 Subjects -> PSYCHOLOGY (Total: 983 journals)
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- How Employment Generates Social Integration: Trends Towards Disintegration
and Over-Integration in the Hyper-Work Society-
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Abstract: Abstract Using an analytical framework that further develops Jahoda’s ideas and distinguishes between two manifest and five latent mechanisms for the production of employment-based social integration, three research questions are examined: How does employment generate social integration in German welfare capitalism' How have these employment-based integration mechanisms changed in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) since the Second World War' What dangers to social integration can be identified because of these changes' The manifest mechanisms establish socio-economic integration directly via employment or indirectly through de-commodifying welfare state interventions. The latent mechanisms ensure that social relationships can be formed by providing a time structure, extending social contacts, enabling participation in collective goals, offering collective identities and activating people. We analyse different social orders at the macro-level (labour and social legislation), meso-level (company structures, industrial relations, work environments) and micro-level (employment relationships, household models, action orientations, subjective identifications) of society to identify conditions that promote or endanger social integration. On the one hand, the danger of over-integration (reflected in the term “hyper-work society”), which arises from generalising employment-related performance and exploitation criteria, erects integration barriers for other forms of social integration beyond employment because alternative premises for organising one’s life are devalued by predominantly adopting capitalist criteria of social recognition. On the other hand, the binding power of employment and the integrative power of workplaces are weakened by disintegrative trends such as insecure employment, blurring organisational boundaries, as well as fragmentation of employment and social relations, jeopardising social integration through employment.
PubDate: 2023-08-14
- Säkularität im Schwimmbad. Einstellungen zu eigenen und fremden
Körperpraktiken-
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Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Studie untersucht die Aushandlung von Säkularität in öffentlichen Organisationen anhand des Beispiels von Körperpraktiken im Schwimmbad. Gefragt wird, inwiefern es durch das Aufkommen des Burkinis zu einer Neuaushandlung der Rolle von Religion im eigentlich als komplett säkular wahrgenommenen Schwimmbad kommt. Analysiert werden 101 kurze Interviews mit Badegästen im Schwimmbad. Die Datenanalyse zeigt, dass eigene Körperpraktiken vor allem mit Verweis auf Einhaltung der Mehrheitsnorm legitimiert werden. Bei Abweichung von der Norm kommen funktionale und teils wertebezogene Argumente zum Tragen. Die Befürwortung fremder Körperpraktiken, die sich wie beispielsweise der Burkini von den eigenen unterscheiden, wird aber anders, nämlich unter Bezug auf höhere Werte wie Diversität oder Selbstbestimmung legitimiert. Ein mit eigenen Erfahrungen verbundenes Nachempfinden religiös motivierter Körperscham konnte unter den hier befragten nichtmuslimischen Personen nicht beobachtet werden. Theoretisch liefert der Aufsatz einen Beitrag zu der Literatur über das Verhältnis zwischen säkularem und religiösem Körper, indem er verdeutlicht, dass die wahrgenommene Irrationalität religiös genormter Körperpraktiken nicht durch Verständnis, sondern durch wertebasierte Toleranz bearbeitet wird. Die Studie diskutiert zudem die Rolle von Organisationsregeln für die Ermöglichung religiöser Körperpraktiken sowohl hinsichtlich ihrer Fähigkeiten als auch Grenzen, die vor allem in den Reaktionen der Nutzerschaft begründet liegen.
PubDate: 2023-07-31
- Seven Decades of Gender Differences in German Voting Behavior
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Abstract: Abstract This article describes long-term changes in gender differences in voting behavior in Germany, using a globally unique data source: information from real ballots. Compared with self-reports in available surveys, actual votes counted by gender and age groups have three advantages: neither representativeness issues nor social desirability bias, a huge sample, and coverage of seven decades, beginning in 1953. Besides party-specific voting patterns, I analyze summary measures for gender dissimilarities, both overall and separated by age groups. The modern gender gap—women voting more left-wing than men—first appeared in Germany in the 2017 election, surprisingly late compared with previous international research. The speed and structure with which the modern gender gap grew suggest that it is due to period effects rather than cohort effects. The modern gender gap differs by age group and, in post-World War II Germany, women and men have never been as divided about politics as the youngest voters in 2021. These findings partly contrast with previous survey-based results. To explore whether this contrast stems from the smaller sample sizes of previous studies or gendered survey bias (e.g., more social desirability bias among women), I compare results from real ballots with estimates from two survey data sources. Findings suggest that large surveys might provide reasonable estimates at the aggregate level but might overestimate the gender gap for more radical parties such as the AfD (Alternative for Germany).
PubDate: 2023-07-31
- Filmsoziologie
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PubDate: 2023-07-13
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00901-7
- Sterben braucht Latenz. Organisierte Sterbebegleitung im Spannungsfeld von
Handeln und Erleben-
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Abstract: Zusammenfassung In soziologischen Studien über Hospize und Palliativstationen wird häufig kritisiert, dass die Organisationsförmigkeit solcher Einrichtungen das Erleben der Sterbenden überformt. Anhand von problemzentrierten Experteninterviews mit Ärzten und Ärztinnen, Pflegefachkräften sowie narrativen Interviews mit Sterbenden wird in dieser Studie untersucht, nach welchen Kriterien alle Beteiligten Handlungs- und Erlebensmöglichkeiten des Sterbens sich und anderen zurechnen. Auf diese Weise können wir zeigen, dass Sterbeverläufe von professionellen Akteuren als „gut“ erlebt werden, wenn sie als gemeinsames Erleben von einerseits professionellen Akteuren und andererseits Sterbenden, die es so gewollt haben, gedeutet werden können. Dies ist bemerkenswert vor dem Hintergrund eines weiteren Befundes dieser Studie, nämlich der systematischen Perspektivendifferenzen im Erleben des Sterbeverlaufs zwischen professionellen Akteuren einerseits und Sterbenden andererseits. Während Sterbende in unserer Studie ihr Sterben als bedrohliche Diskontinuität erleben, erleben die professionellen Akteure Sterben als kontinuierlich erwartbaren Verlauf. Die Konsensfiktion des gemeinsamen Erlebens des Sterbens stellt offenbar eine hilfreiche Erweiterung der Handlungsmöglichkeiten im Umgang mit dem Sterben dar, da hiermit die Unversöhnlichkeit zwischen Ideal und Praxis, die Perspektivendifferenzen zwischen Sterbenden und professionellen Akteuren und damit auch das unlösbare Problem der Endlichkeit unsichtbar gehalten werden können. Wer Hospize und Palliativstationen untersucht, sollte mit enormen Freiräumen der Deutungsarbeit rechnen, die dem Sterben Latenz verschaffen.
PubDate: 2023-07-11
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00902-6
- Crafting Social Integration' Welfare State and Volunteering Across Social
Groups and Policy Areas in 23 European Countries-
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Abstract: Abstract The beneficial role of voluntary work for social integration makes it an important aspect of social cohesion. Thus, there is broad interest in understanding the individual and contextual foundations of volunteering. With regard to the latter, a particular focus is on the role of policies and institutions of the welfare state. They might set incentives for civic engagement and create new scope for voluntary work (crowding-in thesis), but they might also make it redundant (crowding-out thesis). We follow the argument that generous welfare states enable volunteering and assume that two mechanisms are at work. First, they establish a general culture of helping and caring for others in a society (cultural mechanism). Second, they provide those who benefit or potentially benefit from welfare state policies with resources and the abilities to engage in volunteering (resource mechanism). Thus, welfare benefits in specific areas of the welfare state are expected to increase volunteering among members of targeted groups (e.g., the elderly if pensions are high). To test these arguments, our empirical analysis combines country-level data of area-specific welfare benefits with survey data of around 29,000 respondents from 23 countries included in the most recent European Value Survey 2017/2018. We estimate hierarchical regression models with cross-level interactions to test whether particular groups of society are activated by general and area-specific welfare programs to become volunteers. Our findings show that volunteering is generally higher in more generous welfare states, lending support to the crowding-in thesis. Area- and group-specific analyses indicate that the resource mechanism works for some groups but not for all. Pension welfare strengthens volunteering among the retired and the elderly. Unemployment welfare reinforces volunteering among the less educated, but these results are slightly less robust, and we do not find support for higher levels of volunteering among the actually targeted group of unemployed persons.
PubDate: 2023-07-06
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00881-8
- Max Webers Askesebegriff
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PubDate: 2023-07-05
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00900-8
- Unemployment and Social Integration: Analysing the Impact of Financial
Strain, Social Roles, and Identity-
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Abstract: Abstract Relations to family and friends are a key dimension of an individual’s social integration and, by extension, are crucial for the social cohesion of societies. Based on that principle, this study explores the effects of unemployment on close personal relations and asks whether negative effects of unemployment are primarily explicable as financial losses or social aspects of identity. This analytical approach goes beyond analysing the direct effects of unemployment through differentiating effects by gender, household composition, and individual work and family values. In doing so, it examines the channels through which unemployment has the potential to erode social relations. Individual fixed effects models based on German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data from 1990 to 2017 reveal that financial strain fails to explain the effects of unemployment on social relations. However, the results suggest that social identity is influential in shaping unemployment effects. Although men see a reduction in their personal relations when experiencing unemployment, women’s unemployment experiences do not affect the frequency of their social interactions. Moreover, the fact that unemployment leads to a reduction of men’s social contacts, particularly among those living with children, points to potential difficulties in performing the social role of the family provider. Finally, placing high importance on having children, partnership and caring for others mitigates negative unemployment effects for men.
PubDate: 2023-07-05
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00893-4
- Social Cohesion in International Comparison: A Review of Key Measures
and Findings-
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Abstract: Abstract Although social integration has always been a central sociological issue, there has never been a consensus how to approach the topic empirically. In the new millennium, social cohesion has emerged as a lead concept for measuring how integrated societies are—not the least, because many observers see the social fabric of modern-day societies in deep crisis. Consequently, scholars and think tanks have intensified their efforts to chart how strong the social glue of contemporary societies is, as well as which conditions strengthen or weaken it. The main goal of our article is to provide an overview of measures of social cohesion that have been specifically designed for cross-national comparisons. To this end, we compare selected measures with respect to what they measure, how, and for what purpose. We then highlight key empirical insights gained by these measures, touching upon the issues of levels, regimes, as well as determinants and outcomes of social cohesion. The review concludes that one of the measures, the Bertelsmann Social Cohesion Radar, stands out in terms of conceptual clarity, methodological sophistication, and richness of empirical findings.
PubDate: 2023-07-05
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00891-6
- Social Milieus and Social Integration. From Theoretical Considerations to
an Empirical Model-
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Abstract: Abstract Current debates on threats to social integration in times of multiple crises call for a better understanding of the relationship between socioeconomic inequality and sociocultural value conflicts. The aim of this article is to (re)introduce the concept of social milieus as a promising approach to capture the complexity of this relationship at the group level. We offer a theoretical extension of the concept of social milieus, which has so far been limited to the German discourse, by linking it to the international debate on sociocultural “cleavages” and cultural value conflicts. Social milieus are defined as large latent groups with similar socioeconomic positions and cultural values. Accordingly, they develop milieu-specific forms of social integration in potentially conflictual demarcation from other milieus. This conceptualization offers a theoretical framework for analyzing social integration from the perspective of social groups in terms of social integration within social milieus and relationships between milieus. In order to illustrate the capabilities of this theoretical approach, we develop a first empirical model of social milieus in Germany based on a Latent Class Analysis of socioeconomic indicators and Schwartz’ basic human values. With this theoretical concept and empirical model, we put social milieus on the international research agenda for the analysis of social integration within and between social groups.
PubDate: 2023-07-05
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00892-5
- Ethnic Diversity and Social Integration—What are the Consequences of
Ethnic Residential Boundaries and Halos for Social Integration in Germany'
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Abstract: Abstract Does immigration erode the social integration of contemporary mass-scale societies' Continued immigration and corresponding growing ethnic, racial, and religious diversity have prompted this important and highly controversial question. This article gives a brief introduction to the scientific literature on this question and derives from it the following gap that it seeks to address: According to a small number of studies on related but different topics, immigration may be detrimental to social integration if it physically manifests as one of two specific types of ethnic residential segregation. The contested boundaries hypothesis has it that border regions sandwiched between ethnically defined neighborhoods are particularly conflict prone and characterized by increased rates of crime. The halo-effect hypothesis claims that majority members who live in homogenous mainstream neighborhoods that border on ethnically diverse ones (or are even encircled by them) are more likely to vote for right-wing populist parties. In this article, we expand both approaches to the study of social integration in theoretical and empirical terms. With respect to theory building, we discuss why social integration, as indicated by social trust and community attachment, should suffer from these two types of ethnic segregation. To test these claims empirically, we use data from the geo-coded German General Social Survey (ALLBUS/GGSS) 2016 and 2018 that we merge with 100-m × 100‑m spatial grid data from the German Census 2011. These data allow us to apply edge detection techniques to identify ethnic residential boundaries, and our recently developed donut-method to measure ethnic residential halos. To our knowledge our study is the first investigation into the arguably important question whether ethnic residential boundaries and halos erode social integration.
PubDate: 2023-07-05
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00888-1
- Soziologie der Intellektuellen
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PubDate: 2023-06-26
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00898-z
- Alternative Fakten
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PubDate: 2023-06-26
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00899-y
- Rassismus
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PubDate: 2023-06-26
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00897-0
- Recent Immigrants’ Religious Change in a Secular Context and its
Relation with Social Integration-
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Abstract: Abstract This paper examines how integration into various sub-domains of the receiving society, including the labor market, informal contacts, attitudes and values, and identification, is associated with religious change among recent Christian and Muslim immigrants in the Netherlands—one of the least religious countries in Europe. The analysis uses data from the New Immigrants to the Netherlands Survey (NIS2NL), a four-wave panel study of recently arrived immigrants from four countries (Bulgaria, Poland, Spain and Turkey). Using latent growth models, we identify the average trajectory of religious participation (service attendance and prayer) and identity (subjective importance of religion) of recent immigrants and examine the role of time-invariant and time-varying explanations for religious change in the early years of resettlement. We find that immigrants’ religious practices increase in the first years after arrival, following a substantial drop from pre-migration participation levels. However, this increase eventually levels off and even reverses with increasing length of stay. We observe a linear but modest decrease in religious identification over time that replicates across all origin groups. In line with expectations derived from assimilation theory, we find that migrants who are employed and hold more liberal attitudes regarding homosexuality, gender relations, divorce and abortion show a greater decrease in religiosity, whereas the opposite is true for those who identify more strongly with their origin country. The findings are remarkably similar for Muslim and Christian newcomers and suggest that all immigrants are susceptible to the secularizing forces of the receiving society. This indicates the potential for the “bright” boundary between Muslim immigrants and secular hosts to become more “blurred” with increasing length of stay and integration into “the mainstream”.
PubDate: 2023-06-26
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00887-2
- Social Integration—Levels and Dimensions
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Abstract: Abstract The conceptual proposals on social integration are diffuse and vague. Alarmist diagnoses are contrasted by empirical research results that give an all-clear signal. For an adequate understanding of social integration processes, basic theoretical questions must first be clarified. The specific unit “society” as the point of reference for what is to be integrated is replaced by a constitutional perspective that takes a look at different levels of societization (Vergesellschaftung [Max Weber’s term “Vergesellschaftung” is not easy to translate. I follow Bruun and Whimster’s (in Weber 2012, p. 496) proposal: “societization”.]) and their relationship with one another (social categories, milieus, intermediary organizations, state order, and the global level). Social integration is not identical to a stable and well-organized order. It has value references that set standards for successful integration. However, the extent of cultural integration is no less fraught with conflict than that of social integration. Actors in a certain structural situation resort to such legitimizing values and are thereby confronted with value dilemmas. Sociology is not able to offer ideal states as expressed in conceptual promises of “solidarity” or “cohesion.” Rather, it has a rich knowledge of constellations with different levels of societization in the context of different value relations. This is of central importance for an understanding of the complex processes of integration and disintegration and the role of the social sciences in public discourses on problems of integration.
PubDate: 2023-06-23
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00889-0
- Social Integration: Conceptual Foundations and Open Questions. An
Introduction to this Special Issue-
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Abstract: Abstract Is the social integration of contemporary Western societies at risk' We will not provide an answer to this question, which is high on the political agenda. Instead, in our introduction to this special issue, we first offer conceptual clarifications. What is a theoretically sound and empirically useful understanding of the social integration of modern societies' Second, we ask three basic questions for which adequate answers have not yet been found: (1) How is social integration generated' That is, what are its central mechanisms' (2) Is social integration a functionally necessary precondition of societies, as concerns about its erosion suggest' Or is it a goal in itself, that is, a normatively desirable state' (3) What about the dark side of social integration, i.e., its unintended or tacitly accepted side effects for society, its individual members, or particular social groups'
PubDate: 2023-06-21
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00896-1
- Testfall Armut. Zum Zusammenhang von Ungleichheitseinstellungen und
sozialer Lage-
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Abstract: Zusammenfassung In zeitdiagnostischen Arbeiten wird häufig vermutet, dass sich kosmopolitische Einstellungskomplexe in oberen sozialen Lagen finden, wohingegen untere soziale Lagen durch kommunitaristische Werthaltungen gekennzeichnet sind. Dieser Beitrag nimmt die Armutspopulation als unterstes Segment des sozialen Stratifikationsgefüges in den Blick, um am Testfall dieser Gruppe Einstellungen zu verschiedenen sozialen Ungleichheiten zu untersuchen. Drei gesellschaftlich umstrittene Felder sozialer Ungleichheit, nämlich sexuelle Diversität, Migration und soziale Sicherung, werden in einen Analysezusammenhang integriert. Mit Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) kann gezeigt werden, dass Menschen in Armut gegenüber Homosexuellen oder transgender Personen nicht skeptischer eingestellt sind als nichtarme Personen. Dagegen lehnen Menschen mit Armutserfahrung Migrationsbewegungen eher ab. Die Migrationsskepsis unter Personen in langanhaltender und intensiver Armut ist größer als bei Menschen mit diskontinuierlichen Armutsverläufen. Im Feld der sozialen Sicherung bevorzugen Personen mit Armutserfahrung staatliche Sicherungsmaßnahmen gegenüber privater Absicherung. Der Testfall der Armen zeigt, dass man nicht pauschal von Einstellungskomplexen in einzelnen sozialen Lagen ausgehen kann, vielmehr müssen Einstellungsfelder differenziert betrachtet werden.
PubDate: 2023-06-16
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00894-3
- Social Integration Through Conflict: Mechanisms and Challenges in
Pluralist Democracies-
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Abstract: Abstract Conflicts are not usually associated with social integration, but rather with threats to it. They appear as a cause of social distance, alienation and division. However, the sociology of conflict maintains that conflicts are as much a source of social integration and cohesion as they are of division. Modern democratic societies in particular have developed the ability to enable and maintain social integration by simultaneously promoting and containing conflict. To do so, they make use of three different mechanisms: the dilution and pluralisation of conflicts, their institutional embedding, and the adaptation and appropriation of the social order through conflict. The article introduces these mechanisms, outlines how they materialise in modern democracies and discusses three current developments that threaten the balance between the promotion and containment of conflict: polarisation, radicalisation and depoliticisation.
PubDate: 2023-06-15
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00886-3
- Nachrichten und Mitteilungen
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PubDate: 2023-06-12
DOI: 10.1007/s11577-023-00895-2
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