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Abstract: Objectives: The goals of the study were to examine the number and types of personal and family perfectionists in a sample of Asian and Latinx youth and to explore group differences between the perfectionistic groups on youth functioning and self-compassion. Method: A total of 707 Asian American and 371 Latinx American youth (Mage = 14.10, SD = .59; 51.8% male and 48.0% female) completed self-report measures of personal and family perfectionism, self-compassion and self-coldness, and youth functioning. Results: Cluster analysis revealed three types of personal perfectionists and three types of perfectionistic families (adaptive perfectionistic, maladaptive perfectionistic, and nonperfectionistic individuals and families). Adaptive personal and family perfectionists reported highest levels of self-compassion, and lowest levels of self-coldness, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors. There were significant interaction effects between personal and family perfectionists. Adaptive perfectionists who came from adaptive perfectionistic families reported significantly lower levels of self-coldness, internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Finally, individuals who reported high levels of discrepancy and also came from maladaptive perfectionistic families exhibited highest levels of distress. Conclusions: Our study revealed the importance of taking into account both the roles of personal and family perfectionism when working with youth of Asian and Latinx descent. In particular, perceived high expectations from families may exacerbate the detrimental effects associated with youth setting high standards for themselves. In contrast, family’s healthy expectations and responses toward failure can buffer against the negative effects of youth’s own maladaptive perfectionistic tendencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 18 Aug 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000555
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Abstract: Objective: Previous minority stress scholarship has investigated racism as both a constituent to stress and as an independent psychosocial stressor. It is generally understood that experiences of racism operate differently to affect mental health outcomes compared to general life stress. Racism is consistently implicated in poor psychological health outcomes among Arab Americans. Experiences of racism may be particularly harmful among Arab American adolescents who are in a critical developmental period. This study tested a minority stress framework among Arab American adolescents by examining the association between racism and psychological symptoms both directly and indirectly via stress. Method: The sample included 223 Arab American adolescents whose ages ranged from 13 to 18 (M = 15.63, SD = 1.26; 51.1% boys; 49.3% Lebanese) drawn from the Detroit metropolitan area. Participants responded to measures of racism, stress, and internalizing and externalizing psychological symptoms. Results: The structural equation model provided good model fit to the data and indirect effects testing showed that the association between racism and psychological symptoms via general stress was statistically significant (z = 3.48, p < .001). Greater racism was associated with more psychological symptoms in the presence and absence of general stress. The magnitude of the association between racism and psychological symptoms was attenuated with stress included in the model. The association remained statistically significant and reasonably robust. Conclusions: Findings support racism as both a unique construct and an adjunct to general stress that is positively correlated with psychological symptoms among Arab American adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 27 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000550
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Abstract: Filipino Americans accounted for 2.9 million (16%) of the total U.S. Asian American population. As one of the fastest growing Asian immigrant groups, it is important to examine factors that could be targeted in interventions to better aid this community. Objectives: This study provided a unique perspective into the lives of Filipino American youth by utilizing a specific measure developed to assess different areas of enculturation among their Filipino American caregivers. The primary objectives of this study were to examine the associations among parental enculturation with parenting practices and youth internalizing and externalizing behaviors using regression analyses. Method: This study focused on 131 Filipino American families who participated in the Filipino Family Health Initiative. Results: Our hypotheses were partially supported. Interpersonal norms was positively associated with harsh/inconsistent discipline, while conservatism was positively associated with appropriate discipline and praise/incentives. Connection with homeland was negatively associated with youth behavioral symptoms, while interpersonal norms was positively associated with youth behavioral symptoms. Inconsistent with hypotheses, connection with homeland was negatively associated with appropriate discipline. Conclusions: This highlighted the need for better understanding of the cultural experiences and values of Filipino American parents when working with Filipino American children in clinical and research settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 20 Jun 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000552
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Abstract: Objectives: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has had a disproportionately negative impact on communities of color across the U.S., including Mexican Americans. The present study examined the influence of the pandemic on family relationships among individuals living in the U.S.–Mexico border region and how changes in family relationships were related to both familism values and mental health. Method: Two hundred ninety-one college Latino students participated in a survey that asked about changes in family relationships and mental health since the beginning of the pandemic. Results: Contrary to our initial hypothesis, the majority of respondents indicated their family relationships had not changed since the beginning of the pandemic. However, those who reported negative changes in their family relationships also reported worse mental health whereas those who reported positive changes reported higher familism values. Mediational models revealed an indirect effect of familism support values on depression via changes in family relationships. Conclusions: Although cross-sectional, these results provide preliminary evidence of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Mexican Americans in the border region, as well as cultural factors that promote resilience in times of stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 21 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000547
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Abstract: Objective: U.S. young adult racial minorities have been disproportionately impacted by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in rates of infection and morbidity. Prepandemic racial discrimination has been associated with depression and general anxiety. However, the effect of coronavirus-specific forms of discrimination on mental health has not been examined. This study assessed the effect of social determinants of mental health and COVID-19-specific victimization and racial bias beliefs on depression and anxiety among young adults of color in the U.S. Method: A national online survey of 399 American Indian/Alaskan Natives, Asian, Black, and Latinx adults (18–25 years) included demographic variables, COVID-19-health risks, and standardized measures of depression, anxiety, coronavirus-related victimization distress and perceptions of coronavirus-related racial bias across a range of contexts. Results: Employment, financial and prescription insecurity, COVID-19-health risks, coronavirus-victimization distress and coronavirus racial bias beliefs were positively correlated with depression and anxiety. Scores on the Coronavirus Racial Bias Scale were significantly higher among Asian and Black respondents. Structural equation modeling controlling for race/ethnicity and demographic variables indicated coronavirus racial bias mediated the effect of coronavirus victimization distress on both mental health indices. Conclusion: Results suggest the COVID-19 pandemic has created new pathways to mental health disparities among young adults of color by reversing formerly protective factors such as employment, and by exacerbating structural and societal inequities linked to race. Findings highlight the necessity of creating mental health services tailored to the specific needs of racial minorities during the current and future health crises. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 07 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000539
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Abstract: Objective: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has amplified preexisting racism and xenophobia. In this study, we investigated (a) whether perceived personal and group discrimination make distinct contributions to Chinese Canadians’ negative affect and concern that the heightened discrimination they experienced during the pandemic will continue after the pandemic; (b) whether Canadian and Chinese identities and social support moderate the effect of discrimination on this concern; and (c) whether race-based rejection sensitivity (RS) explains why each type of discrimination predicts negative affect and expectation of future discrimination. Method: A sample of Chinese Canadian adults across Canadian provinces (N = 516; Mage = 42.74, 53.3% females) completed a questionnaire assessing personal and group discrimination, Chinese and Canadian identity, a short form of race-based RS, negative affect, and expectation of future discrimination. Results: Personal and group discrimination were intercorrelated and positively associated with negative emotion and expectation of future discrimination. Chinese Canadians who identified more strongly as Chinese experienced a less adverse impact related to group discrimination. However, those who identified more (vs. less) strongly as Canadians were more likely to be impacted by personal discrimination. Finally, path analysis revealed that both personal and group discrimination were positively associated with RS, which in turn predicted an expectation that long-lasting racism would continue after the pandemic. Conclusion: Group and personal discrimination play different roles in Chinese Canadians’ experiences during and expectations after the pandemic. Maintaining Chinese identity can be beneficial to Chinese Canadians, particularly in mitigating the negative effect of group discrimination during the pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 13 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000519
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Abstract: Objectives: The present studies examined two dimensions of racial ingroup identification, using them as predictors of Black and White Americans’ attitudes toward paying college athletes. Following Leach et al. (2008), the present work distinguished between ingroup self-investment and ingroup self-definition. The central prediction was that respondent race and self-investment would interact in predicting compensation support. Method: In three studies (N = 352, N = 476, & N = 562), U.S. residents who were 18 or older and either Black or White completed an online survey in which they completed a self-report measure of racial identification, as well as reporting their opinion of paying college athletes. Results: The results supported the prediction, demonstrating that Black respondents’ support was higher than that for Whites, but this was especially the case at high levels of self-investment. The third study suggests that these effects were driven by respondents who believed that Black athletes made up a larger percentage of the pool of likely beneficiaries of compensation. Ingroup self-definition played no role as a moderator. Conclusions: Broadly speaking, it may be that, for policies whose likely beneficiaries are disproportionately Black, stronger racial self-investment serves to widen racial divides in support. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 13 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000520
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Abstract: Objective: The use of geosocial networking (GSN) apps to meet male sexual partners may contribute to HIV infection risk for Black men who have sex with men (MSM), but the psychosocial underpinnings of this behavior are not understood. In social psychology, the Rejection-Identification Model posits that identification with a socially stigmatized group emerges as a means of coping in response to perceived stigmatization—which can shape behavior. This study tested the Rejection-Identification process as a facilitator of increased use of GSN apps to meet male sexual partners among Black MSM who use these apps. Method: Black MSM (N = 103; Mage = 29.8) reporting a male sexual partner from a GSN app in the past year were recruited nationally from Grindr and Facebook. Participants completed an online survey in which they reported sociodemographic information, measures of racial stigma and Black identity, and characteristics of their past-year male sexual partners. Results: Participants in this sample reported that most of their past-year male partners came from GSN apps (Mpercent = 82.3), and results from hypothesis testing showed that greater perceived devaluation of Black people in society (i.e., public racial stigma) was associated with an increased percentage of GSN-met partners. In line with the Rejection-Identification Model, this relationship was mediated by greater Black identity centrality. Conclusions: Findings highlight psychosocial correlates of increased GSN app use to meet male sexual partners among Black MSM, which may place Black MSM at increased risk for HIV infection. Results also point to the possibility that these factors may be harnessed to develop HIV prevention strategies for Black MSM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 10 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000507
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Abstract: Objective: Through two correlational studies (Study 1: Turkish majority, Kurdish minority; Study 2: White British majority; Black minority), we examined the implications of social identity threat for majority and minority ethnic group members’ psychological well-being and intergroup bias, using a social identity framework that incorporates the recently highlighted distinction between narcissistic and non-narcissistic positive evaluation of the ingroup (i.e., collective narcissism and ingroup satisfaction, respectively). Method: Online questionnaires were completed by 397 Turkish nationals (265 ethnic Turks and 132 ethnic Kurds, Mage = 32.81, SD = 11.67) in Study 1 and 351 British individuals (163 White and 188 Black British; Mage = 31.47, SD = 10.84) in Study 2. Results: Social identity threat was consistently associated with collective narcissism among all ethnic groups, whereas it was either unrelated or related negatively to ingroup satisfaction. Collective narcissism was positively associated with intergroup bias among both majority and minority groups. Unexpectedly, ingroup satisfaction was also related to greater bias particularly among majority members. In all groups, ingroup satisfaction (but not collective narcissism) was directly associated with greater psychological well-being. Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of exploring the narcissistic component of positive ingroup evaluation to provide a more nuanced understanding of the relationships between social identity threat and personal well-being, as well as intergroup bias. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 09 Dec 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000509
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Abstract: Objective: We investigated whether gendered racism predicts depressive symptoms and alcohol use severity among Asian American men (AAM) through indirect relations via culture-specific family and external shame. Method: We analyzed convenience data from 409 AAM. Sample age (M = 21.24), nativity, ethnicity, education, income, and self-reported social class were diverse and controlled for. We path modeled direct associations among gendered racism and depressive symptoms and alcohol use severity, and their indirect (mediated) associations through family and external shame. Results: About 21% and 25% of the sample met the clinical cutoffs for depressive symptoms and risky alcohol use, respectively. Gendered racism predicted depressive symptoms indirectly via external shame, and predicted alcohol use severity directly and indirectly via family shame. The hypothesized model fits the data better than an alternative model with shame factors as predictors. Conclusion: Gendered racism is an insidious psychiatric risk factor for AAM and appears to exacerbate family and external shame, which may subsequently and divergently increase depressive symptoms and alcohol use severity. Findings highlight the role of cultural factors within gendered racism-related stress processes among AAM. Future research should consider longitudinal designs and additional mediating and outcome variables to examine the behavioral health sequelae of gendered racism among AAM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 02 Dec 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000505
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Abstract: Objective: Primary caregivers (e.g., parents, grandparents, other family members) from low-income and ethnically minoritized families tend to face a host of barriers when participating in their children’s school activities. Research suggests that demographic match and quality communication between caregivers and teachers could support minoritized families’ school-based engagement. This study examined the associations among caregiver–teacher demographic match, caregivers’ perceived communication quality with the teacher and caregivers’ perceived barriers to school-based engagement. Method: Caregivers (n = 565) from 49 Head Start classrooms completed the parent-report versions of the surveys: Barriers to Family Engagement, reporting resource, cultural/relational, and program/context barriers to school-based engagement; and Family-Teacher Communication, reporting communication quality with their children’s lead and assistant teachers (n = 102). Caregivers and teachers also completed demographic surveys to provide information about their family background, such as race/ethnicity, primary language, and education level. Results: Multilevel modeling results showed that among the three demographic match variables (i.e., race/ethnicity, primary language, formal education), only language match was associated with caregivers’ perception of fewer cultural/relational barriers. Latine and Black non-Latine caregivers reported more cultural/relational and program/context carriers than White, non-Latine caregivers. Finally, caregivers who perceived better communication with their children’s teachers reported fewer cultural/relational and program/context barriers. Conclusions: Primary language match and high-quality communication between families and teachers appear essential in creating a welcoming preschool environment that could alleviate some of the barriers to engagement typically faced by ethnically minoritized and low-income families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 04 Nov 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000497
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Abstract: Objective: This study examined the transactional associations among maternal warmth, child temperamental inhibitory control, child externalizing behaviors, and maternal American acculturation in Korean immigrant families with young children across three time points, each 6 months apart. Method: Korean immigrant mothers (Mage = 35.93 years, SD = 3.68) and their preschool-aged children (Mage = 4.30 years, SD = 0.98) in the U.S. participated (n = 199 at Wave 1, n = 138 at Wave 2, and n = 105 at Wave 3). Mothers reported on their family demographics, maternal warmth, maternal American acculturation, and children’s temperamental inhibitory control. Teachers reported on children’s externalizing problems. Results: Moderate to strong stabilities within each construct across time and within-time covariations among the constructs were revealed. Transactional relations between parent and child were not found. However, Wave 1 maternal American acculturation significantly influenced their level of Wave 2 maternal warmth. Wave 2 maternal warmth predicted increases in Wave 3 child temperamental inhibitory control. Maternal warmth at Wave 2 statistically mediated the association between Wave 1 maternal acculturation and Wave 3 child inhibitory control. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of examining the complex mechanisms driving the associations among child, parenting, and cultural factors in promoting positive child characteristics and parenting practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 16 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000493
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Abstract: Objectives: The rejection–identification model (RIM; Branscombe et al. 1999) suggests group identification mitigates the negative effects of perceived discrimination on psychological well-being. The RIM has not been applied to instances of interminority ingroup rejection–discrimination by one’s ingroup toward another of their ingroups (e.g., a gay Black American perceiving racial discrimination within his LGBTQ+ community). We address two questions: (a) do the predicted relationships between constructs in the RIM replicate for interminority ingroup rejection' (b) How does interminority ingroup rejection relate to identification with the discriminating ingroup' Methods: We test these questions using structural equation modeling (SEM) on a secondary dataset including respondents (N = 3,300) who identify as members of both a racial and sexual minority. Results: Our analysis produced two key findings. First, replicating past RIM research, we show that perceived discrimination—whether heterosexist or racist in nature—predicts worse well-being and higher identification with the target group. Furthermore, we demonstrate an indirect effect such that discrimination predicts higher group identification and this is positively related to well-being. Second, the interminority ingroup rejection–identification paths varied as a function of whether discrimination was heterosexist or racist. Greater heterosexism within one’s racial community predicted greater racial ingroup identification; however, racism within one’s sexual minority community was not a significant predictor of sexual minority group identification. Conclusions: We discuss implications of interminority ingroup rejection for people who belong to intersecting minority groups and make recommendations for extending research on this issue. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 02 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000380
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Abstract: Objective: Anecdotal narratives and recent qualitative research with Black atheists document experiences of racial identity denial from the target’s perspective. However, no research to date has examined whether Black perceivers perceive Black atheists as being weakly identified with their race. Because belief in God is often inextricably linked with Black racial identity in the Black community, we hypothesized that Black atheists would be perceived as less Black than nonatheists. Method: Black/African American adults (n = 343) were randomly assigned to view one of three Black individual’s social networking profiles (i.e., a Christian, an atheist, and religion not explicitly mentioned). After, they reported their perceptions of the targets’ perceived racial identity and trustworthiness. Results: Black participants, regardless of how strongly they identified racially, perceived a Black Atheist as less racially identified than a Black Christian or someone whose religious affiliation was unknown. Additionally, a Black atheist was perceived as less trustworthy than a Black Christian. Conclusions: Black atheists experience general anti-atheist bias (e.g., perceived as untrustworthy), as well as unique anti-atheist bias in the form of racial identity denial. These findings extend previous research on identity denial and intragroup dynamics and advance our understanding of the relationship between religious identification and racial identity denial within the Black community. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 22 Jul 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000397
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Abstract: Objectives: Using the context of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict, Studies 1 and 2 tested how ethnic identification predicted support for minority rights through the pathway of the endorsement of the conflict narrative of the minority group (i.e., independence narrative) among Kurds (Study 1) and Turks (Study 2) in Turkey. Study 2 also tested whether the paths between (a) ethnic identification and endorsement of the minority group’s conflict narrative and (b) endorsement of the minority group’s conflict and support for minority rights would be moderated by ally identification (i.e., Turkish ally identification). Methods: 201 self-identified Kurdish participants in Study 1 and 271 self-identified Turkish participants in Study 2 participated in an online survey voluntarily. Results: In Study 1, stronger Kurdish identification predicted more support for minority rights through the pathway of more endorsement of the independence narrative. Study 2 showed the opposite findings with regard to the relationship between ethnic identification and support for minority rights. For the majority group, higher ethnic identification predicted less support for minority rights, through the pathway of less endorsement of the minority group’s conflict narrative. Study 2 also found that the strength of the relationship between (a) ethnic identification and endorsement of the minority group’s conflict narrative is particularly strong among strong allies, whereas the strength of the relationship between (b) endorsement of the minority group’s conflict narrative and support for minority rights is particularly strong among weak allies. Conclusions: Results point to the important relationship between ethnic and ally identities, conflict narratives, and intergroup-related outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 01 Jul 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000388
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Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to explore Muslim Arab American women’s intersecting identities, the types of discrimination they experience, and the psychosocial effects of those experiences on identity and well-being. Method: Thirteen Muslim Arab American women were interviewed utilizing the consensual qualitative research (CQR) approach. Results: Final domains that emerged from the data included conceptualization of racial, ethnic, and religious identity; experiences and effect of microaggressions; and coping strategies. Conclusions: The results document discrimination at the intersection of their multiple identities, a perceived shift in stereotypes from weak and oppressed to anti-American and violent, and within-group discrimination in the form of colorism and judgment. Reported psychological effects of discrimination include internalization of stereotypes, burden to represent all Muslims, rejection of the White racial label, and increased activism. The findings highlight resilience and coping through active self-acceptance and advocacy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 18 Mar 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000440
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