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- Dreams of three 20th century novelists: Comparisons to normative dreams,
to each other, and to their fiction.-
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Abstract: The study examined the published dream journals of three prominent male novelists of the mid-20th century: Graham Greene, William Burroughs, and Jack Kerouac. Their dreams were coded with the Hall and van de Castle content scales and compared to the male norms for those scales with an emphasis on the continuity hypothesis of dreams and how their creativity and travel would affect their dreams. Their dream content was also compared to the content of their novels. Hypotheses for the effects of the writers’ creativity on dream characters were largely supported with Burroughs and Kerouac having a significantly higher than average number of imaginary characters, Burroughs having significantly more metamorphosing characters, and none of the dream character results trending opposite the predictions. The hypothesis that the writers would have more distorted settings was not supported, but, as predicted from their travel, they all had significantly higher than average unfamiliar settings. All three writers also had fewer average social interactions than normative males, but the aggressiveness versus friendly nature of the interactions did not differ significantly. Kerouac had significantly more sexual interactions while Burroughs and Greene had significantly fewer. Kerouac and Burroughs incorporated their dreams as the dreams of characters in novels. Burroughs and Greene made use of their dreams in plots and scenes that were not depicted as dreams. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Mon, 11 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/cns0000390
- From subconscious to self-consciousness through an art therapy
method-based example: ATB-SHOT squiggle task.-
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Abstract: Taking into consideration different art therapy theories about effects and processes, this article concludes that art interventions lead to coherent self-consciousness through the integration of subconscious emotional and somatic experiences with conscious thought and self-narratives. We explored whether an art therapy-based self-help online task (ATB-SHOT), using a simple projective task (a squiggle task), is able to target the development of coherent private self-consciousness. The task used doodling as a visual art in combination with two expressive writing processes—story-making and reflective writing. We performed a qualitative content analysis of 43 participants’ texts connected to their artworks. We found that an easy art task opens up subconscious themes, first through the kinesthetic experience and sensory input of emotional squiggling, and then by gestalt form-making and symbol formation. We also showed evidence of coherent self-consciousness improvement through integrated somatic awareness; engagement in the present or mindful acceptance of the here and now; self-reported states of flow; the ability to bear ambivalence in an accepted self-concept; and enhanced self-reflection in individual lifespans. This self-consciousness is also mirrored in a coherent self-narrative, which integrates the life story with events, emotions, and motivations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Mon, 11 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/cns0000348
- Be careful what you wish for: Acceptance of Laplacean Determinism commits
one to belief in precognition.-
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Abstract: Laplacean Determinism is the thesis that every event that transpires in a closed universe is a physical event caused (i.e., determined) in full by some earlier event in accordance with laws that govern their behavior. On this view, it is possible, in principle, to make perfect predictions of the state of the universe at any time Tn on the basis of complete knowledge of the state of the universe at time T₁ (his so-called demon argument). Thus, if Laplacean Determinism is correct, mental events such as free will, intention, and other forms of mental agency are tricks of the mind, misleading us into believing our volitional concerns have traction in a world ruled entirely by physical circumstance. Not surprisingly, advocates of free will and related acts of human volition have engaged in spirited debate with adherents to Laplacean orthodoxy, the results of which have been far from conclusive. Rather than join these deliberations, I wholly embrace the demon argument and then ask “What are the consequences of this allegiance'” As I hope to show, acceptance of this argument commits one to a belief in the existence of human precognition. This, I suggest, is a consequence that does not fit comfortably within a contemporary scientific worldview. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 02 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/cns0000378
- Believing is seeing: Belief in dualism is related with illusory pattern
detection.-
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Abstract: A recent study suggested that belief in dualism (DU) is related to basic social cognitive processes, such as detecting biological motion in noisy displays. However, dualistic beliefs are strongly related to paranormal beliefs, which are also correlated with biological motion perception. The question thus arises whether the previously found relationship between belief in DU and biological motion perception can be explained by paranormal beliefs and whether this relationship is unique to biological motion or reflects a more general tendency to see patterns in noise. We used signal detection theory to measure participants’ ability to discriminate biological motion (Experiments 1 and 3) and random dot motion (Experiment 2) from scrambled background noise. Furthermore, the Free Will Inventory was used to measure the strength of three free will (FW)-related beliefs: belief in FW, belief in determinism (DE), and belief in DU. The Revised Paranormal Belief Scale (RPBS) was used to measure the strength of paranormal beliefs. Across the three experiments (N = 1,028), the results revealed that belief in DU correlated negatively with perceptual sensitivity and correlated positively with false alarm rate in both the biological motion and the random dot motion task. In addition, paranormal belief was found to explain the relationship between belief in DU and biological motion perception. The findings of this study suggest that correlations between belief in DU and biological motion perception are best explained in terms of a more general relationship between belief in DU and (illusory) pattern recognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 20 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/cns0000365
- Implicit bias against Muslim men attempting to access counseling or
psychotherapy' A correspondence audit study examining aversive racism.-
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Abstract: The present study used an email correspondence audit design to investigate the effects of clients’ perceived religion on counseling and psychotherapy practitioners’ willingness to offer an appointment. Practitioners (N = 470) received an email requesting an appointment from an individual with either a Muslim man’s or a non-Muslim man’s name. Results indicated perceived religion was neither a statistically significant predictor of whether any response was received nor practitioner willingness to offer services. However, the client with the Muslim name received significantly quicker responses and was more likely to receive an ambivalent response compared to the non-Muslim name. The findings indicate that practitioners subtly differentiate between these two types of clients in ways that may demonstrate implicit bias. In addition to interpreting the results through the lens of aversive racism theory, these findings are also considered in light of relatively unique events at the time of data collection (mass racial justice protests, the COVID-19 pandemic). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 15 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/cns0000361
- The beauty and the self: A common mnemonic advantage between aesthetic
judgment and self-reference.-
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Abstract: A long-lasting debate in the field of esthetics is the extent to which beauty is inherent to the object of appreciation or to the subject contemplating it. Several studies suggest that physical features of an artwork influence esthetic judgment. Nevertheless, this objectivist approach fails to explain the idiosyncratic nature of esthetic experiences (AE). Recent models propose a multiprocess account of AE, integrating a subjective evaluation based on self-referential processing. Nevertheless, behavioral data supporting this hypothesis is scarce. We took advantage of the self-reference effect (SRE) in memory to test the hypothesis that esthetic judgment is based on self-related processes. We predicted that if esthetic judgment recruits self-referential processing, encoding artworks in this condition should produce a similar mnemonic advantage as the SRE. We showed that at least paintings receiving extreme esthetic judgments were as well recognized as those encoded in self-reference condition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Mon, 20 Feb 2023 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/cns0000345
- Dialectical relations between culture and religion in self-transcending
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Abstract: This article takes advantage of iconography’s long tradition in Christianity to study “religious paintings” as a “prototype” of sublime stimuli to explore self-transcending, awe experiences among 90 viewers from different Christian backgrounds living in Greece (Orthodox) and Canada (Catholics, Orthodox, and Protestants). Religious paintings that entail concurrently the esthetic and religious strands of the sublime were used as an exemplar to magnify the complex relationship between the moral and the esthetic aspects, the negative and the positive in awe/sublime experience, across cultures and Christian backgrounds. We used the structure of self-construal (of independence, or interdependence) to explore participants’ reaction to positive and negative religious themes that belong to Western and eastern painting tradition. The results underscore the impact of culture on the spectators’ experiences of negative images, prompting accommodation or assimilation via self-reflection involving transcendence and moral thoughts. The experience of “being moved” was central for the Canadian groups. “Emotional symbolism” appeared more important to Greeks who, the more they feel moved, the more engage in moral reflections in front of the painful and Western-style paintings. This appears reversed for all Canadian groups who engage in emotional symbolism and moral reflection when they are less moved. It is proposed that sublime experiences may be seen as an awe response (“thin sublime”) and the element of extended self-reflection (either intersubjective which rather prompts accommodation; or, subjective which rather stimulates assimilation) could turn the experience into a “thick sublime” transcending experience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Thu, 29 Sep 2022 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/cns0000340
- Visual imagery in the listener’s mind: A network analysis of
absorbed consciousness.-
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Abstract: Absorbed listening to music often connects visual imagery with other experiential attributes such as emotions, memories, and personal thoughts, and is therefore closely related to questions surrounding the organizational structure of altered consciousness. However, it is still unclear what such a model would look like, nor what the functional role is of visual imagery. The present study used network analysis to determine and visualize the conditional (in)dependencies among key phenomenal dimensions of consciousness when listening to a piece of music, with particular focus on visual imagery during absorption. Based on self-report data from an online study (N = 622), a sparse regularized partial correlation network was computed using the graphical lasso. We then implemented a Bayesian approach to obtain a directed acyclic graph as a model for connecting the dimensions of consciousness, and to examine the scenario of absorption. Findings suggested that dissociation, positive emotions, and internal-directed attention predicted visual imagery, which in turn determined mixed emotions and, counterintuitively, short- and long-term aspects of memory. Being moderately central in the regularized partial correlation network and acting as one of the driving forces in the Bayesian network, visual imagery was found to be an important intermediary attribute of consciousness. This study highlights the utility of a network approach in rethinking the conceptualization of subjective experiential phenomena like music absorption and aesthetic experiences, and the functional role of visual imagery therein. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
PubDate: Mon, 07 Jun 2021 00:00:00 GMT
DOI: 10.1037/cns0000274
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