 Subjects -> PSYCHOLOGY (Total: 983 journals)
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- Cultivating Global Health: Exploring Mindfulness Through an Organisational
Psychology Lens-
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Abstract: Abstract The interface of public health and mindfulness as presented in Oman’s review (Mindfulness for Global Public Health: Critical Analysis and Agenda) holds great promise and reveals fertile ground for future research and interdisciplinary exploration. Oman’s framework is supported by compelling arguments, offering a balanced critique of mindfulness that identifies genuine applications and potential. This commentary notes key ideas in Oman’s paper that carry important lessons for organisational research on mindfulness and explores how organisational psychology research and theory can contribute to this proposed integration of mindfulness into global health efforts. It begins by reviewing the close relationships between work, mindfulness, and health, identifying commonalities between mindfulness, health, and organisational research. This is followed by an illustration of organisational psychology’s potential contributions to the alignment of mindfulness and health, focused on 2 of the 14 dimensions proposed by Oman (Concern for Equity and Addresses Attentional Environments). The commentary then draws on recent research and theoretical developments in mindfulness research within the workplace context to discuss the role of resilience and challenges in measuring mindfulness. Overall, this commentary aims to provide insights for organisational research while contributing to the integration of mindfulness and public health.
PubDate: 2023-09-26
- Nonattachment is Associated with Positive Belief in Humanity and Life and
Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic-
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Abstract: Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted individuals’ well-being across the globe. Despite increased mental health risks due to local and global uncertainties during the pandemic, nonattachment may mitigate these deleterious effects by fostering a positive belief in humanity and life in the face of this unprecedented adversity. The aim of the study was to examine the sequential relationships of nonattachment to positive belief in humanity and life during the pandemic, which may potentially mediate the association between nonattachment and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic over the course of 6 months. Method A total of 336 Chinese participants aged 18 to 38 years old completed questionnaires measuring nonattachment, positive belief in humanity and life during COVID-19 pandemic, eudaimonic well-being, hedonic well-being, and psychological distress at baseline, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups. Results Findings from structural equation modeling showed that higher levels of nonattachment at baseline were associated with stronger positive belief in humanity and life during the pandemic 3 months later, which in turn was positively associated with hedonic and eudaimonic well-being and negatively associated with psychological distress another 3 months later. Conclusions The study provides some insights on how nonattachment may be conducive to well-being through association with positive belief in humanity and life under unprecedented life circumstances. Preregistration This study is not preregistered.
PubDate: 2023-09-26
- Compassion and Skillful Means: Diverse Views, Novel Insights, and Extended
Applications for Compassion Science and Training-
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Abstract: Abstract Compassion science has been shaped and guided by Mahāyāna Buddhist conceptions of compassion, including the potential for compassion to be cultivated through contemplative practices and training. Despite these influences, important Buddhist perspectives and ideas about compassion are still underrepresented in the scientific literature. This Special Issue focuses on initiating a body of literature on skillful means, a foundational idea from Mahāyāna Buddhism pertaining to the enactment of compassion joined with wisdom. Arising from a seminal Think Tank centered around compassion and skillful means, scholars and trainers representing diverse perspectives were invited to contribute to a Special Issue introducing a variety of perspectives, insights, and approaches that may help to advance contemporary understanding, research, and training of compassion. This includes papers that examine skillful means within Buddhism and Christianity, empirical studies that draw on skillful means to motivate or frame tractable questions, theoretical papers that reflect on skillful means in relation to other topics in psychological science, and how common compassion practices may themselves serve as skillful means. Considered together, we believe the variety evident throughout this Special Issue highlights the potential of skillful means to serve as a broad and flexible concept that can inspire many new ideas and directions for the field.
PubDate: 2023-09-22
- Examining How Headspace Impacts Mindfulness Mechanisms Over an 8-Week
App-Based Mindfulness Intervention-
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Abstract: Objectives Theoretical work proposed that mindfulness interventions function by enhancing various mindfulness mechanisms, including acceptance, attention monitoring, decentering, self-compassion, and nonreactivity. However, much of what is currently known about the effects of mindfulness interventions on mindfulness mechanisms comes from studies assessing these mechanisms pre- and post-treatment, which provides limited insights into how these mechanisms develop over the course of a mindfulness intervention. The present randomized, waitlist-controlled trial investigated how the proposed mindfulness mechanisms change over the course of an 8-week app-based mindfulness intervention (Headspace). Method A sample of university employees (n = 132; 76.5% female; age M ± SD = 38.5 ± 11.1; 54.5% White) was randomly assigned to participate in a mindfulness intervention (n = 92) or to a waitlist control group (n = 40). Mindfulness mechanisms were assessed using ecological momentary assessment, with participants providing reports on mindfulness mechanisms five times daily for four days during the baseline (pre-treatment), 2nd, 5th, and 8th weeks, resulting in a total of 6,327 assessments. Results Changes in the mechanisms of acceptance-attention and nonreactivity were observed from the second week of the intervention onwards, with marginal effects for decentering. These effects showed a steady linear increase in the mindfulness group. Conclusions Results demonstrate the potential for rapid and sustained improvements in mindfulness mechanisms following an app-based mindfulness intervention. Preregistration The study was preregistered on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03652168.
PubDate: 2023-09-22
- Mental and Physical Health Impacts of Mindfulness Training for College
Undergraduates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized
Controlled Trials-
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Abstract: Background Universities increasingly offer mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) to improve student health and reduce their impact on overburdened psychological services. It is critical for evidence-based policy to determine for what health outcomes mindfulness programs are effective and under what conditions. Objectives were to (a) perform a comprehensive analysis of the effects of mindfulness interventions on physical, mental, and behavioral health outcomes in college undergraduate students, and (b) examine moderators of intervention effects to identify factors that may help improve existing university mindfulness programs and guide the design of new programs. Method Systematic searches of five databases identified MBP randomized controlled trials for undergraduate students, measuring any health outcome. Analyses using robust variance estimation focused on standardized mean differences for outcomes between groups and modeled through coded study features. Results The 58 studies in the review primarily focused on mental health with fewer assessments of physical health or health behaviors. Overall, mindfulness interventions significantly outperformed both active and inactive controls (p-values<.05), with the most marked effects on anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and mindfulness; greater success appeared for clinical populations. Online programs performed equivalent to in-person, and non-MBPs were equivalent to MBPs after controlling for other factors. Publication bias and other quality issues also emerged. Conclusions Mindfulness programs improve well-being in college students, with the strongest evidence for reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms. More studies utilizing stronger methods are needed to evaluate mindfulness programs’ effects on additional health outcomes and online interventions in clinical populations. Preregistration The study protocol was preregistered (PROSPERO CRD42017052459).
PubDate: 2023-09-22
- Validation of a Chinese Short Version of the Kentucky Inventory of
Mindfulness Skills (KIMS-17) Among People Recovering from Mental Illness-
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Abstract: Objectives The current study was conducted to translate and validate the short version of the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS-Short) for the Chinese mental health population to examine the association between mindfulness and personal recovery. Method A sample of 434 community mental health service users completed the Chinese KIMS-Short and measures of self-compassion, psychological distress, and personal recovery. Results Results from the first- and second-order confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the five-factor structure proposed by previous research. Validity and internal consistency reliability of the 17-item Chinese KIMS-Short (KIMS-17) were evident. As measured by KIMS-17, mindfulness had moderate to strong correlations with self-compassion, stress, depression, anxiety, and personal recovery measures. Participants with experience in contemplation scored significantly higher overall and in all domains of mindfulness and personal recovery measures than those without experience. Additionally, participants who regularly engaged in contemplative practices scored significantly higher overall and in all domains of mindfulness and personal recovery measures, except for the describing mindfulness skill, compared to those who did not engage in practices. Conclusions The KIMS-17 is an appropriate brief and multidimensional mindfulness measure for people with mental illness, regardless of their level of experience in contemplative practice. Engaging in contemplative practices, whether rarely or frequently, may contribute to improvement in mindfulness and facilitate personal recovery.
PubDate: 2023-09-22
- What Do (and Don’t) We Know About Self-Compassion' Trends and Issues in
Theory, Mechanisms, and Outcomes-
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Abstract: Objectives While self-compassion is increasingly being researched, a clear understanding of what self-compassion is, how it works, and for which outcomes remains elusive. This article summarizes and critically evaluates current theoretical and empirical trends in the self-compassion literature. We provide directions for future research to support a more comprehensive understanding of self-compassion. Method This paper systematically evaluates issues in three interrelated areas: (1) over-reliance on a particular conceptualization of self-compassion, (2) a narrow focus on the affective mechanisms as per the general resource model of self-regulation, and (3) the prioritization of intrapersonal outcomes over inter-personal outcomes. Results Our analysis suggests that current understandings of what self-compassion is and how it impacts outcomes are limited in several ways. Firstly, self-compassion is almost exclusively operationalized using the Self Compassion Scale, inadvertently constraining how we think about this complex construct. Secondly, a heavy emphasis remains on unmeasured changes in “general resources” as explanatory, while more specific pathways beyond affectivity or resource management are rarely considered. Lastly, intrapersonal outcomes are prioritized over interpersonal or social outcomes, which restricts our understanding of the broader benefits of self-compassion. Conclusions To address the limitations, we suggest embracing and assessing multiple conceptualizations of self-compassion, empirically testing a wider range of plausible mediators, and investigating a broader range of outcomes, including those in both interpersonal and social spheres. Ongoing consideration of such issues will facilitate our empirical and theoretical understanding of self-compassion, enabling us to adapt more efficient interventions to benefit a wider group of individuals and our society at large.
PubDate: 2023-09-21
- Network Analysis Reveals Unique Associations of Mindfulness and Distress
with Immunity in Māori and Non-Māori New Zealanders-
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Abstract: Objectives A healthy immune system is required to protect against viral infection and ensure the efficacy of vaccines. Psychological distress can threaten immune resilience, while mindfulness practices can be protective. In New Zealand, Māori experience significantly higher levels of distress compared to non-Māori. The aim of this study was to explore the role of ethnicity in the relations among immunity, depression, anxiety, stress, and mindfulness relate to each other. Method Network analysis was used to explore unique relations among distress (depression, anxiety, stress), mindfulness facets, and immune status in matched (age, ranging from 19 to 88 years, sex, and self-classified socio-economic status) samples of Māori (n = 195) and non-Māori (n = 195) participants from New Zealand. Results The networks of distress, mindfulness, and immune status were significantly different between Māori and non-Māori participants. The mindfulness facets Describe and Act with Awareness were more strongly positively linked in Māori, and Non-judge and Depression more strongly negatively linked in Māori, while Describe and Non-judge were more strongly positively linked in non-Māori. For both Māori and non-Māori, similarities included a negative link between anxiety and immune status, strong positive links between the distress variables, and positive links between the mindfulness facets of Non-judge and Act with Awareness, Observe and Non-React, and Observe and Describe. Conclusions These findings suggest that anxiety is strongly linked to poor immunity across both Māori and non-Māori in New Zealand while networks of mindfulness and distress also demonstrated differences unique for each of these groups. Both similarities and differences between Māori and non-Māori should be considered when developing targeted interventions to improve physical and mental health in New Zealand. Preregistration This study is not preregistered.
PubDate: 2023-09-21
- Mindfulness and Happiness
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Abstract: Abstract This commentary aims to offer a nuanced perspective on the interaction between mindfulness and happiness. In pursuit of this goal, it assesses the evidence presented in a recently published systematic review evaluating the effectiveness of mindfulness practices in enhancing happiness. The commentary utilizes a combination of cross-sectional, experimental, and meta-analytical evidence to elucidate the intricate interaction between mindfulness and happiness. In conclusion, a non-dualistic perspective on happiness that transcends the dualities of pleasure and suffering and recognizes the impermanent nature of all phenomena, including mental states, is fully embraced.
PubDate: 2023-09-19
- What Mindfulness, and for Whom' And Why Might it Work'
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Abstract: Abstract This comment on “Mindfulness for global public health: Critical analysis and agenda” by Doug Oman focuses on the difficulties associated with the current use and understanding of the term mindfulness. In particular, I argue that the current lack of agreement on what mindfulness practice is, or, perhaps more realistically, what mindfulness practices are, and how their effects can be explained might jeopardize such an integration process in the long run. In the literature, one can find widely differing conceptions of what constitutes a mindfulness practice. Moreover, there is clear evidence that different mindfulness practices can yield quite different effects. This holds for the comparison of “mindfulness packages” but also for comparisons of single components of these packages, and for incremental combinations of components. There is also strong evidence that mindfulness practices do not work equally well for different purposes and different people. These differential effects need to be elaborated and explained. Unfortunately, theoretical models for mindfulness practices are also still quite heterogeneous. As a first step, researchers and practitioners could be very specific about what they mean by mindfulness practice or even use alternative terms for different practices. Moreover, they could stay open to alternative forms of meditation and put as much theory as possible into their research to eventually find out when, how, and why specific mindfulness practices (and packages thereof) work and for whom.
PubDate: 2023-09-16
- Dynamic and Bidirectional Relation Between Mindfulness and Procrastination
Among Female College Students-
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Abstract: Objectives Procrastination is a common behavior in our daily life that can lead to detrimental consequences, and previous studies have shown that female college students are more vulnerable to procrastination. Mindfulness-based interventions have been used to reduce procrastination; however, little is known about how mindfulness and procrastination interplay in everyday contexts. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to explore the dynamic and bidirectional relation between mindfulness and procrastination from a multidimensional perspective. Method A total of 252 female college students participated in a 34-day diary study, during which they completed daily measures of procrastination and three dimensions of state mindfulness (i.e., acting with awareness, nonjudgmental acceptance, and present-moment attention). Dynamic structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Results We found a bidirectional association of daily procrastination with one dimension of state mindfulness (i.e., acting with awareness), but not with the other two dimensions (i.e., nonjudgmental acceptance, and present-moment attention). Specifically, higher levels of acting with awareness predicted individuals’ lower levels of procrastination the next day (β = -0.042, 95% CI [-0.070, -0.019]), which enhanced their subsequent levels of acting with awareness (β = -0.087, 95% CI [-0.113, -0.058]). This indicated a self-perpetuating virtuous cycle between acting with awareness and daily procrastination. Conclusions Our findings provided valuable insights into mindfulness-based preventions and interventions. This study not only supported the role of mindfulness in reducing procrastination, but more importantly, highlighted the importance of targeting particular dimensions of mindfulness, rather than considering it as a whole, to enhance the effectiveness of mindfulness practices in addressing procrastination. Preregistration This study is not preregistered.
PubDate: 2023-09-15
- Meditation App Habits and Mental Health: A Longitudinal Study of
Meditation App Users During the COVID-19 Pandemic-
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Abstract: Objectives Mobile mindfulness meditation apps are an accessible resource for managing mental health during stressful life events. However, long-term stressors may warrant more persistent engagement with mindfulness meditation over time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamic relationships between COVID-19-related worry, mindfulness meditation app use, mindfulness meditation habit strength, and mental health over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method Self-report and app usage data were collected from a sample of mindfulness meditation app users at six time points between April 2020 and May 2021. Poisson regression models were used to analyze associations between COVID-19-related worry, multiple measures of mindfulness meditation app use, self-reported mindfulness meditation habit strength, and three mental health outcomes: anxiety, stress, and depression. Results COVID-19-related worry was associated with increased mindfulness meditation app use and higher rates of anxiety, stress, and depression (p < 0.001). Increases in mindfulness meditation app habit strength were associated with greater mindfulness meditation app use (p < 0.001). Increases in mindfulness meditation app habit strength were linked to more app use and, when other variables were taken into account, lower rates of anxiety, stress, and depression (p < 0.01). Conclusions These findings underline the potential of regular use of mindfulness meditation apps in maintaining mental health during ongoing stressors like the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research should investigate the causal relationship between mindfulness meditation app habits and mental health, as well as identify strategies to promote strong mindfulness meditation app habits that may protect mental health when exposed to prolonged and pervasive stressors. Preregistration This study is not preregistered.
PubDate: 2023-09-15
- Embracing the Ebb and Flow of Life: A Latent Profile Analysis of
Impermanence and its Association with Mental Health Outcomes Among Chinese
University Students-
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Abstract: Objectives There are inconsistent findings about the relationship between impermanence and psychological health. In order to gain a deeper understanding of this relationship, the present study utilized a person-centered approach to investigate the interplay between awareness and acceptance of impermanence and its impact on mental health outcomes. Method A total of 433 Chinese university students (73.2% female; age M = 19.73 years, SD = 1.90) completed a battery of measures on impermanence awareness and acceptance, anxiety, depression, everyday stress, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and life satisfaction. To identify profiles of impermanence, latent profile analysis was performed using the item scores from the Impermanence Awareness and Acceptance Scale. Results Three profiles were identified: (1) Neutral Stance of Impermanence (NSI; 32.8%), (2) High Awareness and Acceptance (HAA; 16.9%), and (3) High Awareness Without Acceptance (HAWA; 50.3%). The HAWA profile had the highest levels of anxiety, depression, everyday stress, posttraumatic stress disorder among three profiles, followed by the NSI and HAA profile, respectively. In addition, the HAWA profile had lower levels of life satisfaction compared to the HAA profile, but the HAWA and HAA profiles did not have significant difference in life satisfaction when comparing with the NSI profile. Conclusions The HAWA and HAA profiles had the highest and lowest risk of mental health problems, respectively. The findings of this study significantly enhance our understanding of the different group types among Chinese university students who embrace the perspective of impermanence, as well as their relationships with various psychological outcomes.
PubDate: 2023-09-11
- The Mindfulness-Based Kindness Curriculum for Preschoolers: An Applied
Multi-Site Randomized Control Trial-
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Abstract: Objectives This study examined the impact of the Mindfulness-Based Kindness Curriculum (MBKC) on social-emotional, executive function, and academic skills of preschoolers. Method Sixteen preschool and 4K (4-year-old kindergarten) classrooms (245 children, 57.6% ethnically diverse, 69.8% low SES) were randomly assigned to either a curriculum-as-usual (CAU) or MBKC group taught by trained classroom teachers. Measures, as reported by children, teachers, and parents, were collected prior to and after implementation of the MBKC. Results Trained classroom teachers effectively implemented the MBKC. Teachers rated MBKC children significantly higher on outcome measures of social-emotional skills (e.g., sharing, prosocial skills, empathy), executive functioning (e.g., planning/organizing, working memory), and academic skills (e.g., physical development, language, math) than CAU children. Parents rated MBKC children as having significantly higher levels of cognitive empathy compared to parents’ ratings of CAU children. MBKC children were significantly more likely to engage in sharing behavior with a sick child, though children’s self-ratings indicated no effect of the MBKC on mindfulness skills or self-efficacy. Unlike previous research, the MBKC did not benefit initially lower functioning children more than initially higher functioning children. Conclusions Consistent with previous research, children given the MBKC appeared to benefit in terms of higher social-emotional competency, prosocial behavior, and executive functioning. The MBKC proved to be a useful complement to their other social-emotional learning programming. The present study expands the literature on the application of mindfulness with preschool children and highlights important implications of teaching and measuring mindfulness skills in young children, thereby identifying specific issues to address in future studies. Preregistration This study was not preregistered.
PubDate: 2023-09-09
- Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive
Therapy: Potential Synergies-
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Abstract: Objectives The mindfulness-informed intervention that has so far received the most attention as an adjunct to psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), but little remains known about potential synergies between psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and mindfulness-based interventions such as Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT). This paper examines and evaluates the therapeutic compatibility of MBCT with psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, and their potential synergies. Methods This study represents a narrative review of the current literature on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and MBCT. Results We demonstrate how MBCT targets core processes including acceptance, being present, concentration, decentering and embracing difficulties — and outline why strengthening these capacities with systematic meditation training may prove invaluable during the preparation, dosing and integration phases of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Conclusions MBCT’s emphasis on systematic training in mindfulness meditation and fostering nonjudgmental presence aligns well with the states of consciousness induced by psychedelics, highlighting its potential to enhance various stages of both the psychedelic experience and subsequent integration. By equipping individuals with effective mindfulness and cognitive restructuring techniques, MBCT may offer advantages beyond those provided by ACT, such as the ability to skillfully navigate and manage challenging experiences that can emerge during different phases of the psychedelic experience and integration. This suggests that MBCT’s unique approach may complement psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy in ways that ACT may not fully address, particularly in the context of handling challenging experiences.
PubDate: 2023-09-09
- Fears and Resistances to Mindfulness: Development of a Self-Report Scale
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Abstract: Objectives The aim of the study was to develop a new self-report scale to explore the “fears, blocks and resistances of mindfulness”. Currently, there is no scale to identify individuals who may struggle with engaging in mindfulness. Method A total of 522 participants were invited to take part in the study from three countries: Australia (n = 199), Portugal (n = 160), and the UK (n = 163). Participants completed a range of self-report scales including the newly developed Fears and Resistances to Mindfulness (FRM), Fears of Compassion, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales, Forms of Self-criticising/Attacking and Self-Reassuring, and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Results Factor analyses suggested the scale comprised 2 factors. One was related to fears of paying attention to what arises within one’s mind. The second factor was related to resistances, i.e. that mindfulness is a waste of time. Seven items were filler items, and 5 items were identified as problematic due to low communalities or cross-loading; therefore from the original 31 items, 19 were retained in the final scale, which demonstrated excellent internal consistency (McDonald’s Ω = 0.90 for both scales), good construct validity, and temporal stability. Blocks to mindfulness did not emerge as a separate factor. Conclusions This is the first study to specifically explore fears and resistances to mindfulness and their associations with fears of compassion, self-criticism, and mental health difficulties. Data suggested that fears and resistances are distinct constructs and should be measured independently. The new measure can offer insights in to fears and resistances to mindfulness, and future research can explore how to work with them. Preregistration This study was not preregistered.
PubDate: 2023-09-04
- Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Leadership Training on Leadership Behaviors
and Effectiveness-
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Abstract: Objectives Organizations increasingly integrate mindfulness elements into their leadership development. However, there is limited evidence supporting the efficacy of mindfulness-based leadership training (MBLT) due to a scarcity of intervention studies. Theoretically, little is known about mediating mechanisms through which MBLT might affect leadership effectiveness. Thus, this research examined whether MBLT can improve leadership effectiveness and whether leadership behaviors mediated this effect. Methods We conducted a quasi-experimental study conducted in a real‐world setting with an active control condition. Sixty leaders from various industries participated in either a 2‐day intensive MBLT workshop followed by three individual coaching sessions over 3 months, or a presentation skills training with the same structure. Ninety individuals (subordinates, peers, supervisors) provided ratings of leadership behaviors and effectiveness. Results Compared to the active control condition, the MBLT led to an increase in leadership effectiveness as well as transformational, authentic, and contingent reward leadership behaviors and a decrease in behaviors that are indicative of avoiding responsibilities and decisions. The former three leadership behaviours mediated the intervention’s effect on leadership effectiveness in simple mediation analyses. However, in a multiple mediation analysis, only transformational and authentic leadership were significant mediators, suggesting they were involved in the main mediating mechanisms of the effect. Conclusions The results provided evidence for the efficacy of an MBLT in enhancing leadership effectiveness through its effects on leadership behaviors. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on leadership development, mindful leadership, and mindfulness in the workplace. Preregistrations This study was not preregistered.
PubDate: 2023-08-30
- A Mega-Analysis of the Relationship Between Breath Counting Test
Performance and Subscales of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-
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Abstract: Objectives The assessment of mindfulness has relied predominantly on self-report questionnaires, indicating a need for alternative methods based on objective data. The Breath-Counting Task (BCT) has been proposed as a viable candidate by several mindfulness researchers, but has been subject to relatively little scientific scrutiny. Method We conducted a mega-analysis using combined data from five separate studies, using multiple linear regression models to examine the relationship between BCT performance and self-reported mindfulness after controlling for age and gender. We examined associations with trait mindfulness as indexed by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Results Accuracy on the BCT correlated only with a combined dataset of z-scores derived from FFMQ-Acting with Awareness and MAAS. We also examined associations with two different types of task errors: miscounts (uncaught errors) and resets (self-caught errors). While reset rates correlated with FFMQ-Acting with Awareness, miscount rates did not correlate with any mindfulness measure. Conclusions Our analyses provide confirmatory evidence that BCT performance is related to the attentional aspects of trait mindfulness and not its attitudinal aspects – however the relevant correlations are fairly small. In seeking an objective measure of mindful attention, the weak association observed with BCT resets and the lack thereof with BCT accuracy suggests more promise in paradigms based on self-monitoring lapses of attention, while sustained attention tasks such as the present BCT may be of limited application among individuals new to meditation due to their lack of prior practice.
PubDate: 2023-08-25
- From Self-Compassion to Life Satisfaction: Examining the Mediating Effects
of Self-Acceptance and Meaning in Life-
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Abstract: Objectives Despite the well-established link between self-compassion and subjective well-being, little is understood about the mechanisms of this relationship. This study aimed to determine whether self-acceptance and meaning in life act as mediators between self-compassion and life satisfaction. Method Using a cross-sectional survey design, this study utilized a sample of 178 Filipino adults. A mediation analysis was run using participants’ responses to the Self-Compassion Scale, Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire, Meaning in Life Questionnaire, and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Results Self-acceptance was not a significant mediator (B = 0.12, SE = 0.19, 95% CI: [−0.296, 0.425]) while meaning in life had a significant mediating effect (B = 0.50, SE = 0.12, 95% CI: [0.271, 0.770]) between self-compassion and life satisfaction. When self-compassion was analyzed in terms of its components, the serial mediating effect of self-acceptance and meaning in life was found to be significant for common humanity (B = 0.18, SE = 0.09, 95% CI [0.036, 0.397]) and mindfulness (B = 0.17, SE = 0.08, 95% CI [0.032, 0.354]) but not for self-kindness (B = 0.09, SE = 0.07, 95% CI [−0.019, 0.259]). Conclusions These results contribute to the understanding of how overall and certain components of self-compassion predict life satisfaction. Focusing on meaning in life, and to a certain extent on self-acceptance, may potentially maximize the impact of self-compassion on life satisfaction. Preregistration This study is not preregistered.
PubDate: 2023-08-25
- The State- and Trait-Level Effects and Candidate Mechanisms of Four
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) Practices: Two Exploratory
Studies-
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Abstract: Objectives The primary aim was to explore state- and trait-level effects and candidate mechanisms of four Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) practices. Method One hundred sixty adults self-selected from the general population were randomized to one of four mindfulness practices: body scan, mindful movement, breath and body, and befriending. Study 1 explored state-level self-compassion, mindfulness, decentering (mechanisms), and pleasantness of thoughts, emotions, and body sensations at multiple time points using two single mindfulness sessions. Study 2 explored trait-level self-compassion, mindfulness, decentering, interoceptive awareness, attentional control (mechanisms), anxiety, depression, and psychological quality of life pre-post 2 weeks of daily practice. Results In study 1, state-level effects were demonstrated in all candidate mechanisms and outcomes within the whole sample across time points (d = 0.27 to 0.86), except for state decentering. After controlling for pre-scores and additional covariates, no between-group effects were found (p = 0.050 to 0.973). In study 2, trait-level effects were demonstrated in psychological quality of life and most candidate mechanisms within the whole sample (d = 0.26 to 0.64) but no between-group effects were found (p = 0.080 to 0.805). Within the whole sample, after controlling for pre-scores, changes in mindfulness, self-compassion, decentering, and interoceptive awareness (i.e. body listening) were associated with improvements in psychological quality of life (r = 0.23 to 0.40) and self-led mindfulness practice (r = 0.18 to 0.23). Conclusions Future research should test the generated hypotheses using well-designed, adequately powered, and theory-driven studies that address universal and specific mechanisms in different populations and contexts. Pre-registration This study is not pre-registered.
PubDate: 2023-08-24
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