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Abstract: Prior research showed that people make inferences about personality traits based on facial features and that there is cross-cultural consensus concerning such face-based trait inferences. The current research tested whether there are cultural differences in the extent to which people ascribe traits to individuals based on facial features. We built Caucasian and Asian faces using a data-driven statistical model that represents two fundamental social dimensions—trustworthiness and dominance traits—and generated faces that vary on each dimension, ranging from − 4.5 SD to + 4.5 SD. By asking European American and Korean participants to judge these faces, we demonstrated that although trait evaluations tracked the trait intensity predicted by the computer models in both cultures, European American participants inferred more extreme traits from faces than did Korean participants. Cultural differences in the extent of trait ascription were partly explained by attention to situational information. In addition, participants made more differentiated trait ascription based on their own-race faces than other-race faces; this was more pronounced among European American participants. PubDate: 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-022-00114-3
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Abstract: The pace of life, as an indispensable aspect of microscopic culture, has been largely ignored by the academia for a long time. This study proposes that the emergent outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan put people there into a fight against time, leading to a speeding up of their pace of life. This might have affected their temporal perspective, regardless of the macroscopic regulation of Chinese culture. To this end, we designed an online questionnaire to gather data about Wuhan people’s pace of life and temporal perspective, both during its lockdown and seven months after the lockdown. The results showed that people in while-lockdown Wuhan displayed a much faster pace of life and also a much higher tendency to choose the Moving Time perspective than people in Wuhan seven months after the lockdown. This suggests that the pace of life is not only regulated by specific culture macroscopically, but also by certain pressing events microscopically, and one’s temporal perspective is affected by the changed pace of life. PubDate: 2022-12-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-022-00113-4
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Abstract: Left-right confusion commonly occurs in neurologically intact individuals. This study aimed to investigate the real-life individual differences in left-right confusion among healthy Japanese young adults. The effects of gender and handedness were also examined in a balanced sample with similar numbers of left- and right-handed and female and male participants. Half of the 128 participants (32 of 64 males; 32 of 64 females) were left-handed. Participants were administered a self-rated confusability questionnaire and the Money Road-Map Test (MRMT). In the self-rated questionnaire, females reported a stronger degree of confusability. Although the main effects of handedness, the main effect of gender, and their interaction were non-significant in terms of the accuracy performance of the MRMT, there was a male-dominated gender difference in completion time. The results of this study confirm that there are individuals who are neurologically intact, but who show extreme left-right confusion—both subjectively and objectively. This issue must be understood in terms of promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion in the broader community. PubDate: 2022-11-03 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-022-00112-5
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Abstract: In modern neuropsychology, the acknowledgment of cultural variables and their significant influence on cognitive development and performance spawned the development of cross-cultural neuropsychological tests. This article describes the development and psychometric properties of the Multicultural Neuropsychological Scale (MUNS), a screening scale that includes stimuli common to most cultures in the world. It is appropriate for use with adults and the elderly and with lower and higher education participants. In the validity study, we compared the performances of control and cognitively impaired participants. Test reliability was assessed using the standardized regression-based method (n = 71). Norms were developed using a regression-based method. One hundred and eighty-four Spanish-speaking participants of both sexes were recruited for the normative sample. Participants were between 15 and 80 years old. The education range was 4–20 years of schooling. Evidence for its cross-cultural utility was obtained by comparing the performance of two (Argentinian and American) age and education matched samples. Mean differences between the control and clinical groups were significant, yielding a large effect size (η2 = 0.20). Raw MUNS retest total scores were predicted by MUNS pretest total score and age. Age, reading fluency, and years of schooling significantly influenced test scores. The validity study confirmed that the test discriminates between individuals with and without cognitive impairments, including participants with mild cognitive impairments. Reliability is satisfactory. The performance of both samples showed no significant differences between them in all subtests except for one. PubDate: 2022-08-08 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-022-00111-6
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Abstract: The present research supports a socioecological perspective that initially evolved from a relatively harsh environment and developed a unique type of self-assertive interdependence by comparing Mongolian and Han college students’ self-construal. Mongolian represent a major cultural group, yet one that is relatively neglected in cultural psychology. We hypothesize that Mongolian culture is characterized by a unique form of interdependence that is self-assertive. Mongolian cultural identity emerged historically in regions with harsh ecological and climatic environments in which it was necessary to protect the survival of tribal groups. Individuals in Mongolian cultures were honor-bound to be respectful and trustworthy group members. To support this hypothesis, the current study used a picture classification task, symbolic self-inflation task, causal attribution task, and implicit social orientation task to investigate whether Mongolian and Han college students’ socioecological environment and historic culture lead to differences in self-construal. In the picture classification task and causal attribution task, both Mongolian and Han participants show holistic cognition, holistic social cognition, and interdependence. However, Mongolians exhibited higher self-inflation and greater pride and self-esteem than Han participants in the symbolic self-inflation and implicit social orientation tasks. Thus, our finding suggests that Mongolian college students show the cultural and psychological characteristics of the coexistence of self-assertive and interdependence. The Mongolian socioecological environment and production modes have become essential ecological variables, affecting their descendants’ self-construal. PubDate: 2022-06-22 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-022-00110-7
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Abstract: There have been data revealing the past changes of well-being and its cognitive component, i.e., life satisfaction among Chinese, but the changes of affective component of subjective well-being were undetermined. The present study focused on the past changes of positive and negative affect among Chinese. Study 1 preliminarily examined the cross-temporal trends of affect words frequency in Chinese books based on Google Ngram Viewer from 2001 to 2008, and found that positive affect words appeared more frequently, while frequency of negative affect words did not change obviously. In Study 2, a cross-temporal meta-analysis on positive and negative affect was conducted during 2001–2016 among Chinese college students, and the potential moderation effects of GDP growth rate and perceived social mobility change were explored. Based on weighted regression and representation similarity analysis, results showed that positive affect had improved during 2001–2016 among Chinese college students, while negative affect remained largely unchanged. In addition, there was significant moderation effect of GDP growth rate in negative affect change, and perceived social mobility change in both positive and negative affect changes. Altogether, the present findings supplemented the existing literature by providing evidence on rising positive affective states among Chinese college students during the period which China experienced the greatest economic growth and social transform in history. PubDate: 2022-06-09 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-022-00109-0
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Abstract: Biological evolution has led to more and more complex organisms, including humans with highly developed brains. This has facilitated adaptation to changing circumstances through conscious self-monitoring, allowing individuals to learn from experiences and to form cultural entities. More recently, a paralimbic brain network instrumental in self-awareness has been defined. It consists of two medially located hubs regulated by dopamine via GABAergic neurons. Its function requires multiple oscillations and is therefore highly oxygen dependent and vulnerable in penuria. This predicament may lead to major disorders like schizophrenia, addiction, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism. Recent observations have shown that the relative activity in the medial paralimbic network of self-awareness and the angular gyri is different between Westerners and Orientals, with more angular activity in the latter group. The difference seems to reflect less egocentricity in oriental cultures compared to western culture. Alignment of activity pattern among individuals is a general feature of each culture, reflecting a continuum between intrinsic cognition and external environment. In disease, it is therefore important to focus not only on intrinsic cognition and external environment separately, but also on their interaction. We here propose that dopamine–gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interacting hubs in the network are a cornerstone not only for health, but even human culture. PubDate: 2022-05-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-022-00108-1
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Abstract: The divergence of Eastern and Western cultures signifies the two opposite, major branches that developed during human cultural evolution. While socioeconomic, historical, and geographical factors are thought to be responsible for this divergence, genetic factors may also contribute to the separation of Eastern and Western cultures. In an attempt to describe a potential biological basis for the differences between “Easterners” and “Westerners”, SNPs that were associated with personality/behavioral traits, were interrogated in different populations worldwide. For some but not all SNPs examined, a high correlation in their allelic frequencies in different racial groups was detected. Those that exhibited the highest difference in allelic frequencies between East Asians and European ancestry populations, were all highly correlated in pairwise comparisons and corresponded to traits that are aligned with typical characteristics that are thought to underscore Western and Eastern cultures. Genetic loci associated with these SNPs included CTNNA2 (rs7600563), OXTR (rs53576) LINC00461 (rs3814424) MTMR9 (rs2164273) and WSCD2 (rs1426371) that have been linked to excitement seeking, empathy, the perception of loneliness, conscientiousness, and extraversion. Among them, variations especially in LINC00461 in different populations correlated significantly with Hofstede’s cultural dimensions indices of the different countries. These findings highlight the potential role of genetic factors in cultural evolution and suggest that genetic differences may contribute to the divergence of Eastern and Western cultures. PubDate: 2022-02-25 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-022-00107-2
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Abstract: The present work reviews moral judgment from the perspective of culture. Culture is a dynamic system of human beings interacting with their environment, and morality is both a product of this system and a means of maintaining it. When members of a culture engage in moral judgment, they communicate their “social morality” and gain a reputation as a productive member who contributes to the culture’s prosperity. People in different cultures emphasize different moral domains, which is often understood through the individualism-collectivism distinction that is widely utilized in cultural psychology. However, traditional morality research lacks the interactive perspective of culture, where people communicate with shared beliefs about what is good or bad. As a consequence, past work has had numerous limitations and even potential confounds created by methodologies that are grounded in the perspective of WEIRD (i.e., Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic) cultures. Great attention should be paid to the possibly misleading assumption that researchers and participants share the same understanding of the stimuli. We must address this bias in sampling and in the minds of researchers and better clarify the concept of culture in intercultural morality research. The theoretical and practical findings from research on culture can then contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of moral judgment. PubDate: 2022-01-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-022-00106-3
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Abstract: Cultural perspectives of neuropsychology proposes that test instruments reflect cultural values held by different societies. However, there is a lack of studies that tests such assumptions, making this relationship unclear. This is a first study to examine whether different cultural values would uniquely predict the performances of neuropsychological tests. Cultural values were defined using Hofstede’s framework of cultural values, and we included neuropsychological measures commonly found in clinical practice. Two hundred and four healthy participants of diverse ethnic backgrounds were included in the study. Five neuropsychological measures were used covering working memory, attention, verbal fluency, verbal memory, and processing speeds. The Cultural Values Scale measured five dimensions of Hofstede’s cultural values. Hierarchical regressions revealed that higher long-term-orientation predicted the better performance on Digit Span Backwards and phonetic fluency. This suggests that values of perseverance or future planning may manifests on tests of working memory and executive functions. Whereas higher uncertainty avoidance predicted lower performance on Digit Span Backwards. Lower tolerance toward ambiguity during testing procedures could have resulted in anxiety, thus affect working memory processes. These results suggest that long-term-orientation and uncertainty avoidance could be associated with processes within executive functions, especially if these are subjected to verbal assessments. Future studies should confirm these findings with other neuropsychological measures and recruit a wider range of clinical and non-clinical populations. Limitations of the study are discussed. PubDate: 2022-01-14 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-021-00105-w
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Abstract: Numbers are particularly interesting as they can be presented in different notations, for example, they can be represented as numerical digits or words. Moreover, many cultures around the world have different writing systems for representing number. Thai uses a more traditional Thai number system in conjunction with Arabic numbers. In the current study, we investigated the processing of numerical digits and words in unbalanced Thai-English bilinguals using a numerical parity judgment task. The flankers occurring on either side of the target were either congruent or incongruent with the target digit or word. In Experiment 1, we investigated the effects of Arabic digit and Thai digit flankers on English and Thai target number words and in Experiment 2, the effects of English and Thai number word flankers on Arabic and Thai digit targets. In Experiment 1, we found an interference effect from Thai digit flankers on Thai numerical words and in Experiment 2, an interference effect for Arabic digits from Thai word flankers. These results suggest that the first language is playing a greater contributing role than the second language and that numerical notation format contributes to the effect. Proficiency in the second language is likely to moderate this effect. PubDate: 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-020-00097-z
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Abstract: Dominant theories assume that moral judgments reflect the individual’s personal beliefs, but cross-cultural findings on morality suggest that people in collectivistic and tight cultures may rely on social expectations to evaluate morally relevant actions. Moreover, moral attitudes are flexible, and people may adapt moral values in line with what the members of the host culture value. In the current research, self-construal, tightness-looseness, and extrinsic moral motives (perceptions that moral acceptability of a given action is something that people are expected to go along with others) were investigated. Japan residents who had never been abroad (n = 73) and Japanese sojourners in individualistic and loose cultures (the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy; n = 50) participated. Results showed that compared with Japan residents, Japanese sojourners reported lower extrinsic moral motives on morally relevant actions concerning communal values. Cultural tightness, but not self-construal, mediated the relationship between culture and extrinsic moral motives ratings. Among sojourners, assimilation and cultural tightness predicted higher extrinsic moral motives ratings, whereas length of residence negatively predicted the motives. These results show that people in tight cultures may make moral judgments based on what is perceived as socially appropriate, but not on what is personally important. Also, the research highlights the importance of considering the role of extrinsic moral motives in shaping moral judgments. PubDate: 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-020-00095-1
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Abstract: A previous Japanese study has shown that the short (s) allele of the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), implicated in higher sensitivity to aversive stimuli, may promote motor inhibitory control in conditions where impulsivity is punished. The present study conducted in Australia replicates this Japanese study to examine if culture modulates the observed gene–behaviour link. Japan has a tight culture, where norm adherence and low impulsivity are emphasised. In contrast, Australia is a loose culture, where deviation from norms is tolerated to a greater extent. We therefore expected that the s-allele carriers’ strong motor inhibitory control in aversive conditions might be weaker in Australia than in Japan. Ninety-eight second-generation Australians of East Asian heritage, including 53s/s-allele carriers, 32s/l-allele carriers and 11l/l-allele carriers, participated in the reward/punishment-go/nogo task. As expected, s/s carriers in Australia, compared with their peers in Japan, showed higher impulsivity when inappropriate responding was punished (i.e. punishment-nogo conditions) but lower impulsivity when appropriate non-responding was rewarded (i.e. reward-nogo conditions). In contrast, the behaviours of the Australian s/l-allele carriers were similar to those of their Japanese counterparts. The results suggest that the larger context of culture that provides behavioural norms should be considered when examining gene × environment interaction. PubDate: 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-020-00098-y
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Abstract: Despite enormous progress in understanding the neuroscientific elements that underpin the basic emotions, far less attention has been paid to individual differences. The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) aim to measure these universally-shared subcortical affective systems on which personality is built: CARE, PLAY, SEEK, SADNESS, FEAR and ANGER. Gender differences have been reported in several previous ANPS studies, but no systematic review of these findings has yet been conducted. The present study reviewed ANPS gender effects in 15 countries: (from West to East) Canada, U.S.A., Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Norway, Poland, Serbia, Turkey, Russia, China, Hong Kong, and Japan. The total sample size was N = 6500, composed of 38% males and 62% females. The mean age for the total sample was 26 years. The results showed that gender differences on the ANPS were variable, for different classes of basic emotions. These categories included emotions on which females scored universally higher (CARE and SADNESS); emotions that showed variability based on geography (FEAR and PLAY); and emotions that showed virtually no gender effect (SEEKING and ANGER). These findings can be interpreted in the light of biological universals, geographical variation caused by genetics, and cultural variation in emotion expression and regulation. The results were broadly consistent with gender effects reported in the Big Five personality literature, including a trend of gender differences increasing when moving from 'East' to 'West'. The paper reviews a range of suggestions for future research, including cultural data, genomic data and/or culture-gene interactions. PubDate: 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-021-00099-5
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Abstract: Growing evidence shows culture-related differences in brain activity during self- and other-referential tasks. However, the effect of individual endorsement of cultural values on connectivity of the default mode network (DMN), the primary network associated with self-referential processing, during self- and other-referential tasks is virtually unexplored. We used self-report questionnaires to measure independent and interdependent self-construal and investigated the effect of cultural values on DMN functional connectivity during self and other trait adjective judgment task. The observed associations show that the endorsement of individualist values predisposes to a greater DMN involvement during self-processing and to its lesser involvement during close-other-processing, whereas the endorsement of collectivist values predisposes to a less active DMN engagement in self-processing and to its greater engagement in other-processing. This is in line with the notion that DMN is not specialized for self-processing, but rather is involved in more general cognitive processing related to social cognition and the degree of its involvement in self- versus other-processing is moderated by cultural value system. PubDate: 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-020-00094-2
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Abstract: Previous findings suggest that dialecticism leads to the emphasis of negative aspects of positive emotions and the down-regulation of positive emotions in cultures having a background strong in dialecticism. However, there is little neurological evidence linking dialecticism and positive emotion processing. In the present study, we examined the relationship between dialecticism and positive emotion processing with event-related brain potentials. The results showed that (1) P2, P300, LPP 600–1000 and LPP 1000–1500 were larger for positive emotion in social context stimuli as compared to positive emotion stimuli. (2) P300 and LPP 300–600 in all conditions were found to be negatively correlated with the scores of dialecticism. People with higher dialecticism scores had smaller P300 and LPP 300–600 amplitudes during processing of different positive emotional stimuli. The results provide neurological evidence that dialecticism influences the experience of positive emotions and affects how positive emotions are processed. Further implications are discussed. PubDate: 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-021-00104-x
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Abstract: In each culture, non-verbal communication is characterized by the use of conventional gestures. The present study aimed to investigate the neural correlates underlying a non-verbal interaction between encoder and decoder characterized by the use of different gestures in Italian and French cultures. Specifically, interagents’ cortical activity was recorded with the use of electroencephalography (EEG) in hyperscanning. From results, different cortical modulation and inter-brain connectivity emerged regarding the types and valence of gestures, the interagents’ role and the culture of belonging. The present research has shown cultural differences concerning gestures’ type and valence, highlighting brain synchronization in same culture’s individuals. PubDate: 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-021-00103-y
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Abstract: The present study intended to investigate the generic nature of visual aesthetic experience. Researchers have not agreed upon what constitutes visual aesthetic experience, and the present study proposed that visual aesthetic experience is comprised of at least two components: enhanced visual processing and positive emotional and reward experience. We applied a general activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis to 42 functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments described in 37 published studies. The general activation likelihood estimation revealed activation in the left orbitofrontal cortices and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, which was thought to be related to emotional and reward processes, and activation in the right fusiform gyrus. In addition, a conjunction analysis of passive viewing tasks and tasks with explicit instructions showed activation in the anterior cingulate cortex/orbitofrontal cortex, and contrast analysis revealed stronger activation in the anterior cingulate cortex/orbitofrontal cortex during the passive viewing task without explicit instructions to make aesthetic evaluations, suggesting that stronger emotional experiences occur under such conditions. A conjunction analysis of groups with different cultural backgrounds showed activation in the ventral anterior cingulate cortex/orbitofrontal cortex, suggesting that there are universal cultural components of visual aesthetic experience. Together, our findings complement the existing literature by including all kinds of visual stimuli that could induce an aesthetic experience in the viewer and contributes to our understanding of aesthetics by showing that it involves enhanced visual sensation and positive emotional and reward experience. PubDate: 2021-07-06 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-021-00102-z
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Abstract: To obtain further evidence to support spontaneous attention to vocal tones in Japanese, in this study, we developed a new set of stimuli, including positive and negative emotions, and investigated responses to facial and vocal displays of emotion by using behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measurements. Japanese participants either judged face as pleasant or unpleasant while ignoring the attendant voice or judged vocal tone as pleasant or unpleasant as while ignoring the attendant face. As predicted, an interference effect by to-be-ignored information, which was computed by subtracting accuracy for incongruous face-voice stimuli from accuracy for congruous ones, was greater in face judgments than in voice judgments, suggesting an attentional bias for vocal tone. Moreover, corresponding to this pattern in accuracy, a positive ERP occurring at approximately 200 ms after the onset of the stimulus (called P2) was more likely to be elicited by incongruous stimuli than by congruous ones, and the difference in P2 amplitude was greater in face judgments than in voice judgments. A negative ERP occurring relatively late in the processing (called N400) was also more likely to be elicited by incongruous stimuli than by congruous stimuli; however, the size was not significantly different between these judgments. Our findings are the first to provide evidence that Japanese pay spontaneous attention to emotional vocal tones over emotional faces at behavioral and neural levels. PubDate: 2021-05-21 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-021-00101-0
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Abstract: During the COVID-19 outbreak, many people rose to the occasion by engaging in volunteerism and health work. We conducted two nationwide surveys in the United States (n = 2931) and China (n = 2793) assessing volunteers’ and health workers’ levels of mental distress and happiness. In spite of data being collected at different phases of the COVID-19 outbreak and across two different cultures, the results converged. Volunteers and health workers reported higher mental distress (e.g., depression, anxiety, somatization) than the comparison group. However, volunteers and health workers also reported more happiness than the comparison group. More importantly, in a follow-up in China (n = 1914) one month later, health workers still reported heightened happiness but were no longer more distressed than the comparison group. The changes in distress were partially mediated by happiness at the first time point, pointing to the potential role of happiness in coping with distress. In sum, the emotional landscape of volunteers and health workers was complicated—they experienced higher distress but also higher happiness than comparison groups. Future research would do well to include longer follow-up periods to examine how experiencing happiness during highly stressful situations predicts mental health over time. PubDate: 2021-05-19 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-021-00100-1
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