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Abstract: Objective: Health care and non-health care essential workers working in face-to-face interactions during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be vulnerable to psychosocial distress. Limited empirical research on COVID-19-related psychosocial outcomes has utilized probability-based samples including both health care and non-health care essential workers. Method: We surveyed a sample of 1,821 United States self-identified essential workers, collected using probability-based methods, working in face-to-face interactions during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak (March 18, 2020 through April 18, 2020), in three consecutive 10-day cohorts. We assessed acute stress, health-related worries, and functional impairment. Demographics, secondary stressors (lack of childcare or health care, lost wages), and pre-COVID-19 mental and physical health were examined as predictors of psychological outcomes. Results: Acute stress (β = .08, p = .001), health-related worries (β = .09, p = .001), and functional impairment (β = .05, p = .034) increased over time in the early weeks of the outbreak. Health care essential workers reported lower functional impairment (β = −.06, p = .009) and acute stress (β = −.06, p = .015) compared with non-health care essential workers. Across the sample, prior mental and physical health ailments, inability to obtain health care, lost wages, younger age, female gender, and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with acute stress (βs = −.14 to .15, ps ≤ .001), health-related worries (βs = −.09 to .14, ps ≤ .001), and functional impairment (βs = −.08 to .16, ps ≤ .006). Lack of childcare (β = .09, p < .001) was positively associated with acute stress. Conclusion: Non-health care essential workers may be vulnerable to negative psychosocial outcomes. Targeted training and support may help facilitate coping with the effects of working in-person during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Findings may help inform intervention efforts, critical as COVID-19 becomes endemic and society must learn to live with its evolving variants. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 28 Apr 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001224
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Abstract: Objective: Consumption of traditional and social media markedly increased at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic as new information about the virus and safety guidelines evolved. Much of the information concerned restrictions on daily living activities and the risk posed by the virus. The term doomscrolling is used to describe the phenomenon of elevated negative affect after viewing pandemic-related media. The magnitude and duration of this effect, however, is unclear. Furthermore, the effect of doomscrolling likely varies based on prior vulnerabilities for psychopathology, such as a history of childhood maltreatment. It was hypothesized that social and traditional media exposure were related to an increase in depression and PTSD and that this increase was moderated by childhood maltreatment severity. Method: Participants completed a baseline assessment for psychopathology and 30 days of daily assessments of depression, PTSD, and pandemic-related media use. Results: Using multilevel modeling, social media exposure was associated with increased depression and PTSD. This association was stronger for those with more severe maltreatment histories. Furthermore, those with more severe baseline psychopathology used more social media during this period. These relations were not observed for traditional media sources. Conclusions: These results suggest that regular viewing of pandemic-related social media is associated with increases in psychopathology for those with existing vulnerabilities. Those with such vulnerabilities should adopt strategies to limit social media consumption. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 14 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001202
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Abstract: Objective: There has been great concern about the psychological implications of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on wellbeing and mental health worldwide. Previous pandemics have been associated with an increased risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, the experience of a pandemic for those with preexisting diagnoses of PTSD has not previously been researched. We aimed to understand the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic for people with a diagnosis of PTSD before the pandemic. Method: Ten people, who were under the care of a specialist outpatient clinic for adults with PTSD during the COVID-19 pandemic, took part in semistructured interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview transcripts. Results: Themes were identified relating to changes in how a sense of threat was experienced during the pandemic, with both factors increasing and decreasing threat recognized; challenges related to trying to cope with the pandemic; and resources that helped with coping. Conclusions: Recommendations for clinicians working with people with PTSD during a pandemic are made. These include assessing for changes in the person’s sense of threat and changes in triggers; supporting adaptation of prepandemic ways of coping and engagement with personal and professional support networks; and being alert to a possible increase or change in safety-seeking behaviors and addressing in the treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 07 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001198
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Abstract: Objective: Despite the well-established relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and health and well-being across the life course, there is a limited understanding of ACEs among diverse populations. The purpose of this study was to develop a new measure, the ACE-I, which consists of adversities that may be more relevant among immigrant populations, and to compare these rates to those of traditionally studied ACEs. Method: Data for this study comes from a community sample of 338 Latino immigrant adolescents who completed an 11-item measure of traditional ACEs and a novel 13-item measure of immigrant-specific ACEs (ACE-I) as part of the intake process for a positive youth development program. Results: While the scores of the two ACEs measure were correlated (r = .16), immigrant youth, on average, reported more adversities on the ACE-I measure than the traditional ACEs measure (3.6 vs. 1.6). Overall, individual ACE-I items were more likely to be endorsed than traditional ACE items. Fit indexes from a confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the ACE-I hypothesized three-factor structure (experiences of violence/unrest in one’s home country, danger encountered on the migration journey, and instability of life as an immigrant) represents a satisfactory solution. Conclusions: These findings suggest that there are essential early adverse experiences for immigrants that have not previously been considered in ACEs research. Broadening our conceptualization and measurement of ACEs among immigrant populations could provide valuable insight into social determinants of health and avenues for intervention for immigrant youth and families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 03 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001223
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Abstract: Objective: On the assumption that coping with a crisis from a position of vulnerability may elicit not only negative but also positive outcomes, this study examined posttraumatic growth (PTG) among Jewish and Arab pregnant women 6–7 months into the COVID-19 pandemic, exploring the contribution of ethnicity, personal resources (intolerance of uncertainty, optimism, and self-compassion), and COVID-19-related anxieties. In addition, the moderating roles of ethnicity, optimism, and self-compassion were examined. Method: A convenience sample of 916 Israeli women (517 Jewish, 399 Arab) was recruited from July 5 to October 7, 2020. through women's forums on social media. The participants completed an electronic questionnaire through Qualtrics software. Results: Arab women reported significantly higher PTG, COVID-19-related anxieties, optimism, and self-compassion than Jewish women. A 6-step hierarchical regression that was performed to determine the contribution of the independent variables to PTG revealed that younger age, being primiparous, being an Arab, optimism, self-compassion, and COVID-19-related anxieties were associated with greater PTG. Furthermore, a positive association between intolerance of uncertainty and PTG was found among Jewish, but not Arab women. Finally, the positive association between intolerance of uncertainty and PTG was stronger among women reporting higher self-compassion. Conclusions: The study sheds light on the potential for the positive outcome of PTG in the wake of the prolonged COVID-19 crisis and highlights the contribution of vulnerability and personal resources. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 03 Feb 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001189
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Abstract: Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, health and social care workers (HSCWs) are facing morally challenging situations and life-threatening decisions. Following exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) that undermine deeply held moral beliefs and expectations, HSCWs might experience moral injury (MI) and other deleterious psychiatric consequences. The present study examined associations between exposure to PMIEs, MI symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex PTSD (CPTSD), and self-criticism among HSCWs. Method: A sample of 296 Israeli HSCWs responded to online validated self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional designed survey in February and March 2021. Results: Participants’ self-reported PTSD (8.9%) and CPTSD (4.8%) rates match the rates of Israel’s general population. A moderated-mediation model shows that high self-criticism intensified the relations between exposure to PMIEs and MI symptoms, and between MI symptoms and CPTSD symptoms. Importantly, the indirect effect of exposure to PMIEs on both PTSD and CPTSD symptoms via MI symptoms existed only among those with high levels of self-criticism. Conclusions: The study’s findings offer a novel overview of the associations between patterns of exposure to PMIEs, MI, PTSD, and CPTSD. Clinicians treating HSCWs coping with COVID-19–related moral injury should be aware of the importance of high self-criticism in the possible posttraumatic sequelae of exposure to PMIEs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001210
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Abstract: Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the levels of stress, burnout, primary and secondary trauma, and self-efficacy before and during the novel coronavirus pandemic in a sample of baccalaureate nursing and psychiatric nursing students, a population which has seldom been studied regarding these factors. Method: The study used a nonexperimental, cross-sectional methodology at 2 time-points. Nursing and psychiatric nursing students enrolled at 1 western Canadian university were invited to participate in an online, anonymous survey in 2020 prior to the pandemic and in 2021 during Canada’s third-wave. Survey measures included the Professional Quality of Life Scale (includes Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Secondary Traumatic Stress), the Perceived Stress Scale, the Life Events Checklist to assess the amount of prior traumatic experiences, and the Core Self-Evaluations Scale. Results: Statistically higher significant differences in prior traumatic experiences measured by the Life Events Checklist were found in the midpandemic cohort in comparison to the prepandemic 2020 student cohort (t(159) = −2.32, p < .05, 95% CI [−2.23, −.18]). Strong correlated relationships were found in many of the study variables (ranging from r = .301 to −.745, p ≤ .001). Conclusion: This preliminary study is the first to reveal that students in the nursing field experienced more traumatic events during the pandemic than before. The findings imply that access to greater support for experiences of trauma may be needed to support undergraduate students entering the health care arena amid the novel coronavirus pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 31 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001216
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Abstract: Objective: Bipolar disorder is associated with a history of childhood maltreatment, impulsive aggression, and lethal suicide attempts. Often, aggression and violence prevent the diagnosed individual from receiving timely access to mental health care, leading to adverse outcomes such as repeated psychiatric hospitalization or even incarceration. Method: In this study, we recruited a sample of 150 low-income patients with bipolar disorder from an outpatient behavioral health clinic affiliated with an urban public hospital in Southeastern United States. We explored whether different types of childhood maltreatment (physical, sexual, emotional) are associated with impulsive aggression among individuals with bipolar disorder. Additionally, we examined whether impulsive aggression is related to suicidality. Finally, we sought to test the potential mediated effect of impulsive aggression on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and suicidality. Results: Findings suggest that all direct associations were significant and that impulsive aggression was a significant mediator in the relationship between childhood emotional and sexual abuse. However, when childhood physical abuse was included as an independent variable in the model, impulsive aggression did not mediate the association, even though impulsive aggression was related to suicidality. Conclusion: Results from this study suggest that impulsive aggression exerts a wide-ranging impact on suicidality in the context of childhood trauma in those with bipolar disorder. In the future, targeted interventions to address the underlying etiologies of aggression may translate into an improved quality of life, decreased rates of suicidality, and positive clinical outcomes among individuals with bipolar disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 27 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001218
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Abstract: Objective: To examine the acceptability of routine screening for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and resilience during prenatal care. Method: This study examined pregnant women’s perspectives (N = 119) on ACEs and resilience screening during prenatal care in two medical centers via postscreening telephone surveys. Chi-square tests and Fisher’s Exact Tests examined whether responses varied with ACEs (0 [62.2%], 1–2 [21.0%], 3+ [16.8%]) or resilience (high [64.7%] vs. low [35.3%]). Results: The sample (N = 119) was 36.1% non-Hispanic White, 26.1% Hispanic, 8.4% Black, 23.5% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 5.9% Other, with a median age of 31 (IQR: 28–34) and average neighborhood median household income of $100,734 (SD = $37,079). Most women thought prenatal care should include conversations about ACEs (82.2%) and resilience (94.0%) and very strongly believed that good coping skills can help reduce the harmful effects of childhood stress (79.0%). Nearly half (41.2%) used ≥1 mental health resource from the resource handout provided at screening. Some women thought conversations could be improved if they took place with a mental health professional (37.3%), with more provider empathy (40.7%), more education about ACEs and health (55.1%), and if the screening included additional stressors (53.4%). Notably, most women (73.5%) would like their partner to also receive the screening. Women with more ACEs were more likely to want a longer conversation, and those with low versus high resilience were more likely to prefer that a mental health professional conduct the screening. Conclusions: Results indicate that women value ACEs screening during prenatal care and provide actionable recommendations to improve future screenings and discussions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 13 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001166
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Abstract: Objective: Child maltreatment, including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, witnessing intimate partner violence (IPV), and neglect, is related to decrements in physical health. Yet, it is not clear how maltreatment may impact indices of fertility and the specific forms of maltreatment may exhibit distinct associations with aspects of fertility. Because posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) have corresponded with a longer length to conception, it is prudent to account for current level of trauma symptoms. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the five types of maltreatment and PTSS were positively related to infertility, including length of time to conception, number of live births and miscarriages, and use of infertility treatments. Method: Two hundred seventy-five trauma-exposed females (Mage = 38.82, SD = 12.73) who had been, or had tried to become, pregnant participated in the study. Results: Despite expectations, none of the maltreatment types, nor PTSS, was related to longer length to conception. Minorities reported longer length of time to conceive. PTSS was tied to fewer number of live births. A history of neglect corresponded with a greater number of miscarriages, as well as greater use of fertility treatments. Conclusions: Racial minorities may be at higher risk for longer conception length times. Although replication is needed, neglect and PTSS may be associated with fertility difficulties whereas other forms of child maltreatment (sexual, physical, and emotion abuse and witnessing IPV) may not evince ties to aspects of fertility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 10 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001169
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Abstract: Objective: The restrictions to contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have led to considerable social isolation, posing significant threats to mental health worldwide. The preventive lockdowns may be especially difficult for children and adolescents, who rely extensively on their daily routines and peer connections for stability and optimal development. However, there is a dearth of longitudinal research examining the mental health and daily life impact of the pandemic among children and adolescents. This study addresses this gap by examining the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents’ mental health and well-being, and potential risk and protective moderators of mental health change. Method: In the present study, 1,537 Israeli children and adolescents (Mage = 13.97; 52% girls) completed a battery of questionnaires in September 2019; before the COVID-19 outbreak and immediately after an 8-week lockdown period when schools reopened in May 2020. Results: A repeated measures multivariant analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed significantly greater anxiety, depression, and panic symptoms, increases in video game, Internet and TV screen time use, and decreases in positive emotions, life satisfaction, social media use, and peer support during the pandemic. Participants with higher baseline mental health symptoms showed greater symptoms after the lockdown period. Perceived social support and consistent daily routines were found to act as significant protective factors against symptomatology. Conclusions: The results highlight the significant mental health consequences of the pandemic on children and adolescents, and substantiate the significant parents' and peers’ roles in children’s and adolescents’ coping during this global pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 20 Dec 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001188
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Abstract: Objective: Psychopathy has a considerable societal cost, which motivates research on the mechanisms that cause individuals to engage and persist in antisocial behaviors. It is known that individuals with marked psychopathic traits or callous-unemotional traits typically engage in higher rates of aggressive behaviors. These traits seem to have roots both in biological and environmental factors. This article aims to clarify, through a comprehensive review of the literature, what kind of traumas experienced in childhood may contribute to the development of a psychopathic personality structure. Method: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review to organize such evidence. Results: Childhood maltreatment has been associated with a wide range of maladaptive outcomes, ranging from internalizing to externalizing symptoms. Some have suggested that this range of symptoms is largely attributable to a disruption in the usual parent–child attachment bond, which may occur in parent–child relationships characterized by emotional maltreatment. Many studies now suggest that key features of temperament, such as anger, self-regulation/self-control, and negative emotionality, can be positively influenced through prevention and treatment programs. Conclusions: This comprehensive review provides information for improving our ability to treat problematic personalities and reduce the risk of future antisocial behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001191
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Abstract: Objective: Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, cases of infection continue to increase and pose a great threat to the safety of people. When an individual perceives a threat in the environment, a stress reaction is automatically triggered. Long-term stress can lead to severe mental problems. Thus, the present study aims to assess the relationship between information disclosure and psychological anxiety and to determine the mediating role of epidemic prevention satisfaction and epidemic prevention confidence. Method: A survey is conducted on 1,439 respondents to determine the mental health of Chinese residents during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The logit method is used to explore the correlation between information disclosure and psychological anxiety. Furthermore, the bootstrap decomposition method is used to verify the mediation effects of different aspects of epidemic prevention satisfaction and epidemic prevention confidence. Results: The study finds that information disclosure exerts a negative impact on psychological anxiety attributable to COVID-19 (β = −.085, p < .001), whereas epidemic prevention satisfaction and epidemic prevention confidence mediated the relationship between information disclosure and psychological anxiety. Conclusions: In exploring means to cope with challenges attributable to COVID-19, the study finds that information disclosure not only improves epidemic prevention satisfaction and epidemic prevention confidence but also buffers psychological anxiety attributable to COVID-19. Therefore, timely and accurate information from the government is beneficial for improving epidemic prevention satisfaction and epidemic prevention confidence and for alleviating psychological anxiety among Chinese residents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001147
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Abstract: Objective: Postpartum physical health is a neglected field of research, yet postpartum physical health problems can significantly interfere with mothers’ abilities to meet personal, familial, and work-related responsibilities. This study sought to provide increased understanding of the role that social determinants of health—adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), material hardship, and social support; and discrimination—play in mothers’ postpartum physical health. Method: An online survey was completed by a racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse sample (n = 306) of United States women (age 18 and older) who delivered a live baby within the previous year. Results: Logistic regression results demonstrated that mothers’ ACEs and material hardship were associated with poorer self-rated postpartum physical health. Furthermore, an interaction between ACEs and material hardship was found suggesting that ACEs did not impact physical health as strongly for mothers who reported material hardship when compared to mothers who did not. No associations were found for social support or experiences of discrimination. Conclusion: Study results provide further support for macrolevel interventions to prevent ACEs and material hardship and to intercede in existing cases to reduce negative effects on postpartum physical health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001137
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Abstract: Objective: News media has recently been replete with stories of anti-Asian rhetoric and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Empirical literature, however, has yet to systematically analyze and document these experiences and their impact. Our study aimed to examine this phenomenon by analyzing news media coverage published between December 31, 2019–June 30, 2020 on COVID-related anti-Asian incidents. Method: We utilized a phenomenological approach to conduct qualitative content analysis of 84 media articles reporting on coronavirus related anti-Asian incidents. We also present the emerging psychological framework of race-based stress and trauma to conceptualize the psychological impact of these race-based incidents reported in the media. Results: Qualitative analysis revealed five primary themes: (a) pathologizing cultural practices; (b) alien in one’s own land; (c) invalidation of interethnic differences; (d) ascription of diseased status; and (e) duality of frontline hero and virus carrier. We provide examples for each of these themes. Conclusion: These themes document stigmatizing narratives and demonstrate the phenomenology of race-based stress and trauma experienced by Asian individuals during the COVID era. We present potential implications for mental health of Asian individuals during and following the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as recommendations for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 30 Sep 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001131
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Abstract: Objective: Early life adversity is associated with somatic symptoms (SS) in adulthood, but the psychological mechanisms involved need to be further investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether disturbances in self-organization (DSO), consisting of affective dysregulation, negative self-concept, and disturbances in relationships, mediate the relationship between exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and SS in adulthood. In addition, we investigated whether resilient coping buffers the direct and indirect effect of ACEs on SS. Method: The study sample comprised 4,847 Slovenian adults aged 18 to 75 years and was broadly representative of the general population. Results: Results of the mediation analysis showed that DSO had a notable, significant mediating effect on the relationship between ACEs and SS, with the indirect effect (a × b = .386, p < .001) accounting for 53.3% of the total effect. A moderated mediation analysis revealed a significant interaction between ACEs and resilient coping in predicting DSO (B = −.074, p = .020), suggesting that resilient coping moderated the indirect effect of ACEs on SS. The flexible use of coping strategies to solve problems in stressful circumstances reduced the negative effect of ACEs on DSO, and hence the frequency of SS in adults with a history of ACEs. Conclusions: Health care professionals should be aware of the role that DSO may have in maintaining or exacerbating SS in victims of early trauma. Strengthening the individual’s capacities for resilient coping can alleviate the negative effects of early trauma on psychological functioning and health in later life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 24 Jun 2021 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0001040
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Abstract: Objective: The impact of trauma on mental and physical health has long been recognized as a significant public health issue, yet there has been little unanimity about how to best develop a trauma-capable national workforce. The Core Curriculum on Childhood Trauma (CCCT) is being used to train a wide variety of mental health professionals and child-serving staff; however, prior data on its effectiveness have been limited to small pilot studies with master’s in social work students. Method: We used 1,908 retrospective pre-post-training evaluations collected from 168 CCCT trainings delivered in multidisciplinary or practice settings between October 2016 and August 2019. Results: CCCT participants reported high levels of satisfaction and statistically significant change between pre- and postscores for 8 self-reported child trauma skills (p < .001), with effect sizes ranging from .78 to 1.45. Conclusions: The consistency of positive outcomes across a wide variety of training formats and audiences demonstrates that the CCCT can be implemented successfully in diverse practice settings and thus can be a useful tool for building a trauma-capable, multidisciplinary national mental health workforce. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 19 Dec 2019 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0000540
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Abstract: Objective: Academic training programs for mental health professionals rarely include comprehensive instruction on trauma, consequently leaving clinicians inadequately prepared to provide trauma treatment. The present study sought to: (a) ascertain what percentage of participants had received training in complex trauma and dissociation; (b) examine pre- and posttraining differences in knowledge related to complex trauma populations; and (c) investigate changes in participants’ competence and empathy in working with survivors. Method: We examined self-reported changes in knowledge, competence, and empathy regarding individuals with complex trauma among mental health professionals who attended a complex trauma training workshop. Participants provided feedback about previous trauma training experience and areas of additional trauma training that they perceived would be beneficial. Results: Prior to completing the program, 68% of participants reported feeling inadequately trained to assess trauma and 75% felt inadequately trained to treat trauma. Ten percent had not received training in complex trauma and 30% had not received training in treating patients with dissociative symptoms. Participants showed significant increases in knowledge and self-reported competence following the training. They suggested that learning about dissociation and dissociative disorders was the most helpful information gained and that learning more techniques and skills for complex trauma populations would improve their ability to treat this group. Conclusions: The majority of participants felt inadequately trained to treat clients who have experienced complex trauma and experienced dissociation. They reported the trauma training as beneficial in that it increased their sense of knowledge and competence about treating trauma-exposed individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) PubDate: Thu, 03 Oct 2019 00:00:00 GMT DOI: 10.1037/tra0000515
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