 tools present bullying-related terms to participants. As a key part of bullying measurement, a timeframe was set in 52 tools, ranging from “past month” to “past year”. Concerning the measurement method, 73 tools administer the measures by self-report, and peer-report (n = 8) and teacher-report (n = 5) are applied by some tools. Regarding psychometric properties, existing instruments demonstrated satisfactory in terms of internal consistency reliability (n = 75) but showed limitations due to their lack of content readability, criterion validity, and measurement invariance. In combination with specific research purposes, future research can select instruments based on the consideration of definition, components, terms, timeframe, reporter and the improving of the psychometric properties of tools. PubDate: 2023-06-01
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Abstract: The externalizing and internalizing behavioral impacts of parental incarceration on their children has been widely examined. However, understanding the breadth and depth of possible negative impacts on children at different developmental stages, and whether protective factors can be identified to offset such impacts, has been limited. This review systematically reviewed 57 articles and extended the developmental outcome to six key impact themes, with some articles identifying more themes than others: behavioral (n = 34), mental health (n = 26), social relationships (n = 17), academic performance (n = 17), substance use (n = 10), and short-term and long-term physical health (n = 6). To provide a global review, this study examined research across nations from Western to Eastern countries, consisting of 126,690 children and adolescents with incarcerated parents against 577,445 peers with no parents of such histories. Most children and adolescents exposed to parental incarceration are vulnerable to mental health impacts including anxiety, behavioral issues and school performance. The earlier the exposure to parental incarceration, the greater the risk of marijuana use, sexually transmitted infection and multiple partnerships in adolescence. These challenges often continue into emerging adulthood. This review found that the well-being of parents, positive family relationships and successful co-parenting can offset some adverse impacts. Future research lines and implications for preventive support to such children, adolescents and families are discussed. PubDate: 2023-06-01
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Abstract: Compulsive exercise commonly coexists with eating psychopathology. While the impact of sociocultural influences on disordered eating has been identified in young people, sociocultural influences on compulsive exercise are yet to be systematically synthesized. This systematic review therefore aimed to synthesize literature examining sociocultural influences from peers, family and media on compulsive exercise, to explore the potential importance of such influences on the development and maintenance of compulsive exercise in young people. A systematic literature search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines in PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases up to November 2021. Seven quantitative studies were included (five cross-sectional, two prospective). The review highlighted three key factors underpinning the relationship between sociocultural influences and compulsive exercise in young people: body-related messages from significant others, and unfavorable comparisons with, and pressure to conform to, body image ideals. The findings support the notion that compulsive exercise behaviors and attitudes can be socially determined. However, the limited research with young people necessitates further exploration of sociocultural influences on the development and onset of compulsive exercise in adolescence/young adulthood to develop robust conclusions. It is also crucial that research remains up to date with changing technological influences on exercise behaviors. PubDate: 2023-06-01
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Abstract: Future orientation is a key developmental task, and studies demonstrate that future-oriented adolescents display better adjustment. However, the state of evidence regarding the influence of future orientation within Latinx adolescent development specifically as well as the ways in which future orientation have been measured in studies of Latinx adolescents is unknown. A scoping review was conducted to a) assess how future orientation constructs have been operationalized in studies of Latinx youth and b) examine the effects of future orientation constructs in their academic achievement, risk behavior engagement, mental health, and health-promotive behaviors. The search yielded 2700 records, and 31 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed for full-text review. The studies examined dimensions of future orientation via a wide range of constructs as opposed to global future orientation. Additionally, future orientation constructs were promotive factors, buffers of risk, and key mechanisms in associations between Latinx youth’s cultural milieu and adjustment. This review underscores the need for greater consensus in the conceptualization of future orientation to improve its measurement, further research to discern the effects of future orientation constructs over the course of Latinx adolescents’ development, as well as studies that examine how future orientation constructs influence adjustment within their unique sociocultural contexts. PubDate: 2023-06-01
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Abstract: Differences in approaches used to deliver school-based mental health and wellbeing programs may be a key consideration for program effectiveness, yet this has not been considered in reviews and meta-analyses to date. Consistent with previous research, this systematic review of 47 studies found that wellbeing programs delivered in schools tended to show small effect sizes for mental health and wellbeing outcomes with effects often not sustained. The review considered the influence of various program factors on effectiveness, and consistent with previous findings, program-based factors like theoretical framework, program length, and session duration did not show reliable patterns for influencing effectiveness. In contrast, pedagogical factors aimed at increasing participant engagement (e.g., using student-centred and active learning approaches), appear more closely linked to improved mental health and wellbeing outcomes. This review has shown that universal programs can be effective in producing better mental health and wellbeing outcomes in secondary school settings when participant engagement is maximised. PubDate: 2023-06-01
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Abstract: Adolescence is a key period in shaping later delinquency trajectories. Qualitative studies provide a valuable complement to quantitative research by clarifying young offenders’ perceptions of risk and protective factors for delinquency. The present systematic review addresses a gap in the literature by summarizing the findings of recent qualitative studies of young offenders’ narratives concerning their life experiences and their contacts with the juvenile justice system. It also provides an overview of the various methodologies the 39 included studies used to collect and analyze these narratives. Results show that young people are capable of expressing and giving meaning to their life experiences. Although they frequently mentioned violent family backgrounds and difficulties in understanding criminal procedures as influencing their delinquent behaviors, they had varying opinions about the impact of substance abuse on these behaviors. This synthesis of research into young offenders’ perceptions of their experiences highlights the need to take into account these perceptions when designing interventions aimed at understanding, preventing, and responding to youth delinquency. PubDate: 2023-06-01
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Abstract: A lack of research exists about the development of disordered eating in adolescent males. A systematic review was undertaken with the primary aim of identifying psychosocial risk factors that are prospectively associated with the development of disordered eating attitudes and behavior in adolescent males. The review’s secondary aim was to appraise the appropriateness of the psychometric assessment measures used to identify those risk factors. Electronic databases Scopus (Elsevier), PsycINFO (EBSCO), PsycARTICLES, Medline (Ovid), Web of Science Core Collection and Pubmed (Thomson Reuters) were searched for prospective longitudinal research involving 11–19 year-old adolescents that was published between 2010 and 2022. Twenty-one publications met inclusion criteria and thirty-five factors including fourteen psychological factors, ten body appearance factors, four sociocultural factors, three familial and four peer factors were identified as prospectively associated with the development of disordered eating attitudes and behavior in male adolescents. The psychometric assessment measures used to identify those factors, together with the proportion of female respondents upon whose data the measures were based, were critically appraised. Accurate assessment is imperative in generating reliable and valid research and informing clinical practice. Existing female-centric psychometric assessments normed predominantly on female participants may not be appropriate for use with adolescent males. PubDate: 2023-05-26
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Abstract: There is growing evidence that adolescents in high socioeconomic status groups may be at increased risk for some mental health concerns. This scoping review aims to synthesize empirical literature from 2010 to 2021 on mental health concerns and help-seeking behaviors among this adolescent group. Six comprehensive electronic databases yielded 1316 studies that were systematically reviewed in Covidence to identify relevant research. PRISMA-ScR analysis was used. Eighty-three studies met the eligibility requirements. NVivo was employed for coding, data extraction, and analysis. Key findings suggest substance use, in particular, alcohol, is the main mental health concern among adolescents in high socioeconomic status groups. Other main mental health concerns were externalizing and risk behaviors, bullying, depression, anxiety and stress. These concerns were shown to be influenced by parents, peers, school, and neighborhood contextual factors. Three emerging subgroups were identified as being at higher risk of mental health concerns among adolescents in high socioeconomic status groups. Specifically, adolescents residing in boarding schools, those with high subjective social status (e.g., popular) or low academic performance. Being pressured by parents to perform well academically was identified as a risk-factor for substance use, depression and anxiety. Albeit limited, areas explored for help-seeking behaviors centered on formal, semi-formal and informal support. Further research examining multi-level socioeconomic status factors and mental health concerns and help-seeking behaviors are urgently needed to inform appropriate interventions for this under-represented group. PubDate: 2023-05-22
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Abstract: Cyberbullying is an increasingly problematic psychosocial health risk, particularly in youth. Electroencephalography (EEG) is commonly utilized to investigate the potential effects of social behaviors on brain activity. Hence, the current paper provides a systematic review of EEG-related studies that have addressed cyberbullying-like behaviors. Initial searches from 4 databases returned 1150 unique articles, which were screened according to PRISMA guidelines. The 29 articles remaining after full text screening investigated online social exclusion, a method of cyberbullying. Across these studies, there was evidence of links between social exclusion and abnormalities in a range of event related potential (ERP) and EEG measures representative of deviance detection (“N2” ERP), response to detection (“P3” ERP), emotional attention (“late slow wave” ERP) and emotional regulation (“frontal theta” EEG). Meta-analysis demonstrated increased P3 and late slow wave amplitudes in response to social exclusion, as well as increases in frontal-medial theta power, particularly in child and adolescent samples. However, many studies had small sample sizes, and lacked longitudinal insight into the effects of recurrent ostracism on brain function. Future research should explore the effects of a broader range of cyberbullying behaviors on psychophysiology longitudinally, particularly in vulnerable populations such as adolescents. PubDate: 2023-05-22
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Abstract: What function does parental self-efficacy have for parenting behaviors and children’s adjustment, and what explains individual variations in parents’ self-efficacy' Parental self-efficacy involves parents’ beliefs about their influence on their children and this systematic review presents results from 35 empirical studies published between 2003 and 2022 among parents of school-aged children and adolescents. First, the studies in this review show a bi-directional association between parental self-efficacy and positive parenting, and some empirical evidence that parental self-efficacy influences children indirectly, via parenting. The few longitudinal studies examining associations between parental self-efficacy and child behaviors suggest that self-efficacy might emerge as a reaction to children’s behaviors. Second, many child, parent, and sociocultural factors were shown to predict parental self-efficacy (e.g., child gender and age, parents’ psychological well-being, and socio-economic status), and results suggest that these associations are similar across multiple countries and age groups. Finally, studies reporting on parental self-efficacy at different time points or a correlation between self-efficacy and the child’s age suggested that parental self-efficacy decreases over the school-age and adolescent period. This review shows the complex role of parental self-efficacy in associations with parent and child factors, and it also highlight questions to address for future research. PubDate: 2023-05-16
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Abstract: While there are a number of systematic reviews on school-based mental health programs, there appears to be heterogeneity in their overall findings and conclusions, possibly due to the tendency to combine evidence from primary school and high school programs. To investigate the evidence for the effectiveness of targeted (for specific groups) and universal (for all students) mental health programs delivered in secondary schools, a systematic review of systematic reviews was conducted. A systematic search for reviews published from 2015 included outcomes for depression and anxiety—the most common mental health conditions—and quality appraisal of original studies in majority secondary school settings. A total of 395 references were screened and 14 systematic reviews were included. Of reviews that were assessed in full, most were excluded for not clearly separating studies in secondary school settings from primary school settings. Findings were generally positive but heterogenous in terms of quality and long-term outcomes. Interventions were mainly based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), with results showing that targeted interventions are generally effective in the short-term for both anxiety and depression, while universal programs may be effective in some situations, typically in the short term and when programs were CBT-based; where reviews focused on universal resilience programs there were no significant effects. The overview shows a need for systematic reviews focused on secondary school settings, which consider contextual and individual factors that can influence the implementation and effectiveness of programs. PubDate: 2023-05-01
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Abstract: Emotion regulation is a powerful predictor of youth mental health and a crucial ingredient of interventions. A growing body of evidence indicates that the beliefs individuals hold about the extent to which emotions are controllable (emotion controllability beliefs) influence both the degree and the ways in which they regulate emotions. A systematic review was conducted that investigated the associations between emotion controllability beliefs and youth anxiety and depression symptoms. The search identified 21 peer-reviewed publications that met the inclusion criteria. Believing that emotions are relatively controllable was associated with fewer anxiety and depression symptoms, in part because these beliefs were associated with more frequent use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies. These findings support theoretical models linking emotion controllability beliefs with anxiety and depression symptoms via emotion regulation strategies that target emotional experience, like reappraisal. Taken together, the review findings demonstrate that emotion controllability beliefs matter for youth mental health. Understanding emotion controllability beliefs is of prime importance for basic science and practice, as it will advance understanding of mental health and provide additional targets for managing symptoms of anxiety and depression in young people. PubDate: 2023-04-29
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Abstract: Disadvantaged adolescents such as those of low socioeconomic and geographically remote backgrounds experience disproportionate chronic disease burden and tend to engage in greater risk behaviors including poor diet, alcohol use, tobacco smoking, and vaping. The social, structural, and economical barriers to health that uniquely affect adolescents of low socioeconomic and geographically remote backgrounds, such as stigma, access to and affordability of services, may partially explain their disadvantage in attaining health equity. Universal eHealth interventions can provide effective prevention, however, it is unclear whether they benefit disadvantaged adolescents, including those from low socioeconomic and geographically remote contexts. This study systematically reviewed the effectiveness of eHealth interventions targeting disadvantaged adolescents in preventing poor diet, alcohol use, tobacco smoking and vaping. Of 3278 identified records, 15 publications assessing 14 interventions were included, comprising 7170 youth (aged 9–18 years, 50.1% female, 56% low-mid SES, 33% remote). Nine interventions targeted poor diet, three targeted alcohol, one targeted tobacco, and one targeted alcohol and tobacco. No interventions targeted vaping. eHealth interventions significantly increased fruit and vegetable intake and percentage energy of nutrient-rich food, decreased sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, total energy intake, nutrient-poor food percentage energy consumption, and were associated with reduced binge drinking at 1-month follow-up among intervention completers. The findings of this study highlight that eHealth interventions can be effective in targeting poor diet and alcohol use among disadvantaged adolescents. However, due to the limited number of studies meeting inclusion criteria for this study, it is critical future research focus on developing and evaluating effective eHealth interventions targeting disadvantaged adolescents. PubDate: 2023-04-19
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Abstract: Youth have experienced an increase in mental health concerns and can be challenging to work with using traditional talk-based prevention and treatment options. This meta-analysis aimed to synthesize existing studies on the effectiveness of equine-assisted interventions with youth for psychosocial outcomes, such as internalizing and externalizing problems, adaptive efficacy, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms. Search and selection procedures involved screening 3525 records to yield 16 controlled studies published between 2009 and 2021 with 1009 participants. The results showed a statistically significant, homogenous, and medium effect for the overall effectiveness of equine interventions for improving overall psychosocial outcomes for youth (n = 16, d = .535, 95% CI [.345, .726], p < .001, I2 = 0.39). The results also showed similar statistically significant effects for externalizing problems, internalizing problems, and adaptive efficacy. However, the effectiveness of equine-assisted interventions for the self-esteem and depressive symptoms (when measured separately from internalizing problems) of youth was statistically non-significant. For self-esteem, the effects were heterogeneous, suggesting the studies may not be measuring the same effect. Future research on equine-assisted interventions for the mental health of youth should utilize designs with larger sample sizes, randomization and/or clear equivalence of comparison groups, a credible comparison treatment, complete and analyzable follow-up measurements, and adequate statistical analyses and reporting. PubDate: 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1007/s40894-023-00209-9
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Abstract: Youth sociopolitical action, which encompasses a broad range of behaviors to dismantle systems of oppression, is increasingly taking place on social media and digital platforms. This study presents the development and validation of a 15-item Sociopolitical Action Scale for Social Media (SASSM) through three sequential studies: in Study I, a scale was developed based on interviews with 20 young digital activists (Mage=19, 35% cis-gender women, 90% youth of color). In Study II, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) identified a unidimensional scale using a sample of 809 youth (Mage=17, 55.7% cis-gender women, 60.1% youth of color). In Study III, an EFA and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used to confirm the factor structure of a slightly modified set of items with a new sample of 820 youth (Mage=17, 45.9% cis-gender women, 53.9% youth of color). Measurement invariance testing was conducted by age, gender, racial and ethnic background, and immigrant identity, confirming full configural and metric invariance, and full or partial scalar invariance. The SASSM can further research on youths’ efforts to challenge oppression and injustice online. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40894-023-00208-w
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Abstract: Alterations in body representations (i.e., body image and body schema) are increasingly getting attention in clinical practice. Adolescents affected by idiopathic scoliosis experience body image dissatisfaction, and alterations in body schema have been suggested to be a consequence of the disease development. Although research has recognized the predisposing role of body representation disorders to psychopathologies, these aspects have been largely overlooked in this clinical population. This scoping review aims to establish the state of the art on the widely neglected aspects of body image and body schema disorders in adolescents affected by idiopathic scoliosis. PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and MEDLINE were consulted to select articles published between 2000 and 2021. Three independent reviewers identified 27 articles by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping review guidelines. Body image was assessed in 24 of the 27 studies. Body image disorders were reported, with more severe scoliosis cases showing higher body image dissatisfaction. Surgery seems to be the best approach to improve body image outcomes, but studies did not reveal clear associations between clinical measures of scoliosis severity (e.g., Cobb angle, hump height) and body image. Disorders of body schema have been reported, but the finding might have been biased by the paucity of studies on this aspect of body representations (4/27). This review highlighted the wide prevalence of psychological distress and body schema alterations among adolescents affected by idiopathic scoliosis; but it also revealed that both are disregarded and not properly evaluated. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40894-022-00187-4
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Abstract: Sexual minority adolescents’ disclosure of sexual identity to family plays a significant role in their identity development. Studies have identified various predictors of coming out to family, yet these findings have yet to be systematically integrated to identify gaps and directions of future research. The goal of this study was to conduct a systematic review of predictors of sexual minority adolescents’ and young adults’ disclosure to family about their sexual identity. Drawing upon an existing conceptual model of antecedents of disclosure of stigmatized identities to organize the findings, this review focused on individual characteristics and proximal (e.g., familial and social) and distal (e.g., historical) environmental factors that influence disclosure to family. A total of 35 empirical studies were included. Regarding individual factors, less internalized homonegativity and greater identification of sexual identity promoted disclosure. Among familial and social factors, positive family relationship quality and friend support predicted greater disclosure. Distal environmental factors included differences in the proportion of disclosure by historical periods. The findings highlight the important role of acceptance and visibility of sexual minorities within family and social environments in promoting youth’s disclosure of sexual identity to family. PubDate: 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40894-021-00177-y
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Abstract: The increasing prevalence of problematic internet use has heightened concerns about its adverse impact on internet users’ mental health. Despite reviews investigating the associations between problematic internet use and mental health outcomes, there is a lack of understanding of various aspects of students’ mental health. This study aimed to bridge this gap by providing a more comprehensive overall picture of this issue through a quantitative synthesis based on three-level random-effects meta-analytic models. In total, 223 studies with a cumulative total of 498,167 participants and 512 effect sizes were included in this synthesis. The results showed that problematic internet use was moderately and positively associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety, loneliness, and other mental health outcomes, and negatively related to subjective well-being. Moderator analyses revealed that several study features (i.e., school grade, region, measure of problematic internet use, publication year, and gender) could explain the variations in the findings across individual studies. These research results provide solid evidence for the link between problematic internet use and different mental health outcomes and have implications for future research and interventions on students’ problematic internet use. PubDate: 2023-01-28 DOI: 10.1007/s40894-022-00201-9
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Abstract: Peers, particularly in-school peers, shape adolescent health behaviors. Yet little is known about in-school peers and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. This systematic review examined studies of sociometric school-based adolescent peer-friendship networks and associations with self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. A search across five databases identified fifteen eligible studies. Studies were mainly longitudinal (n=13), from two countries (USA and China), of adolescents aged 11-19 at baseline, mostly balanced in gender (46%-56% girls), and from middle/high schools ranging in size (n=348'13482). Studies assessed 1) network structure and 2) exposure to friends’ self-injury and suicidality. Friends’ self-injurious thoughts and behaviors were associated with adolescents’ own similar behaviors, but there was limited evidence for socialization and selection. Sociality and network density were negatively associated with self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, whereas isolation and intransitivity were positively associated. While study heterogeneity made it difficult to draw further conclusions about specific network metrics (e.g., centrality, reciprocity), studies indicate overall that peers matter for these behaviors across adolescent development (e.g., early to late adolescence). Like other adolescent behaviors, the structure of how youth are connected to peers also relates to self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Future work should examine these processes over the course of adolescent development. PubDate: 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.1007/s40894-022-00196-3
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