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- Pain Research and Treatment: Policy Implications
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Authors: Maral Tajerian, Sebastian Alvarado
Pages: 110 - 117
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Volume 11, Issue 1, Page 110-117, March 2024.
Pain is a subjective experience for which we lack a thorough mechanistic understanding. While it has often been considered a secondary symptom of a disease, research has revealed that chronic pain can be recognized as a disease of its own. Preclinical studies often use animal models to understanding the pathology and test potential therapies with clinical trials of novel analgesics often showing underwhelming results. From a clinician's perspective, pain can be challenging to treat without incurring undesirable drug effects. Pain research, diagnosis, and treatment have changed dramatically over the last two decades. This has coincided with shifts in reliance on opioid-based approaches to managing pain. Here we present an overview of recent advances in preclinical research, novel approaches to diagnosis and treatment, along with considerations for animal care. Collectively, this report may provide a guide on which to base relevant policy changes that would meet the demands of societal need and satisfy the need for scientific evidence.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2024-03-19T07:58:16Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231197368
Issue No: Vol. 11, No. 1 (2024)
- Diversity in Visual Perception: How Cultural Variability in Face
Processing Can Inform Policymakers-
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Authors: Caroline Blais, Daniel Fiset, Francis Gingras, Marie-Pier Plouffe-Demers, Isabelle Charbonneau
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Psychology and behavioral sciences lack diversity in their participant samples. In visual perception, more specifically, common practice assumes that the processes studied are fundamental and universal. In contrast, cultural psychology has accumulated evidence of cultural variability in visual perception. In face processing, for instance, this cultural variability may sabotage intercultural relations. Policies aim to increase diversity in research, supporting cultural psychology, and to increase awareness among professional workforces, as well as the general population, concerning how cultural variability may influence their interpretation of another's behavior.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2024-08-08T07:57:02Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322241269039
- Ageism Harms Older People's Health, Cognition, and Well-Being: A Selective
Review and Policy Recommendations-
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Authors: Sarah J. Barber, Katherine J. Shoemaker, Vonetta M. Dotson
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Ageism refers to stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination directed towards individuals based on their age, such as perceptions that someone is “too old” for certain activities. Ageism directed at older people is prevalent; over 90% of older people in the United States report that they regularly experience ageism, such as when others assume they are forgetful or need assistance because of their age. Experiencing ageism is associated with poorer health outcomes, reduced cognitive performance, and increased healthcare costs. Reducing ageism requires a multifaceted approach, including strengthening anti-ageism laws and reframing societal narratives about what it means to grow older. Growing older should not be presented as a problem but as a fundamental part of the human journey. Ageism can also be reduced through positive intergenerational interactions and educational initiatives. Reducing ageism can promote healthier aging trajectories.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2024-08-05T07:52:49Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322241268400
- Eyewitness Confidence Does Not Necessarily Indicate Identification
Accuracy-
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Authors: Kara N. Moore, Pia Pennekamp, Chenxin Yu, Dara U. Zwemer
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Eyewitness identifications are prone to error. Scholars and legal stakeholders are exploring whether and when eyewitness confidence predicts identification accuracy. Scholars agree on a strong but imperfect relationship between initial confidence and accuracy under “pristine” (ideal) conditions. However, pristine conditions are not unfailingly present in criminal cases. Even when pristine conditions are present, high confidence is not always associated with high accuracy because other factors influence the confidence–accuracy relationship. Researchers have not yet reached a consensus about the many variables that may impact the confidence–accuracy relationship. Ultimately, legal practitioners should be cautious in using confidence as an indicator of accuracy.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2024-08-02T06:25:44Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322241268384
- Supporting Early Language by Supporting Systemic Solutions
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Authors: Elika Bergelson
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
A large body of research shows connections between infants’ and toddlers’ home language input and a wide range of receptive and expressive early language skills. Some facets of caretaker input and early language skills are associated with socioeconomic status (SES), though not all. Given the complexity of language learning, language use, and its many pathways of connection to SES, testing causal links between these dimensions is difficult at best. Interventions aimed at changing parent language use have seen mixed success, in part because “language infusions” generally fail to target underlying challenges facing underresourced families, and perhaps because parent language is the wrong target. System-level interventions such as paid parental leave and expansion and enrichment of childcare and early education options hold greater promise for improving families’ lives, with positive repercussions for a broad range of family and child outcomes, including linguistic ones.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2024-08-02T06:25:24Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322241268909
- Getting Information to Consumers: How to Inform Their Choices Effectively
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Authors: Eric VanEpps, Alycia Chin
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Information disclosure policies influence nearly every consumer domain. Disclosure research across various sectors, particularly finance and nutrition, demonstrates how policymakers can enhance consumer decision-making and promote a fair marketplace. In particular, five key considerations make policies more effective: understanding existing consumer preferences, capturing and maintaining consumer attention, providing actionable knowledge, anticipating firm responses, and recognizing potential perverse effects of information provision. An overarching “theory of change” organizes these considerations and other steps to reveal how disclosure policy can promote consumer well-being. Implementing disclosure policies using these psychological and behavioral insights will maximize their effectiveness.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2024-08-02T06:24:53Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322241268915
- Can Conversational Receptiveness Build Trust in the Media'
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Authors: Dilan Tulan, Charles A. Dorison, Nancy Gibbs, Julia A. Minson
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Trust in nonpartisan news is essential to civil society—but is declining in the United States. However, language that demonstrates active engagement with opposing views may build trust. One way to demonstrate such active engagement is conversational receptiveness: the use of linguistic features such as agreement, acknowledgment, subjectivity, and positive emotion, among others. A review of prior work on conversational receptiveness suggests its usefulness in interpersonal conflict. This toolkit might effectively apply also to the challenge of restoring trust in nonpartisan media. A demonstration study illustrates proof of concept: In 600 opinion articles from prominent news sources, more receptive language was associated with reader trust. Pending programmatic research will address limitations, feasibility constraints, open questions, and future empirical directions—including causal tests in applied settings. At a minimum, extrapolating conversational receptivity from its role in interpersonal conflict suggests a role in building trust in nonpartisan media. Conversational receptiveness might present a cost-effective, scalable approach for media producers to bridge political divides and rebuild trust—without alienating existing audiences.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2024-08-02T06:24:44Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322241268409
- Catalyzing Equity in STEM Teams: Harnessing Generative AI for Inclusion
and Diversity-
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Authors: Nia Nixon, Yiwen Lin, Lauren Snow
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Collaboration is key to STEM, where multidisciplinary team research can solve complex problems. However, inequality in STEM fields hinders their full potential, due to persistent psychological barriers in underrepresented students’ experience. This paper documents teamwork in STEM and explores the transformative potential of computational modeling and generative AI in promoting STEM-team diversity and inclusion. Leveraging generative AI, this paper outlines two primary areas for advancing diversity, equity, and inclusion. First, formalizing collaboration assessment with inclusive analytics can capture fine-grained learner behavior. Second, adaptive, personalized AI systems can support diversity and inclusion in STEM teams. Four policy recommendations highlight AI's capacity: formalized collaborative skill assessment, inclusive analytics, funding for socio-cognitive research, human-AI teaming for inclusion training. Researchers, educators, and policymakers can build an equitable STEM ecosystem. This roadmap advances AI-enhanced collaboration, offering a vision for the future of STEM where diverse voices are actively encouraged and heard within collaborative scientific endeavors.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2024-02-07T07:18:02Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220356
- Towards Conceptualizing a Policy and Promoting Advocacy for People With
Color Vision Deficiency: Addressing the Importance of Color Vision
Deficiency in India and Creating a Global Reference Template-
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Authors: Shiva Ram Male, Bindiganavale Ramaswamy Shamanna, Rashmin Gandhi
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Color vision is crucial for daily life, and conditions such as color blindness and deficiencies can negatively impact one's quality of life and livelihood. According to a study in India there was an increase in the prevalence of color vision deficiency (CVD) among children and young adult teenagers, who are losing empowering opportunities in education and academics. However, this trend can be managed with evidence-based new interventions and objectives from India's developing nation models. This policy paper mainly highlights the need for effective strategies to address this issue. Early identification of CVD is crucial for effective interventions and rehabilitation to reduce medical, behavioral, and economic burdens on patients, families, and society. Strategies include policy prescriptions, advocacy, public health campaigns, investing in a trained workforce, and using technology to facilitate early screening in educational institutes. These strategies aim to address the growing healthcare crisis of CVD.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2024-02-05T03:34:35Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220276
- How Decision Making Develops: Adolescents, Irrational Adults, and Should
AI be Trusted With the Car Keys'-
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Authors: Sarah M. Edelson, Jordan E. Roue, Aadya Singh, Valerie F. Reyna
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
This paper reviews the developmental literature on decision making, discussing how increased reliance on gist thinking explains the surprising finding that important cognitive biases increase from childhood to adulthood. This developmental trend can be induced experimentally by encouraging verbatim (younger) versus gist (older) ways of thinking. We then build on this developmental literature to assess the developmental stage of artificial intelligence (AI) and how its decision making compares with humans, finding that popular models are not only irrational but they sometimes resemble immature adolescents. To protect public safety and avoid risk, we propose that AI models build on policy frameworks already established to regulate other immature decision makers such as adolescents.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2023-12-29T06:36:16Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220423
- Using Behavioral Science for Infodemic Preparedness: The Case of
Vaccination Misinformation-
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Authors: Philipp Schmid
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Health authorities aim to address misinformation within the framework of pandemic preparedness. Research reviewed here helps to contain vaccination misinformation: detect relevant parameters for an effective response, reduce individuals’ belief, and prevent its spread. The reviewed measures range from text-based campaign materials to real-time rebuttals of science deniers to empathy-based corrections in physician-patient conversations. The measures require knowledge of either the content of misinformation, the misleading tactics used by science deniers, or the psychological profiles of the recipients. Moreover, these measures require expertise from behavioral scientists and training for spokespersons and opinion leaders. Thus, policymakers can maintain an infrastructure for social listening, engage behavioral scientists in pandemic preparedness, and strengthen spokespersons and health care personnel before the next pandemic starts.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2023-12-27T11:32:52Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231219684
- Supporting Multilingualism in Immigrant Children: An Integrative Approach
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Authors: Adriana Weisleder, Alejandra Reinoso, Murielle Standley, Krystal Alvarez-Hernandez, Anele Villanueva
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Immigrant children are a growing and demographically important segment of the world's population. One key aspect of immigrant children's experience is navigating multiple languages, creating both opportunities, and challenges. However, the literature on bilingualism rarely centers the experiences of immigrant children. Focusing on immigrant children in the United States, this article brings together cognitive science research on bilingualism with the integrative risk and resilience model of adaptation in immigrant-origin children to elucidate how common contexts that immigrant children encounter can support or discourage multilingualism. Policy must consider immigrant children's intersecting identities—both as immigrants and as learners of minoritized, and often racialized, languages. A proposed framework can guide policies to support multilingualism in immigrant children, with downstream consequences for their health and development.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2023-12-22T12:46:47Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220633
- Reaching Students with Reading Disabilities During the Summer
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Authors: Joanna A. Christodoulou, Adriana M. Azor, Rebecca A. Marks
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
The extended summer break from school brings a renewed opportunity to offer high-quality literacy experiences to vulnerable readers, including children with reading disabilities (RD). Students with RD trail their peers in reading progress during the school year; the summer months present an opportunity to address the gap in reading achievement. Policy makers can support reading achievement during summer vacation empowered by interdisciplinary knowledge spanning cognitive neuroscience and education. The science of brain plasticity emphasizes the requirement of impactful reading experiences, especially for word-level skills, toward building reading brain networks. A review of research on summer programming and current policies culminates in recommendations to capitalize on summer opportunities to advance reading achievement.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2023-12-19T07:17:34Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220636
- Designing for Sensory Adaptation: What You See Depends on What You’ve
Been Looking at - Recommendations, Guidelines and Standards Should Reflect
This-
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Authors: Michael A. Webster, Mohana Kuppuswamy Parthasarathy, Margarita L. Zuley, Andriy I. Bandos, Lorne Whitehead, Craig K. Abbey
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Sensory systems continuously recalibrate their responses according to the current stimulus environment. As a result, perception is strongly affected by the current and recent context. These adaptative changes affect both sensitivity (e.g., habituating to noise, seeing better in the dark) and appearance (e.g., how things look, what catches attention) and adjust to many perceptual properties (e.g., from light level to the characteristics of someone's face). They therefore have a profound effect on most perceptual experiences, and on how well the senses work in different settings. Characterizing the properties of adaptation, how it manifests, and when it influences perception in modern environments can provide insights into the diversity of human experience. Adaptation could also be leveraged both to optimize perceptual abilities (e.g., in visual inspection tasks like radiology) and to mitigate unwanted consequences (e.g., exposure to potentially unhealthy stimulus environments).
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2023-12-19T07:17:04Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220494
- ED-AI Lit: An Interdisciplinary Framework for AI Literacy in Education
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Authors: Laura Kristen Allen, Panayiota Kendeou
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a transformative force in education. Realizing the full potential of AI in education requires a multidisciplinary and holistic AI literacy framework that can inform research, practice, and policy. This novel ED-AI Lit framework includes six components: Knowledge, Evaluation, Collaboration, Contextualization, Autonomy, and Ethics. This framework stresses the importance of developing a deep understanding of how AI systems function, critically evaluating their implications, and fostering collaborative relationships between individuals and AI.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2023-12-19T07:16:35Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220339
- Memory Can Define Individual Beliefs and Identity—and Shape Society
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Authors: Christopher R. Madan
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Memory profoundly define individual beliefs and identity, shaping how societies make decisions. Five key memory phenomena include—first impressions and the primacy effect, risky decision-making and memory availability, information reliability and source memory, music preferences and the reminiscence bump, and long-term planning and episodic future thinking. Each phenomenon is explored for its impact on policy, revealing the profound ways that memory biases and processes shape critical societal choices, such as judicial decisions, hiring practices, financial planning, and pro-environmental behavior. Although memory's importance in daily life is widely recognized, its central role in shaping self-identity and influencing societal structures is often underestimated. Memory biases, evident in various aspects, from cultural exposures to decision-making heuristics, play a pivotal role in individual and collective behavior. These biases, often manifesting subtly, guide the formation of beliefs and preferences, with strong implications for policy making. Taken together, this work advocates for a multidisciplinary approach to bridge memory theory and policy practice.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2023-12-14T03:16:54Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231220258
- No Simple Solutions to Complex Problems: Cognitive Science Principles Can
Guide but Not Prescribe Educational Decisions-
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Authors: Veronica X. Yan, Faria Sana, Paulo F. Carvalho
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Cognitive science of learning points to solutions for making use of existing study and instruction time more effectively and efficiently. However, solutions are not and cannot be one-size-fits-all. This paper outlines the danger of overreliance on specific strategies as one-size-fits-all recommendations and highlights instead the cognitive learning processes that facilitate meaningful and long-lasting learning. Three of the most commonly recommended strategies from cognitive science provide a starting point; understanding the underlying processes allows us to tailor these recommendations to implement at the right time, in the right way, for the right content, and for the right students. Recommendations regard teacher training, the funding and incentivizing of educational interventions, guidelines for the development of educational technologies, and policies that focus on using existing instructional time more wisely.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2023-12-14T03:15:54Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231218906
- Reading Comprehension and Constructive Learning: Policy Considerations in
the Age of Artificial Intelligence-
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Authors: Kathryn S. McCarthy, Eleanor F. Yan
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Although reading in the digital age looks different than in the past (e.g., on a screen, shorter texts spread across multiple sources), reading continues to be a central part of everyday life. Research in reading comprehension shows that this type of modern reading requires more complex knowledge building inference processes that are difficult for many adolescents and adults. Constructive and personalized learning activities can support readers’ knowledge building. Researchers have been using artificial intelligence (AI) to make these types of activities more effective and accessible. Emerging directions and considerations also result from the introduction of generative AI. Increased collaboration across researchers, developers, educators, and policymakers would afford empirically supported research, development, and implementation that can keep pace with the quickly evolving technological landscape.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2023-12-14T03:15:04Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231218891
- Attention Failures Cause Workplace Accidents: Why Workers Ignore Hazards
and What To Do About It-
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Authors: Brian A. Anderson, Namgyun Kim, Laurent Gregoire,
Niya Yan, Changbum Ryan Ahn
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Accidents readily occur when workers are not attentive to the hazards of their work. For some professionals, such as workers in the construction and mining industry, exposure to workplace hazards occurs on a daily basis. Such repetitive exposure to workplace hazards poses unique challenges for the attention of workers. This review explores how, in the absence of negative consequences, repetitive exposure to hazards decreases attention to them. Recommendations, informed by the science of attention, suggest how to combat the tendency to ignore frequently-exposed hazards and restore worker vigilance, thereby reducing the frequency of workplace accidents. Experiential training incorporating virtual reality holds some promise.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2023-12-14T03:14:34Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231218190
- Neurobiological Evidence for the Benefit of Interactive Parent–Child
Storytelling: Supporting Early Reading Exposure Policies-
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Authors: Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus, Liana S. Magaliff, Bradley L. Schlaggar
Abstract: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ahead of Print.
The American Association of Pediatrics recommends reading to young children from birth as a method of exposing children to language and literacy as early as possible. This article describes the known neurobiological support for this recommendation—also addressing the differential effects of parental versus stranger reading as well as other factors, that is, pathological conditions, that may influence the contributions of the recommended early reading interactions. Finally, the possible effects of screen exposure on parent–child interaction around the book will be discussed to inform new possible policies.
Citation: Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
PubDate: 2023-11-29T05:53:35Z
DOI: 10.1177/23727322231217461
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