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 Quantitative Methods for PsychologyNumber of Followers: 1     Open Access journal ISSN (Print) 2292-1354 Published by U of Ottawa  [3 journals]
• The posterior probability of a null hypothesis given a statistically
significant result

• Abstract: Schad, Daniel J. et al. -- Keywords: Null hypothesis significance testing, Bayesian inference, statistical power. -- Abstract : When researchers carry out a null hypothesis significance test, it is tempting to assume that a statistically significant result lowers Prob(H0), the probability of the null hypothesis being true. Technically, such a statement is meaningless for various reasons: e.g., the null hypothesis does not have a probability associated with it. However, it is possible to relax certain assumptions to compute the posterior probability Prob(H0) under repeated sampling. We show in a step-by-step guide that the intuitively appealing belief, that Prob(H0) is low when significant results have been obtained under repeated sampling, is in general incorrect and depends greatly on: (a) the prior probability of the null being true; (b) type-I error rate, (c) type-II error rate, and (d) replication of a result. Through step-by-step simulations using open-source code in the R System of Statistical Computing, we show that uncertainty about the null hypothesis being true often remains high despite a significant result. To help the reader develop intuitions about this common misconception, we provide a Shiny app (https://danielschad.shinyapps.io/probnull/). We expect that this tutorial will help researchers better understand and judge results from null hypothesis significance tests.

• Power Analysis for Regression Coefficients: The Role of Multiple
Predictors and Power to Detect all Coefficients Simultaneously

• Abstract: Aberson, Christopher L. et al. -- Keywords: Put keywords here, in a comma separated list. -- Abstract : Many tools exist for power analyses focused on $R^2$ Model (the variance explained by all the predictors together) but tools for estimating power for coefficients often require complicated inputs that are neither intuitive nor simple to estimate. Further compounding this issue is the recognition that power to detect effects for all predictors in a model tends to be substantially lower than power to detect individual effects. In short, most available power analysis approaches ignore the probability of detecting all effects and focus on probability of detecting individual effects. The consequences of this are designs that are underpowered to detect effects. The present work presents tools for addressing these issues via simulation approaches provided by the pwr2ppl package (Aberson, 2019) and an associated Shiny app.

• A Scoping Review of Latent Moderated Structural Equations and
Recommendations

• Abstract: Béland , Sébastien et al. -- Keywords: Structural equation model; Interaction; Practice; Psychology; Education. -- Abstract : Structural equation modeling involving latent interaction has garnered much attention from researchers in many disciplines. Interestingly, Becher & Trowler (2001) described academics as living in a tribe sharing a common set of practices and led by a stable elite. To provide an overview of psychological and educational studies using the latent moderated structural equations approach (LMS), we produced a scoping review from three databases (ERIC, PsychInfo, and Érudit) and selected 78 articles. The goal of this study is to examine the nature and extent of practices regarding the use of the LMS method in order to recommend good practices. Our results show that there are some discrepancies in the way researchers analyze data using LMS.

• Une introduction aux modèles de régressions multiniveaux avec R

• Abstract: Duplessis-Marcotte, Félix et al. -- Keywords: Régression, Régression multiniveau, R, modélisation. -- Abstract : La crise de reproductibilité en psychologie est en partie causée par l'utilisation d'analyses statistiques inadaptées aux données récoltées. Les données ont souvent des caractéristiques importantes à considérer, comme lorsque celles-ci sont nichées dans différents groupes (p. ex. recruter plusieurs élèves dans différentes classes). Dans ce cas, cela fait en sorte que le postulat de normalité des modèles linéaires généraux n'est pas respecté. Ignorer ce postulat d'indépendance en utilisant un modèle linéaire général peut mener à des résultats erronés, comme des faux positifs, des biais ou une perte de puissance. Les analyses de régressions multiniveaux répondent à ce problème et assurent la validité des résultats obtenus. Cet article se veut un tutoriel couvrant les principes généraux sous-jacents aux régressions multiniveaux pour analyser des données nichées. Des données pseudoaléatoires sont générées avec R et analysées avec des régressions multiniveaux afin de démontrer la valeur ajoutée de considérer la hiérarchisation des données quant à la validité des résultats. De plus, cet article fournit, étape par étape, la syntaxe R pour faciliter l'utilisation des analyses multiniveaux et l'adaptation de celles-ci aux données des lecteurs.

• Testing difference in two proportions using D2prop macro in SPSS

• Abstract: Daryanto, Ahmad -- Keywords: difference in two proportions, z-test, Wald interval, Yates's continuity correction, Agresti-Caffo interval. -- Abstract : I introduce D2prop macro in SPSS that can be used to test difference in two proportions of two independent samples. The focus of this paper is to show how to use the macro and interpret its outputs.

• image2data: An R package to turn images in data sets

• Abstract: Caron, Pier-Olivier et al. -- Keywords: data visualization, R package, data extraction. -- Abstract : Data visualization is an essential and powerful tool to generate hypotheses, uncover patterns, and disseminate findings. It is crucial that introductory statistics courses train students to become critical authors and consumers of data visualization. Ludic data sets might help teaching statistics to students by making graphics more enjoyable, using images as instantaneous feedback, encouraging to discover hidden patterns, and reducing their focus on traditional hypothesis testing. Those data sets that have hidden images can be difficult to come by for teachers. These considerations have led to the development of a package that could easily create data sets from images for educational purposes. The purpose of this study is to present image2data, an R package that generates data sets from images. In this study, we show how to install the package, explain the basic arguments, and show three examples on how it can be used for teaching. Future studies could evaluate the effectiveness and motivation generated by using hidden images in data sets. Our hope is that by using hidden image in data sets, students will be inspired to decrypt data sets and discover the unexpected.

• Le tau de Kendall et deux variantes pour mesurer la cohérence de
variation entre deux séries ordinales, leurs propriétés et leurs
valeurs critiques "honnêtes"

• Abstract: Laurencelle, Louis -- Keywords: Kendall's tau, variants of tau, honest critical values, monotonicity, normal approximation tau de Kendall. -- Abstract : A measure of the consistency of variation in a bivariate series of ordinal data, Kendall's tau (\tau) has properties and exhibits distributional characteristics that are distinct from Pearson's r, each coefficient deserving its own interpretation. We examine in detail these properties of the tau and two variants, the \tau _b and \tau _c, together with the nuances that distinguish them. We then bring out the peculiarities of their probability distribution. The statistical test of the \tau gives rise to a forum where different approaches are discussed, including the use of "strict" vs. "honest" critical values and the familiar normal approximation. A fairly extensive table of critical values of both kinds is also provided. -- Mesure de la cohérence de variation entre deux séries de données ordinales, le tau (\tau) de Kendall a des propriétés et présente des caractéristiques distributionnelles distinctes de celles du r de Pearson, chaque coefficient ayant son interprétation propre. Nous examinons dans le détail les propriétés du \tau et de deux de ses variantes, le \tau _b et le \tau _c, de même que les nuances qui les distinguent. Nous mettons ensuite au jour les particularités de leur distribution de probabilités. Le test de significativité du \tau donne lieu à une tribune où sont discutées différentes approches, incluant le recours à des valeurs critiques "honnêtes" versus "strictes" et à l'approximation normale classique. Un tableau assez fourni de valeurs critiques des deux sortes est aussi inclus.

• Point and interval estimates for a standardized mean difference in
paired-samples designs using a pooled standard deviation.

• Abstract: Fitts, Douglas A. -- Keywords: confidence interval, Cohen's d, Hedges' g, simulation, noncentral t distribution. -- Abstract : A standardized mean difference using a pooled standard deviation with paired samples (d_p; paired-pooled design) can be compared directly to a d_p from an independent samples design, but the unbiased point estimate g_p and confidence interval (CI) for d_p cannot unless the population correlation \rho between the scores is known in the paired-pooled design, which it rarely is. The \rho is required to calculate the degrees of freedom \nu for the design, and \nu is necessary to calculate the g_p and CI. If a variable sample correlation is substituted for \rho the \nu is only approximate and the sampling distribution for d_p is unknown. This article uses simulations to compare the characteristics of the unknown distribution to the noncentral t distribution as an approximation and provides empirically-derived regression equations to compensate for the bias in the approximated CI computed using the noncentral t distribution. The result is an approximate but much more accurate coverage of the CI than previously available. Tables are supplied to assist sample size planning and computer programs are provided for computations. These results are experimental and tentative until the actual distribution can be discovered. The regularity of the deviation in coverage that allows the compensation to work encourages that search.

• Exploring the role of Honesty-Humility in replicating "The relationships
between behavioral addictions and the five-factor model of personality"

• Abstract: Singh, Anjali et al. -- Keywords: Big-five; HEXACO; Behavioral addiction; Internet addiction; General population. -- Abstract : This study is a replication of Andreassen and colleagues (2013) [The relationships between behavioral addictions and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(2), 90-99]. We partially replicated the findings of the original study. Our results support the role of personality, particularly conscientiousness, in predicting behavioral addictions, such as video game, Internet, and mobile phone addiction. However, we failed to replicate the same pattern of personality traits for each behavioral addiction.

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