 Subjects -> PSYCHOLOGY (Total: 983 journals)
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- Freud’s "Project": The Mind-Brain Connection Revisited
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Abstract: Myron L. Glucksman
Freud’s "Project for a Scientific Psychology" (1895) reflected his attempt to explain psychic phenomena in neurobiological terms. The recent discovery of the neuron motivated him to embark on this endeavor. His basic hypothesis was that neurons were vehicles for the conduction of "currents" or "excitations", and that they were connected to one another. Using this model, Freud attempted to describe a number of mental phenomena, including: consciousness, perception, affect, self, cognition, dreaming, memory, and symptom formation. However, he was unable to complete his exploration of these mental processes because he lacked the information and technology that became available over the following century. Subsequent discoveries, including fMRIs, EEC scans, EEGs, synapses, neural networks, genetic factors, neurotransmitters, and discrete brain circuits facilitated a significant expansion of our knowledge of mind-brain phenomena. As a result, effective pharmacological treatments have been developed for schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders. Moreover, changes in brainfunction can be measured that reflect successful pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic treatment. Despite these advances, there remain limitations in our understanding of the relationship between mind and brain functions. More than a century after Freud began the "Project," the neurobiology underlying the phenomena of consciousness, unconsciousness, qualities of subjective feelings, thoughts, and memories is still not fully understood. Can we expect to reach a more comprehensive integration of mind and its neurobiological substrate a century from now' The purpose of this article is to update our knowledge of the neurobiology associated with the specific mental functions that Freud examined in the "Project", and to pose questions concerning mind-brain phenomena that will hopefully be answered in the future.
PubDate: Tue, 15 Mar 2021 8:00:00 GMT
- The Intersubjective Revolution. Implications for Psychoanalysis and
Psychotherapy-
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Abstract: Otto Kernberg, Vittorio Gallese, Massimo Ammaniti, Carla Weber
On the occasion of our 30th anniversary, the Association of Psychoanalytic Studies would like to open a scientific debate on what has been considered a deep paradigmatic transformation, "the intersubjective revolution". We will host the leading exponents of two different disciplines, Otto Kernberg and Vittorio Gallese. They will evaluate the reciprocal implications of the role of the psychoanalyst in the psychotherapeutic relationships and give us a better understanding of the neurosci-entific basis of neurotic and psychotic disorders. Modern day research has allowed us to make a significant improvement in psychoanalytic techniques and to update the traditional different psychotherapeutic methods. For 30 years, the Association of Psychoanalytic Studies has been carrying out an original approach in the treatment of psychoses and neuroses according to the Gaetano Benedetti’s framework. The Congress will collect and develop the constructive views which have been discussed within the International Federation of Psychoanalytic Societies (IFPS). The aim is to highlight the issues that might be raised. The Congress will also make use of the in-sights and progress made by applied research of the participating individual Institu-tions and Schools, of psychoanalysts and psychotherapists. Massimo Ammaniti will deliver a Lectio Magistralis to conclude the Congress.
PubDate: Tue, 15 Mar 2021 8:00:00 GMT
- Neurobiological Correlates of Object Relations Theory
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Abstract: Otto F. Kernberg
What follows is an overview of present neurobiological understanding of early development that is relevant for the assumptions of contemporary psychoanalytic object relations theory. I shall review briefly some major areas of neurobiological investigation that, jointly, provide a neurobiological background, and a foundation for the analysis of early development of internalized object relations. The relevant areas of neurobiological development include the activation of affective systems, the differentiation of self from others, the development of a theory of mind and of empa-thy, the evolution of the self-structure, and the development of processes of mentali-zation. We begin with a brief overview of a psychoanalytic concept of personality or-ganization that should help to illustrate the interaction between assumed genetic dispositions and related, constitutionally available psychological functions, on the one hand, and the assumed influence of early object relations on the development of the personality, on the other. The basic components of personality organization in-clude temperament, character, identity, value systems, and intelligence (1). Affective responsivity is the essential aspect of temperament, observable from birth on. Affects are considered as primary motivators of behavior and may be grouped as systems that involve various basic affects in different combinations (2, 20). The basic affective systems are attachment, eroticism, fight-flight, play-bonding, separation-panic, and "seeking" (3). Specific search for stimulus gratification is based on the activation of a series of corresponding affect-determining neurotrans-mitter activity. Affects now are considered as complex neurobiological systems that bridge the boundary between physiological and mental experience, signaling to the organism its internal, desirable or undesirable subjective state, and, simultaneously, signaling to the infant’s mothering object the affective state of the infant. Affects, in short, have a subjective and a communicative function, in addition to their direct behavioral manifestations, neurovegetative discharge, and cognitive framing. Cog-nitive framing is an essential aspect of affect activation and conveys information regarding the stimulus impinging of the organism in terms of "where is it", "is it good or bad for me", "what shall I do about it". From a psychoanalytic point of view, affects as primary motivational systems raise the questions regarding the extent to which drives are constituted by the inte-gration of corresponding positive ("libidinal") or negative ("aggressive") affects, and the extent to which affects are the expression of these assumed underlying cor-responding drives. In any case, affects initiate the interactions between self and oth-er, and the internalization of these interactions, in the form of affective memory, de-termine internalized models of behavior (in attachment terminology), or internalized object relations (in psychoanalytic object relations theory language). These inter-nalized models, or object relations, gradually determine integrated, reactive habitu-al behavior patterns that constitute character. The subjective organization of the experience of self, as part of internalized object relations, gradually consolidates into an integrated concept of self, with a parallel organization of the concept of significant others; in other words, normal identity (4). Normal identity represents the subjective correlate of character, while character reflects, in its dynamic integration of behavior patterns, the behavioral expression of identity. The gradual internaliza-tion of non-instrumental, general rules of social behavior or ethical value systems, (the "super ego" in psychoanalytic terms), constitutes a secondary level of personality organization derived from the internalization of object relations. Finally, the very potential for cognitive framing of affective experience, and of all perceived ex-periences in general, with the potential of abstraction of concrete experience into general rules and comprehension of the relation between self and the physical and psychosocial environment constitutes intelligence.
PubDate: Tue, 15 Mar 2021 8:00:00 GMT
- Self and Others in The Mind/Brain/Body System: Towards an Intersubjective
Organization of The Self-
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Abstract: Clara Mucci, Andrea Scalabrini
The concept of self is becoming more and more a topic of interest in neuroscience. Several authors have been elucidating the neural correlates of the self and assume that the self may play a central role in the neural architecture of the brain (Panksepp, 1998; Northoff and Bermpohl, 2004; Northoff and Panksepp, 2008), for example, comparing self- and non-self specific stimuli, they found major changes in the Cortical Midline Structure (SCMS) and Sub-Cortical Midline Structure (SCMS). The concept of self seems to constitute a predisposition for individual differences in behavior, cognitions, emotions etc., i.e., one’s personological profile. The notion that interpersonal relatedness and self-definition issues are central in personality disturbances and in the development of personality has been strongly influenced by attachment theory (Fonagy & Luyten, 2009; Fonagy et al., 2010; Levy, 2005) and contemporary interpersonal formulations (Pincus, 2005). Theory and research in this field have addressed the role of early caregiving relationships in the development of representations of self and others in both, normal and disrupted development (Blatt, Auerbach and Levy, 1997). This conceptualization is very much coherent with several psychoanalytic formulations that point out how relatively satisfactory caring experiences are potentially facilitating the development of a differentiated and cohesive sense of self and a capacity for increasingly mature interpersonal relatedness and capacity for intimacy (Blatt & Blass, 1996; Kernberg, 1975; Kohut, 1971). Intersubjectivity and the concept of Self seem to be closely related to each other. Other individuals are approached as similar to the self, i.e. with similar mental and bodily experiences (feelings, sensations), different from the inanimate world. We are moving towards a new model that can develop a bridge between Neuroscience, Psychoanalytic formulations and Clinical practice.The neuroscientific relational-constructional concept of the Self and the study of the Resting State Activity in relation to Laboratory tasks can shed a light on the importance of intersubjectivity and intentional attunement (Gallese, Eagle, Migone, 2007) between individuals. We aim to propose our empirical findings on the relation between resting state activity and a laboratory task based on touch (intention to touch a human animate hand vs. a mannequin inanimate hand), given that touch has a privileged status in making possible the social attribution of lived personhood to others. Our results suggest how our brain during resting state seems to be relational by default, it encodes self-awareness necessary to relate with others individuals but not with inanimate objects. Will be discussed how neuroscientific findings have an impact on psychoanalytic concepts releted to clinical practice and how both, the study of Resting State Activity and Task Evoked Activity of the brain can be related to concepts like intentional attunement, empathy and how interaction between different state of the brain/mind can inform clinical practice on Self-Other representations.
PubDate: Tue, 15 Mar 2021 8:00:00 GMT
- Embodied Simulation. Ideas for A Dialogue Between Cognitive Neuroscience
and Psychoanalysis-
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Abstract: Vittorio Gallese
PubDate: Tue, 15 Mar 2021 8:00:00 GMT
- Dinamiche generative in gravidanza e ruolo delle esperienze traumatiche
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Abstract: Massimo Ammaniti
PubDate: Tue, 15 Mar 2021 8:00:00 GMT
- Sentiamo con il cervello e pensiamo con il cuore'
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Abstract: Jan Fabre, Giacomo Rizzolatti
PubDate: Tue, 15 Mar 2021 8:00:00 GMT
- The horse to tame: experience of a group in prison
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Abstract: Rachele Piperno, Emanuele Truisi, Rita Ghezzi, Umberto Mazza
This article describes the short term group experience carried out in the Monza Prison District. The group was composed by inmates with a diagnosis of mental ill-ness and drug or alchol dependency and with a relatively short sentence (8-12 months). The aim of the short term group was to support the inmates in the transition from prison to the community. The article highlights the aspects that encourage the partecipants to tell their stories and the reflection about themselves, moreover it shows the critical aspects that we found in this experience.
PubDate: Tue, 15 Mar 2021 8:00:00 GMT
- Feeling by observing: A shared path Training and transformation through an
infant’s observation experience-
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Abstract: Margherita Pelucchini
This article presents the experience of Infant Observation as central for analyti-cal training, because capable of developing the therapist’s ability to "observe to see" and his contact with his inner child. It also predisposes him to listening to his own countertransference in the relationship with every other-than-himself within a relational game full of meanings. It emerges from the paper how the concept of training-transformation connotes the entire experience, transversally covering all the minds involved. The feeling of the observer, with his own internal setting, the observed child and the parental func-tions, involved within the observation field, are modified. The colleagues’ group mind is also transformed and it takes in the observer’s experience in order to reread it and to ascribe new and broader meanings to it. It is clear how observing and feeling the child in the context allows to become aware of his development path, by experiencing it live. The proximity to Valeria dur-ing her first year of life allowed the observer to witness the passage from the origi-nal experience of fragility and dependence from her mother, even with the contribu-tion of her own acting, to the slow and progressive structuring of an Ego at the be-ginning, guaranteed by I-you relations hand in hand with the surfacing of archaic defences. During the Infant Observation the function of the child’s skin and the progres-sive integration between soma, psyche and affectivity were central, even in the ap-pearance of symptoms of discomfort within primary relationships. It was possible to witness Valeria’s sensory and motor-praxic development, parallel to the verbal one and the maturation of cognitive abilities, of the imitative skill and of what appeared to be a rising theory of mind. Routines and social development have also appeared. The reflection on the construct of attachment was crucial throughout all the path.Taken as a whole, the article shows how the Infant Observation involves a con-stant inner work within the observer, a reading and rereading of the countless ele-ments of the field of observation such as sensations, emotions, thoughts, doubts, fears looking for a plot and a sense. A cardinal aspect regards how to portray the "after" and the greetings, the possibility to part with the other keeping good thoughts, with confidence in him and his resources. A phase of mourning is neces-sary, being a source of profound teachings and internal metamorphosis.
PubDate: Tue, 15 Mar 2021 8:00:00 GMT
- Mindscapes. Psiche nel paesaggio
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Abstract: Davide Trovenzi
PubDate: Tue, 15 Mar 2021 8:00:00 GMT
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