Abstract: We report results of experiments using human vocal commands to investigate how well a Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) can discriminate different sounds. The participant, Hama, a 12-year-old female at Kinosaki Marine World, Japan, was raised by four trainers. We investigate Hama’s ability to discriminate 10 vocal commands (e.g. Iya-iya, Okay etc.) used in daily performances in two experiments: 1, commands given directly to the sea lion by trainers, but out of her sight; and 2, vocal commands given to the sea lion by trainers, but using recorded commands over a loudspeaker. In the experiment 1, Hama was able to discriminate all 10 commands, but her accuracy to discriminate one command was significantly lower than others (p < .05). In the experiment 2, Hama was able to discriminate all but one command; accuracy rates among commands were variable, but the accuracy rate for one was significantly lower than the others, and those for three commands... PubDate: Sun, 17 Jul 2022 00:00:00 +000
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between monetary reward and athletes’ athletic identity. The purpose was to understand the difference in athletic identity between athletes who earned monetary compensations and those who did not earn any monetary compensations for participating in sports. Two hundred and fifty-six athletes who competed in state-organized sports competitions completed the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). The data collected was analyzed using Mann Whitney U tests and Linear Regression at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that age did not predict athletic identity, and monetary reward did not differentiate athletes who received financial compensations or not based on their athletic identity. The results have confirmed that other factors that are not monetary may be associated with athletes’ athletic identity. Therefore sports psychologists should identify those factors to help athletes sustain their athletic personalities. PubDate: Fri, 18 Mar 2022 00:00:00 +000
Abstract: Eating is a central feature of the lives of opportunistic omnivores such as humans and Norway rats. Yet in most laboratory research with Rattus norvegicus, the food landscape is monotonous, and the studies utilizing a variety of foods shed little light on intake of individual foods or choice behavior. The present study provides the most comprehensive description to date of female and male laboratory rats’ intake of foods that they and humans encounter outside of the laboratory. In eleven experiments, test foods included varieties of peanut butter, cheese, cookies, meat, chocolate, fruits, and vegetables. Rats were given commercial products or custom versions that controlled for proportion of calories from fat and caloric density, one or two foods at a time. A final experiment examined pure macronutrient self-selection. Intraspecies diversity was modeled with rat lines selectively bred on a taste phenotype. All groups voluntarily ate every food, with intake (in grams)... PubDate: Sat, 1 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000
Abstract: In order to test the effects of qualitatively varied reinforcement on response rates 3 experiments were conducted. The goal of the first experiment was asses the level of substitutability between two reinforcers 8 female Wistar rats kept on a diet consisting solely of turnip and millet seeds, subjects were exposed to a concurrent FR5 FR5 and then to a FR4 FR8 program, by the end of the experiment there was a swift in consumption, albeit to a small degree. During the second experiment, 8 female Wistar Rats were exposed to a three-component variable interval program which consisted of three components; one during which only millet seeds were available, one in which only turnip seeds were available and a third component in which both kinds of seeds were delivered randomly. By the end of the experiment the highest response rates were recorded during the component in which only millet seeds were available. Finally, a Third experiment was implemented in order to assess... PubDate: Sat, 1 Jan 2022 00:00:00 +0000
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