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Authors:Uichol Kim, Jisun Kim Pages: 347 - 391 Abstract: Psychology and Developing Societies, Volume 35, Issue 2, Page 347-391, September 2023. The understanding of the nature and the software of the mind has generated immense debate in religion, philosophy, sciences and psychology. Drucker notes that the basic assumption about the reality is the foundation for science, axiom and algorithm adopted for the theory, concept and method. The assumption differentiates what is important from what is noise. In the medieval Europe, the Catholic Church provided a unified theory of the world as a reflection of God’s grand design and purpose. They held the power to define and thus had the power to control people’s lives. Their power was challenged during the Renaissance with the emergence of humanism. The Cartesian duality of separating the mind from body allowed the separation of church and state and science to flourish. In East Asia, Confucius articulated a different set of assumptions. Humans are defined as ingan 人間 (‘human between’) and assume relationship and compassion as the basic foundation. This is the basis of the cultural difference and theory of the mind. The Darwinian Evolutionary Theory replaced the religious definition, Cartesian duality, and empathy with the biological traits, instincts and natural selection. Psychology adopted the biological model to explain human behaviour. Research in paleoanthropology, genetics, and neurobiology outline the limitations of the biological model in explaining the human mind and behaviour. Bandura has documented the importance of human agency, consciousness, and self-efficacy in explaining human behaviour and provided empirical results with greater predictive and explanatory power than the traditional psychological theories. Indigenous and cultural psychology represents the continuation of the assumptions, theory and concepts outlined by Wilhelm Wundt and Albert Bandura. Kim outlines the transactional model of science, where human agency (measured by self-efficacy) can explain a person’s performance and outcome. Empirically, the Harvard Study of Adult Development, the 85-year longitudinal study, found the unexpected results that challenge the previous held assumptions. Waldinger and Schulz have found that maintaining good relationship is the most important predictor of happiness, health and longevity and not high income, success, IQ and personality. Kim and Kim found that for Millennials and Gen Z, happiness is predicted by relational and social efficacy, positive outlook, and receiving social support from family, friends and online communities, replicating previous results found across three generations and for the past 25 years in Korea. These results point to the importance of examining the basic assumptions of the theories in psychology and the scientific foundation of indigenous and cultural psychology. Citation: Psychology and Developing Societies PubDate: 2023-09-12T06:52:32Z DOI: 10.1177/09713336231185203 Issue No:Vol. 35, No. 2 (2023)
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Authors:John W. Berry Abstract: Psychology and Developing Societies, Ahead of Print. The dramatic increase of intercultural encounters that have resulted from international migration and globalisation has presented challenges for societies, their institutions and their residents. The assumption is usually made that most culturally plural societies and their members seek to engage in positive encounters, rather than having conflictual ones. There are many factors (political, economic and historical) that can promote or limit the attainment of this goal of positive intercultural relations. Beyond these societal-level factors, another set of factors are psychological; these are based on the presence of some shared underlying psychological processes that enable mutual understanding and acceptance. For over 50 years, I have searched for some of these shared psychological principles, guided by some assertions contained in the Canadian policy of multiculturalism. These assertions are the promotion of: feelings of security in a group’s and a person’s place in the society; the presence of social contacts that are mutually respectful; and the existence of multiple identities and ways of living in the diverse population. This article reviews the evidence for these principles, using data from Canadian and international studies. I conclude that this psychological research has provided support for these general principles that are derived from public policy. As a result, they are ripe for possible use in many plural societies now seeking ways to manage and improve their intercultural relations. The journey has been from policy to research, and back to policy formulation and implementation. Citation: Psychology and Developing Societies PubDate: 2023-08-14T06:20:45Z DOI: 10.1177/09713336231178368
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Authors:Sik Hung Ng, Chau-kiu Cheung Abstract: Psychology and Developing Societies, Ahead of Print. Given the havoc of the worldwide coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the older population, this article outlines a positive ageing framework for understanding and assuaging the havoc. Positive ageing follows the dual ageing ethics of living positively for self (maintaining health and functional independence) and for the betterment of others (other individuals and society at large). However, it suffers from the pandemic because the pandemic exacerbates ageism, impedes vaccine uptake and erodes social networks that have been an important resource and source of human connectedness and support for elders. The suffering thus amplifies the havoc of the pandemic on elders’ physical, psychological and social health. Preventing that suffering and advancing positive ageing, possibly by cultivating social networks and through social reforms to harness the silver demographic dividend of older workers for post-pandemic national recovery, are advisable, considering extant and emerging research evidence. Citation: Psychology and Developing Societies PubDate: 2023-08-14T06:19:45Z DOI: 10.1177/09713336231178367
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Authors:Fathali M. Moghaddam, Raimundo Salas-Schweikart, Melanie Schneider Abstract: Psychology and Developing Societies, Ahead of Print. The global context in which national development is taking place has changed in important ways, including widening and entrenched inequalities, deglobalisation, weakened democracies, more aggressive dictatorships and the rise of authoritarian strongmen in many countries. Within this changed context, we examine the central role of the democratic citizen and political plasticity in national development. Our arguments are supported by reference to empirical psychological studies, as well as applied challenges in national development. We identify the 10 most important psychological characteristics of the democratic citizen. Achieving these characteristics requires change, which we discuss through the concept of political plasticity, how fast, in what ways, and how much political behaviour can (and cannot) be changed. We point out that in some domains political plasticity is very low and changes extremely slowly. We identify a narrative approach as the best path for nurturing democratic citizens, building on the narrative story-telling tradition that is already indigenous to many non-Western societies. The incorporation of a narrative tradition to strengthen democratic citizenship does not require expensive technology or other material resources. Citation: Psychology and Developing Societies PubDate: 2023-08-14T06:18:46Z DOI: 10.1177/09713336231180961
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Authors:Daniel Cervone Abstract: Psychology and Developing Societies, Ahead of Print. This article reviews the development of theoretical concepts and applications of basic findings in personality psychology. It does so primarily by focusing on social-cognitive theories of personality structure and functioning. These include the foundational theories of Bandura and Mischel and the subsequent KAPA model of Cervone. Three central themes in social-cognitive conceptions are identified: (a) a focus on individuals rather than on summaries of individual differences in the population, (b) attention to causal mechanisms underlying action and experience and (c) the study of persons in context, including attention to psychological processes through which people assign meaning to diverse settings and life challenges. These emphases facilitate applications, as is illustrated by a review of applied efforts in developing societies that capitalise on principles of social-cognitive theory, including assessments guided by the KAPA model. Citation: Psychology and Developing Societies PubDate: 2023-08-08T08:34:07Z DOI: 10.1177/09713336231178366
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Authors:Jianxin Zhang, Na Zhao Abstract: Psychology and Developing Societies, Ahead of Print. As an important social transformation in China, Chinese-style modernisation has driven China into the ranks of modernised countries at a surprising speed for 40 years. From the perspectives of sociology and social psychology, the present article reviews the grassroots social governance model of Chinese-style modernisation and the changes in the traditional culture that have deeply affected people’s minds and social behaviour. The research findings indicate that Chinese-style modernisation has created a miracle in macro-material production, but at the grassroots level, while the material living standards of the people are gradually improving, their social dignity and spiritual life cannot be synchronised. First, as an indicator of measuring people’s quality of life and social development level, Chinese people’s sense of happiness declined in general, and the gap in happiness between different groups of Chinese people is widening. Second, the sense of fairness among people in the modernisation process has decreased, leading to some negative attitudes among the public and exacerbating social risks. Third, the general level of trust among the Chinese people is declining, but the specific trust manifests complex patterns, showing an increase in calculated (benefit-based) trust and a decrease in identified (kinsfolk-based) trust. In particular, people’s trust in the central government has remained high; however, they do not have the same level of trust in local and grassroots governments. All these demonstrate that the authoritarian type of governance and the historical practice of spiritual culture endorsed in Chinese-style modernisation have brought new possibilities for human society in future development, but there are also many problems and difficulties of dogmatism, formalism and bureaucracy in grassroots governance and cultural compromises of the East and the West. Chinese-style modernisation needs to do more in order to further enhance the sense of gain, happiness and trust among grassroots people, in addition to pursuing the aim of raising overall strength of the country. Citation: Psychology and Developing Societies PubDate: 2023-08-04T08:40:46Z DOI: 10.1177/09713336231180962
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Authors:Uichol Kim, Rama Charan Tripathi Abstract: Psychology and Developing Societies, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Psychology and Developing Societies PubDate: 2023-07-31T07:00:12Z DOI: 10.1177/09713336231185196
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