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Abstract: Major Depressive Disorder is a highly prevalent, recurrent, and debilitating condition, affecting more than 264 million individuals worldwide. Canadian researchers have made significant contributions to the scientific understanding and treatment of depression. For example, Canada ranks first in the world on the number of articles published on depression (and second on papers determined to be Highly Cited in Field) when considering the proportion of researchers in each country. Canadian psychologists have played a critical role in advancing our knowledge of the epidemiology, vulnerability, treatment, and prevention of depression. This special issue presents a series of state-of-the-art empirical reviews that highlight many of the important contributions—covering cognitive vulnerability, perfectionism, epidemiology, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and emotion-focused therapy—that Canadian psychologists have made to our understanding of depression. Some of the key themes from these reviews are summarized in this editorial. Aside from featuring outstanding scholarship, this special issue also serves as a tribute honoring the monumental contributions that many Canadian psychologists have made and as a catalyst to inspire next generation of depression researchers in Canada. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 07 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT
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Abstract: For more than four decades, Canadian psychologists have made significant contributions to the understanding of cognitive vulnerability to depression. This article highlights some of these exceptional contributions and the important roles Canadian scientists have played in enhancing our understanding of the cognitive products (e.g., dysfunctional attitudes), cognitive operations/processes (e.g., attention, encoding, and memory biases), and cognitive structures (i.e., cognitive organization) involved in depression. Following this review, we discuss research that has integrated cognitive vulnerability with other risk factors for depression, address some important measurement issues in cognitive vulnerability research, and highlight directions for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 07 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT
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Abstract: Depressive symptoms experienced by parents during the perinatal period can have serious consequences on the development of their children. Although this issue is of concern, the studies conducted to date have certain limitations, including the fact that they rarely consider the temporal scope of depressive symptoms beyond the perinatal period and do not take into account the mental health of fathers. The purpose of this article is to report on Canadian work that has documented the extent of depressive symptoms among parents in the general population. It also presents the prevalence of parental depressive symptoms from the results two surveys of representative samples of parents in 2012 (4029 mothers, 1342 fathers) and 2018 (3 984 mothers, 1200 fathers). Predictive relationships between parental depressive symptoms and a number of individual, family, and socioeconomic variables are also documented. The results provide an account of the evolution of depressive symptoms according to parental gender and age of the children, as well as their relationship with substance use problems and the stress of balancing family and work. Other factors also help to understand the contexts in which depressive symptoms are manifested in parents (domestic violence, social support, etc.). The results are discussed in terms of preventive interventions to ensure the well-being of parents and children, in relation to previous Canadian work carried out over the last twenty years. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 07 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT
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Abstract: Perfectionism is a personality style that has been described for decades as highly relevant to depression. Over the past 30 years, our work, as well as the work of other Canadian and international researchers, has attempted to understand the cause and maintenance of perfectionism and the role that this pernicious personality style plays in predisposing individuals to various problems, such as depression. In the present article, we outline our multidimensional and multilevel descriptive model of perfectionism and summarize several models of perfectionism and depression that we have focused on over the years, both from a diathesis–stress perspective and from a more complex developmental and relational perspective. We, then, outline the extant research that we and others have conducted based on these models and conclude by providing a description of and evidence for a dynamic-relational treatment of perfectionism that functions to reduce depressive symptoms and vulnerability to depression. Our article underscores the importance of perfectionism by discussing how it is involved both directly in creating a predisposition to depression and indirectly in precluding accessing, initiating, and benefitting from depression treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 07 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT
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Abstract: This article reviews and discusses the major contributions made by Canadian psychologists to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression. Canadian psychologists have had a long history in the development and evaluation of treatments for depression, and have contributed in many respects to the evidence base in these domains. This article specifically addresses the scientific, theoretical, and practice contributions in CBT for depression, and reviews prominent efficacy trials and meta-analyses based on this model. Innovations such as the development and evaluation of behavioral activation and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and specific applications are discussed. Canadian psychologists have further conducted a large number of studies that examine the moderators and mediators of treatment outcomes, to understand the mechanisms by which these evidence-based therapies may work and who may benefit the most from them. The article ends with a discussion of potential future areas for the ongoing contribution of Canadian psychologists to the treatment of depression. These include the deployment of stepped care models, as well as standards for education and training both for psychologists and other allied health professionals, and international training and dissemination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 07 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT
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Abstract: Longitudinal evidence indicates that dysphoria linked reactivation of depressive thinking styles—cognitive reactivity—is a significant predictor of depressive relapse in people who have recovered from depression (Segal et al., 2006). Using this as a framework, Canadian researcher Zindel Segal et al. (2002, 2013) developed Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), an eight session, relapse prevention treatment that targets cognitive reactivity via training in mindfulness meditation. In Part 1 of this article, we describe the development and session structure of MBCT, followed by a review of empirical support and mechanisms of MBCT change, and finally a note on dissemination through web-based modalities. In Part 2, we review the work of other Canadian researchers who have contributed to the field of mindfulness as it relates to depression, including a focus on dispositional mindfulness, perinatal depression, oncology, anxiety and related disorders, self-regulation in children and adolescence, and syntheses of mindfulness-based literature. We conclude with a brief discussion of future research required to advance our understanding of psychological skills that support long-term prophylaxis in mood disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 07 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT
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Abstract: The theory and research on emotion-focused therapy (EFT) for depression is reviewed to highlight Canadian contributions to research in depression. We describe how depression is understood within EFT and review studies that examined its effectiveness in the treatment of depression and illuminate the important role of working with emotion to facilitate change. EFT initially known as process-experiential therapy is an empirically supported treatment for depression. In EFT, emotions are seen as fundamental to the construction of the self, providing an immediate source of information by means of a preconscious, automatic evaluation of stimuli. This system provides information and action tendencies and a gut response that helps people discriminate among competing options, adapt to environments, and promote well-being. In this article, we present three randomized clinical trials that examined the efficacy of EFT in the treatment of depression and review research on the processes and mechanisms of change in this form of treatment. Our review provides empirical support for the underlying mechanisms of change in EFT including optimal emotional processing, how clients make sense of their experiences by integrating cognition and emotion, the therapeutic relationship conditions, as well as specific emotion-focused techniques used in the treatment of depression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 07 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT
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