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Authors:Eva Selenko, Sarah Bankins, Mindy Shoss, Joel Warburton, Simon Lloyd D. Restubog Pages: 272 - 279 Abstract: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Volume 31, Issue 3, Page 272-279, June 2022. The impact of the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) on workers’ experiences remains underexamined. Although AI-enhanced processes can benefit workers (e.g., by assisting with exhausting or dangerous tasks), they can also elicit psychological harm (e.g., by causing job loss or degrading work quality). Given AI’s uniqueness among other technologies, resulting from its expanding capabilities and capacity for autonomous learning, we propose a functional-identity framework to examine AI’s effects on people’s work-related self-understandings and the social environment at work. We argue that the conditions for AI to either enhance or threaten workers’ sense of identity derived from their work depends on how the technology is functionally deployed (by complementing tasks, replacing tasks, and/or generating new tasks) and how it affects the social fabric of work. Also, how AI is implemented and the broader social-validation context play a role. We conclude by outlining future research directions and potential application of the proposed framework to organizational practice. Citation: Current Directions in Psychological Science PubDate: 2022-06-10T10:00:54Z DOI: 10.1177/09637214221091823 Issue No:Vol. 31, No. 3 (2022)
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Authors:Jonathan Rottenberg, Todd B. Kashdan Pages: 280 - 287 Abstract: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Volume 31, Issue 3, Page 280-287, June 2022. If one struggles with depression, anxiety, or suicidal impulses, what is the best outcome that one can hope for' Can psychopathology be a bridge to a better place where people operate with autonomy and self-mastery, enjoy healthy relationships, experience frequent positive emotions, and view life as meaningful and purposeful' Studies of national samples have revealed that a substantial number of people with depression, panic disorder, and suicidal impulses go on to achieve high levels of psychological well-being. We consider the practical and theoretical implications of these findings and call for a transformational mental-health agenda that focuses on good outcomes. Citation: Current Directions in Psychological Science PubDate: 2022-06-10T10:00:01Z DOI: 10.1177/09637214221093616 Issue No:Vol. 31, No. 3 (2022)
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Authors:Nicole C. Rust, Barnes G. L. Jannuzi Abstract: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. People have a remarkable ability to identify the objects that they are looking at, as well as remember the images that they have seen. Researchers know that high-level visual cortex contributes in important ways to supporting both of these functions, but developing models that describe how processing in high-level visual cortex supports these behaviors has been challenging. Recent breakthroughs in this modeling effort have arrived by way of the illustration that deep artificial neural networks trained to categorize objects, developed for computer vision purposes, reflect brainlike patterns of activity. Here we summarize how deep artificial neural networks have been used to gain important insights into the contributions of high-level visual cortex to object identification, as well as one characteristic of visual memory behavior: image memorability, the systematic variation with which some images are remembered better than others. Citation: Current Directions in Psychological Science PubDate: 2022-06-17T01:57:18Z DOI: 10.1177/09637214221083663
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Authors:Bob McMurray, Keith S. Apfelbaum, J. Bruce Tomblin Abstract: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Words are fundamental to language, linking sound, articulation, and spelling to meaning and syntax; and lexical deficits are core to communicative disorders. Work in language acquisition commonly focuses on how lexical knowledge—knowledge of words’ sound patterns and meanings—is acquired. But lexical knowledge is insufficient to account for skilled language use. Sophisticated real-time processes must decode the sound pattern of words and interpret them appropriately. We review work that bridges this gap by using sensitive real-time measures (eye tracking in the visual world paradigm) of school-age children’s processing of highly familiar words. This work reveals that the development of word recognition skills can be characterized by changes in the rate at which decisions unfold in the lexical system (the activation rate). Moreover, contrary to the standard view that these real-time skills largely develop during infancy and toddlerhood, they develop slowly, at least through adolescence. In contrast, language disorders can be linked to differences in the ultimate degree to which competing interpretations are suppressed (competition resolution), and these differences can be mechanistically linked to deficits in inhibition. These findings have implications for real-world problems such as reading difficulties and second-language acquisition. They suggest that developing accurate, flexible, and efficient processing is just as important a developmental goal as is acquiring language knowledge. Citation: Current Directions in Psychological Science PubDate: 2022-06-15T05:13:08Z DOI: 10.1177/09637214221078325
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Authors:Laura F. Bringmann, Timon Elmer, Markus I. Eronen Abstract: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Although the lack of conceptual clarity has been observed to be a widespread and fundamental problem in psychology, conceptual clarification plays a mostly marginal role in psychological research. In this article, we argue that better conceptualization of psychological phenomena is needed to move psychology forward as a science. We first show how conceptual unclarity seeps through all aspects of psychological research, from everyday concepts to statistical measures. We then turn to recommendations on how to improve conceptual clarity in psychology, emphasizing the importance of seeing research as an iterative process in which it is necessary to revisit the phenomena that are the foundations of theories and models, as well as how they are conceptualized and measured. Citation: Current Directions in Psychological Science PubDate: 2022-06-14T05:48:33Z DOI: 10.1177/09637214221096485
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Authors:Sudeep Bhatia, Ada Aka First page: 207 Abstract: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Deep-learning methods can extract high-dimensional feature vectors for objects, concepts, images, and texts from large-scale digital data sets. These vectors are proxies for the mental representations that people use in everyday cognition and behavior. For this reason, they can serve as inputs into computational models of cognition, giving these models the ability to process and respond to naturalistic prompts. Over the past few years, researchers have applied this approach to topics such as similarity judgment, memory search, categorization, decision making, and conceptual knowledge. In this article, we summarize these applications, identify underlying trends, and outline directions for future research on the computational modeling of naturalistic cognition and behavior. Citation: Current Directions in Psychological Science PubDate: 2022-04-06T11:10:46Z DOI: 10.1177/09637214211068113
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Authors:Richard W. J. Neufeld, Matthew J. Shanahan First page: 215 Abstract: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Mathematical modeling is increasingly driving progress in clinical cognitive science and assessment. Mathematical modeling is essential for detecting certain effects of psychopathology through comprehensive understanding of telltale cognitive variables, such as workload capacity and efficiency in using capacity, as well as for quantitatively stipulating the subtle but important differences among these variables. The research paradigm guiding this formal clinical science is outlined. A distinctive cognitive abnormality in schizophrenia—taking longer to cognitively represent encountered stimulation—is used as a specific example to illustrate a general quantitative framework for studying intricate phenomena that impair mental health. Developments in mathematical modeling will also benefit symptom description and prediction; provide grounding in cognitive and statistical science for new methods of clinical assessment over time, both for individuals and for treatment regimens; and contribute to refining the cognitive-function side of clinical functional neurophysiology. Citation: Current Directions in Psychological Science PubDate: 2022-04-19T07:15:49Z DOI: 10.1177/09637214211070816
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Authors:Corey N. White, Kiah N. Kitchen First page: 223 Abstract: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. The measurement of individual differences in specific cognitive functions has been an important area of study for decades. Often the goal of such studies is to determine whether there are cognitive deficits or enhancements associated with, for example, a specific population, psychological disorder, health status, or age group. The inherent difficulty, however, is that most cognitive functions are not directly observable, so researchers rely on indirect measures to infer an individual’s functioning. One of the most common approaches is to use a task that is designed to tap into a specific function and to use behavioral measures, such as reaction times (RTs), to assess performance on that task. Although this approach is widespread, it unfortunately is subject to a problem of reverse inference: Differences in a given cognitive function can be manifest as differences in RTs, but that does not guarantee that differences in RTs imply differences in that cognitive function. We illustrate this inference problem with data from a study on aging and lexical processing, highlighting how RTs can lead to erroneous conclusions about processing. Then we discuss how employing choice-RT models to analyze data can improve inference and highlight practical approaches to improving the models and incorporating them into one’s analysis pipeline. Citation: Current Directions in Psychological Science PubDate: 2022-05-17T04:35:14Z DOI: 10.1177/09637214221077060
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Authors:Paul E. Smaldino First page: 231 Abstract: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Identity signals inform receivers of a signaler’s membership in a subset of individuals, and in doing so shape cooperation, conflict, and social learning. Understanding the use and consequences of identity signaling is therefore critical for a complete science of collective human behavior. As is true for all complex social systems, this understanding is aided by the use of formal mathematical and computational models. Here I review some formal models of identity signaling. I divide these models into two categories. First, I discuss models used to study how identity functions as a signal, with a focus on public-health-related behavior and disease transmission. Second, I discuss models used to understand how identity signals operate strategically in different social environments, with a focus on covert, or encrypted, communication. Citation: Current Directions in Psychological Science PubDate: 2022-05-03T09:10:09Z DOI: 10.1177/09637214221075609
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Authors:Anna M. Borghi First page: 238 Abstract: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. The capability to form and use concepts is a core component of human cognition. Although all concepts are grounded in sensorimotor processes, more abstract concepts (e.g., “truth”) collect more heterogeneous and perceptually dissimilar exemplars; thus, linguistic interaction and social interaction are particularly crucial for their acquisition and use. Because of their indeterminacy, abstract concepts generate more uncertainty than more concrete concepts; hence, they induce people to monitor their inner knowledge longer and then to consult others to ask for information and negotiate the concept’s meaning. I propose that people need others more for abstract concepts than for concrete concepts: Other people are essential to acquire, process, and use abstract concepts. Conceiving abstract concepts in these terms requires the employment of novel, interactive methods to investigate how people represent them during their use. Citation: Current Directions in Psychological Science PubDate: 2022-05-05T09:29:40Z DOI: 10.1177/09637214221079625
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Authors:Tanya Marie Luhrmann, Kara Weisman First page: 247 Abstract: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. When scholars and scientists set out to understand religious commitment, the sensation that gods and spirits are real may be at least as important a target of inquiry as the belief that they are real. The sensory and quasisensory events that people take to be the presence of spirit—the voice of an invisible being, a feeling that a person who is dead is nonetheless in the room—are found both in the foundational stories of faith and surprisingly often in the lives of the faithful. These events become evidence that gods and spirits are there. We argue that at the heart of such spiritual experiences is the concept of a porous boundary between mind and world, and that people in all human societies have conflicting intuitions about this boundary. We have found that spiritual experiences are facilitated when people engage their more porous modes of understanding and that such experiences are easier for individuals who cultivate an immersive orientation toward experience (absorption) and engage in practices that enhance inner experience (e.g., prayer, meditation). To understand religion, one needs to explore not just how people come to believe in gods and spirits, but how they come to understand and relate to the mind. Citation: Current Directions in Psychological Science PubDate: 2022-05-16T06:54:20Z DOI: 10.1177/09637214221075285
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Authors:Cheryl R. Kaiser, Bryn Bandt-Law, Nathan N. Cheek, Rebecca Schachtman First page: 254 Abstract: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. We provide a model describing how the narrow prototype of women as having conventionally feminine attributes and identities serves as a barrier to perceiving sexual harassment and appropriately responding to sexual-harassment claims when the victims of harassment do not resemble this prototype. We review research documenting that this narrow prototype of women overlaps with mental representations of sexual-harassment targets. The prototype of women harms women who diverge from this prototype: Their experiences with sexual harassment are less likely to be perceived as such, and they experience more negative interpersonal, organizational, and legal consequences when they experience harassment. Perceptions of sexual harassment are the catalyst by which sexual harassment is recognized and remedied. Thus, narrow gender prototypes may impede the promise and potential of civil rights laws and antiharassment policy. Citation: Current Directions in Psychological Science PubDate: 2022-05-13T05:46:52Z DOI: 10.1177/09637214221078592
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Authors:Naomi P. Friedman, Daniel E. Gustavson First page: 262 Abstract: Current Directions in Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. The ability to control one’s thoughts and actions is broadly associated with health and success, so it is unsurprising that measuring self-control abilities is a common goal across many areas of psychology. Puzzlingly, however, different measures of control––questionnaire ratings and cognitive tasks––show only weak relationships to each other. We review evidence that this discrepancy is not just a result of poor reliability or validity of ratings or tasks. Rather, ratings and tasks seem to assess different aspects of control, distinguishable along six main dimensions. To improve the psychological science surrounding self-control, it will be important for future work to investigate the relative importance of these dimensions to the dissociations between self-control measures, and for researchers to explain which aspects of control they are studying and why they have focused on those aspects of control when one or both types of measures are deployed. Citation: Current Directions in Psychological Science PubDate: 2022-05-18T11:45:32Z DOI: 10.1177/09637214221091824
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