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Abstract: Objective: The prototype willingness model (PWM) provides a framework for understanding simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use by highlighting important psychosocial (e.g., attitudes, norms) predictors of and pathways (via willingness and/or intentions) to simultaneous use. We examined both the PWM reasoned and social reaction pathways in relation to simultaneous use. Method: Eighty-nine young adults self-monitored alcohol, cannabis, and simultaneous use and related constructs for 30 days via daily assessments. Results: Day-level simultaneous use specific attitudes, norms, perceived vulnerability, intentions, and willingness each predicted simultaneous use, while only day-level intentions and willingness predicted number of negative consequences. We observed significant indirect effects for the two social reaction pathways examined (from descriptive norms to willingness to simultaneous use; from perceived vulnerability to willingness to simultaneous use). Only direct effects were seen for the cognitions in the reasoned pathway; injunctive norms predicted simultaneous use, and attitudes predicted simultaneous use with no mediation by intentions. Conclusions: Findings support applying the PWM to event-level simultaneous use among young adults. Future work should establish if PWM day-level constructs are modifiable targets that may be utilized in intervention work focused on reducing simultaneous use and related harms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 20 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/adb0000920
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Abstract: Objective: Alcohol use and related problems increase during adolescence and peak in early adulthood. Tension reduction theories suggest that those high in anxiety sensitivity (AS) may be at risk for misusing alcohol for its anxiolytic effects. Cognitive theories point to drinking motives and alcohol expectancies as explanatory mechanisms of this risk pathway. This study examined AS risk for prospective alcohol misuse, as explained by an unfolding cognitive process, among those transitioning out of Collège d’enseignement général et professionnel (CEGEP, i.e., junior college equivalent in Quebec, Canada). We hypothesized that there would be trait-like (average levels over time), positive associations between AS, coping motives, tension-reduction alcohol expectancies, and alcohol use and problems, and that AS would lead to state-like (occasion-specific, reciprocal associations) bidirectional and positive associations between alcohol cognitions and outcomes. Method: Final-year CEGEP students (N = 193) completed three online questionnaires at 6-month intervals assessing AS, drinking motives (coping, enhancement), alcohol expectancies (tension reduction, sociability/liquid courage), and alcohol use/problems. State–trait modeling was used for hypothesis testing. Results: Consistent with hypotheses, at the “trait” level, drinking motives and alcohol expectancies were positively associated, and drinking motives and sociability/liquid courage expectancies were positively associated with alcohol problems. At the “state” level, AS positively predicted coping motives and alcohol use, tension-reduction expectancies positively predicted coping motives, and coping motives and sociability/liquid courage expectancies positively predicted alcohol use. Conclusions: Results suggest that AS is a risk factor for coping-motivated drinking, and that there is interplay between cognitions that may help understand emerging adult alcohol risk pathways. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 19 Dec 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/adb0000903
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Abstract: Objective: Using substances to cope with social anxiety is robustly related to negative consequences. The present study uses daily-level methods to test whether days young adults used substances to cope with social anxiety were associated with greater alcohol and cannabis use and consequences compared to use days without this motive. Method: Participants were a community sample of young adults enrolled in a study on alcohol and cannabis use, which involved a baseline survey and five 2-week bursts of online daily surveys across 2 years. Aims were tested using multilevel models among a subsample of 257 participants who reported social anxiety coping motives 1 day or more during the study period; Mage = 21.8 (SDage = 2.2), 51% female; 49% non-Hispanic/Latinx White. Results: Compared to use days without social anxiety coping motives, days with social anxiety coping motives were associated with more drinks consumed and more positive and negative alcohol consequences on alcohol-only days, more negative cannabis consequences on cannabis-only days, and heavier use, more negative cannabis consequences, and more positive consequences for both substances on co-use days. Days with social anxiety coping motives were associated with a greater likelihood of positive item-level consequences (e.g., “was more sociable”) on drinking days. Baseline social anxiety symptoms did not moderate associations. Conclusions: Days young adults used substances to cope with social anxiety were high-risk days for elevated substance use and consequences, regardless of baseline social anxiety. Positive consequences attained through drinking to cope with social anxiety may be an important pathway that reinforces coping motivated use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 28 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/adb0000899
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Abstract: Objective: This study compares three methods of cannabis and of alcohol use assessment in a sample of regular cannabis users: (a) ecological momentary assessment (EMA) repeated momentary surveys aggregated to the daily level, (b) EMA morning reports (MR) where participants reported on their total use from the previous day, and (c) retrospective timeline followback (TLFB) interviews covering the same period of time as the EMA portion of the study. We assessed the overall correspondence between these methods in terms of cannabis and alcohol use occasions and also investigated predictors of agreement between methods. Method: Forty-nine individuals aged 18–50 (Mage = 24.49, 49% female, 84% White) who reported regular cannabis use completed a 14-day EMA study. At the end of the EMA period, participants returned to the laboratory to complete a TLFB (administered via computer) corresponding to the same dates of the EMA period. Results: Daily aggregated EMA and TLFB reports showed a low to modest agreement for both alcohol and cannabis use. Overall, agreement between EMA and MR was better than agreement between EMA and TLFB, likely because less retrospection is required when only reporting on behavior from the previous day. Quantity and frequency of use differentially predicted agreement across reporting methods when assessing alcohol compared to cannabis. When reporting cannabis use, but not alcohol use, individuals who used more demonstrated higher agreement between EMA and TLFB. Conclusions: Results suggest that retrospective reporting methods assessing alcohol and cannabis should not be considered a direct “substitute” for momentary or daily assessments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 28 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/adb0000897
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Abstract: Objective: We examined the extent to which behavioral ratings of children’s executive function (EF) in early adolescence predicted adolescents’ cannabis use, and whether associations were independent of parents’ cannabis and alcohol use and adolescents’ alcohol use. Method: Participants were 198 offspring (44% boys) of 127 mothers and 106 fathers. Parents and teachers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) at ages 11–14 years. Youth were interviewed repeatedly from ages 14 to 20 years regarding frequency of cannabis and alcohol use. Two-level models regressed dichotomous cannabis outcomes (annual, weekly, or daily use) on age at the within-person level and the random intercept of cannabis use on EF, parent substance use, and covariates (age 7 IQ indicators, child gender, parent education, and mean of ages assessed) at the between-person level. Results: Poorer child EF predicted significantly (p < .05) higher likelihood of weekly (b[SE] = .64[.24]) and daily (b[SE] = .65[.25]), but not annual (b[SE] = .38[.22]), cannabis use. Parent cannabis use (b[SE] = .53[.25] to .81[.39], p < .05) independently predicted all three outcomes, and effects were distinct from those explained by parent alcohol use (b[SE] = .66[.29] to .81[.35], p < .05). EF remained a significant predictor of weekly and daily cannabis use after adjusting for parental alcohol and cannabis use, and adolescents’ alcohol use. Conclusions: Children exhibiting poorer EF were more likely to use cannabis weekly and daily in later adolescence. Whereas literature suggests poorer EF may be a consequence of cannabis use, these findings suggest EF should be considered prior to cannabis use initiation. EF during childhood may be a fruitful prevention target. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 10 Nov 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/adb0000891
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Abstract: Objective: Alcohol and cannabis are two of the most commonly used substances among young adults, and most individuals who use both substances use them simultaneously, that is, on the same occasion such that their effects overlap. Given the high prevalence of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use, it is important to understand the relationship between simultaneous use and consequences. This study presents a qualitative examination of positive and negative consequences of simultaneous use. Method: We conducted individual interviews among 36 young adults who engage in simultaneous use (23 women, 12 men, 1 trans man). Interviews included open-ended questions examining negative and positive consequences of simultaneous use and how simultaneous use differed from single substance use (alcohol only use, cannabis only use). Interviews were analyzed using applied thematic analysis. Results: Young adults reported numerous negative and positive consequences of simultaneous use, many overlapping with single substance use. Yet, they also reported unique combinations of positive consequences not experienced by single substance use. Young adults discussed patterns of use that were sometimes approached intentionally (e.g., quantity of substances used, order) that influenced consequences. Conclusions: Together these findings provide further insight into young adults’ simultaneous use experiences. Next steps should include quantitative exploratory research to identify and determine the frequency of specific consequences experienced during simultaneous use and examine the relationship between simultaneous use consequences and particular patterns of use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 27 Oct 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/adb0000886
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Abstract: Objective: In the present study, we sought to identify trajectories of symptoms of potential alcohol dependence (AD) among adult sexual minority women (SMW). Theoretical correlates were examined in relation to the empirically identified trajectories. Method: Data were collected at three time points between 2000 and 2012 from SMW drinkers (n = 434) enrolled in a longitudinal study (M Age = 37.49 at baseline, SD = 11.55). Using an accelerated-cohort longitudinal design, latent growth curve mixture models identified homogeneous patterns of any past-year symptoms of potential AD. Correlates of trajectories included alcohol-related developmental risk factors, adult roles, and exposure to minority stressors. Results: Three trajectories were identified that captured risk of symptoms of potential AD over time, reflecting: (a) relatively consistent, low risk over time; (b) deceleration in risk throughout adulthood; (c) relatively persistent, high risk over time. Consistent with prior work, SMW drinkers who reported higher levels of perceived stigma or masculinity showed persistently high risk of reporting at least one past-year symptom of potential AD. Conclusions: Most SMW drinkers report deceleration in risk of AD symptoms over time. Findings have implications for prevention and intervention efforts tailored to SMW drinkers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 18 Jul 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/adb0000869
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Abstract: Objective: Alcohol use is an established risk factor for intimate partner aggression (IPA); however, few studies have considered whether couple drinking episodes increase the short-term likelihood of IPA episodes. The present ecological momentary assessment study considered the temporal effects of alcohol consumption on IPA perpetration and victimization within a sample of community couples at elevated risk of aggression. Method: Mixed-sex (n = 191), same-sex male (n = 31), and same-sex female (n = 27) cohabiting couples (total N = 249; ages 21–35) made three independent, random reports for 30 consecutive days. Dyadic multilevel modeling was used to examine the impact of each partner’s drinking episodes on the occurrence of verbal and physical perpetration and victimization events within the next 4 hr, using the actor–partner interdependence model. Results: Actor and partner alcohol use increased the likelihood of conflict and likelihood of conflicts involving verbal perpetration and victimization within the next 4 hr; alcohol effects on physical aggression were weaker. Actor alcohol effects on IPA remained significant after the addition of several control variables; partner effects did not. The absence of Alcohol × Gender interaction effects suggests that alcohol effects on IPA do not depend on actor or partner gender or their combination. Conclusions: There are robust alcohol effects on the occurrence of verbal aggression perpetration and victimization episodes, with weak effects on physical aggression perpetration. Conflicts that include alcohol are not more likely to include aggression; rather, alcohol increases the likelihood of conflict occurring, with a proportion of those involving verbal aggression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 07 Jul 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/adb0000850
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