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Abstract: Women’s breasts are considered attractive and sexually appealing, perhaps due to their residual reproductive value. However, most research has focused on their intersexual selective display. The current study investigated women’s perceptions of women’s breasts when primed with an intrasexual competition prime. Across two studies, women (N = 467) were randomly assigned to a partner threat condition or control. They were asked to rate women’s breasts that had been manipulated for their size, ptosis (i.e., sagginess), and intermammary distance (i.e., cleavage). Women with large breasts were rated as more attractive, fertile, reproductively successful, likely to befriend, threatening, and they were rated as less likely to be introduced to a current partner. More importantly, these ratings were influenced by the interaction between breast size, intermammary distance, and ptosis. The findings contribute to how women’s breasts may be perceived from an intrasexual competitive perspective. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 16 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/ebs0000273
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Abstract: This study investigated whether relationship satisfaction mediates the association between attachment styles and mate-retention strategies. Four-hundred and twenty individuals in a heterosexual committed relationship participated in this study (79.7% women; Mage = 23.22, SDage = 8.07). Participants completed questionnaires assessing attachment styles, relationship satisfaction, and mate-retention strategies. The results replicated previous findings by showing that insecure attachment is positively associated with benefit-provisioning and cost-inflicting mate-retention strategies and extended previous research by showing that relationship satisfaction mediates these associations. The present findings confirm evolutionary predictions on romantic relationships that relationship satisfaction may serve as a monitor determining how individuals act to preserve their relationships. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 02 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/ebs0000272
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Abstract: People make friendships, some of which last a lifetime, whereas others are short-lived. Within the context of an evolutionary theoretical framework, this study aims to identify the reasons that lead people to terminate a friendship. More specifically, in Study 1, by using a combination of qualitative research methods in a sample of 133 Greek-speaking participants, we identified 55 such reasons. In Study 2, by using exploratory factor analysis in a sample of 557 Greek-speaking participants, we classified these reasons in four broader factors for terminating a friendship. As indicated by the means, the most important factor was selfishness, followed by romantic involvement, the lack of frequent interaction, and the perceptions of friends and family. Moreover, significant sex and age effects were found for most factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/ebs0000269
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Abstract: The importance of the social learning and cultural transmission of prosocial (altruistic and cooperative) behaviors has been investigated by many researchers, leading to a wealth of theoretical and mathematical models. The descendant-leaving strategy theory stands apart by emphasizing the vertical transmission of cultural behaviors, while other theories tend to focus on horizontal or oblique transmission. The primary concern of this article is to discern how prosocial behaviors are culturally transmitted in an Iban longhouse community using semistructured, ethnographic interviews. The results reveal that the four cooperative behaviors are largely vertically transmitted, and are therefore traditional, lending support to the descendant-leaving strategy theory. I elaborate on how models of human cooperation, especially fitness interdependence, will benefit from incorporating traditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 29 Jul 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/ebs0000268
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Abstract: As applied to humans, life history theory suggests that harsh and unpredictable childhood environments shape downstream reproductive strategies. Although myriad work provides support for that idea, such work fails to take into account another potentially important childhood contributor to downstream reproductive strategies—temperament. Using data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; N = 2,321) and structural equation modeling (SEM), we examined the relative contributions of childhood (age 6/7) temperament, harshness, and unpredictability to reproductive development (i.e., puberty at ages 10/11 and 12/13), and adolescent (age 16/17) romantic relationships, sexual activity, and reproductive intentions. Children who experienced harsh and unpredictable ecologies or who were high in sociability or reactivity engaged in more sexual activity/risk taking. Yet, adolescents who experienced high unpredictability as children explicitly reported wanting fewer children later in life. Additionally, the harsher their environments or the higher their sociability in childhood, the more and earlier romantic relationships adolescents had. Results underscore that both early environmental and individual difference factors may shape adolescent reproductive strategies and add to a growing body of literature suggesting that harshness and unpredictability can have different effects on life history strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/ebs0000266
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Abstract: Attractiveness is an important aspect of human society. Attractive people enjoy multiple societal privileges and are assigned positive personality traits, and both men and women find attractiveness important when it comes to partner choice. Our universal preference for beauty might be reflected in implicit perception of human faces. In a series of three studies, we use Bayesian methods to investigate whether attractiveness or attractive traits modulate implicit attention and gaze cuing in a large community sample. In Experiment 1, we used a dot-probe task to measure attentional bias toward attractive faces. The results demonstrate that participants reacted faster when the probe appeared behind an attractive face but not when it appeared behind an unattractive face, suggesting that specifically attractive faces captured attention. In Experiment 2, we used a similar method to test whether facial symmetry, an often-mentioned characteristic of attractive faces, modulated attention. However, we found no such effect. In Experiment 3, we used a gaze-cuing task to test whether participants were more likely to follow the gaze of attractive faces, but no such effect was found. To conclude, attractiveness affects our implicit attention toward faces, but this does not seem to extend to gaze cuing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/ebs0000265
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Abstract: Insulting comments are meant to demean a target. From the lens of evolutionary psychology, we theorized that the most used insults could be tied to evolved, sex-specific cues of mate value. We predicted that participants would ascribe as more insulting to men or to women phrases that derogate sex-specific cues of mate value. We analyzed both qualitative and quantitative data from 136 survey participants (age M = 21.2, SD = 6.1). Predictions were supported by notable consensus, and there were largely no sex differences in insult use. Most insults targeted at men derogated formidability/status and sexuality/gender, and most insults targeted at women derogated physical appearance and ascribed promiscuity. These qualities have been shown to be salient cues to mate viability for each sex, respectively. Limitations and future directions for research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/ebs0000264
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