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- People Place Larger Bets When Risky Choices Provide a Postbet Option to
Cash Out-
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Authors: Daniel Bennett, Lucy Albertella, Laura Forbes, Ty Hayes, Antonio Verdejo-Garcia, Lukasz Walasek, Elliot A. Ludvig Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. After a risky choice, decision makers must frequently wait out a delay period before the outcome of their choice becomes known. In contemporary sports-betting apps, decision makers can “cash out” of their bet during this delay period by accepting a discounted immediate payout. An important open question is how availability of a postchoice cash-out option alters choice. We investigated this question using a novel gambling task that incorporated a cash-out option during the delay between bet and outcome. Across two experiments (N = 240 adults, recruited via Prolific), cash-out availability increased participants’ bet amounts by up to 35%. Participants who were more likely to cash out when odds deteriorated were less likely to cash out when odds improved. Furthermore, the effect of cash-out availability on bet amounts was positively correlated with individual differences in cash-out propensity for bets with deteriorating odds only. These results suggest that cash-out availability may promote larger bets by allowing bettors to avoid losing their entire stake. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-08-26T02:47:09Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241266516
- The Double-Edged Sword of Social Sharing: Social Sharing Predicts
Increased Emotion Differentiation When Rumination Is Low but Decreased Emotion Differentiation When Rumination Is High-
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Authors: Laura Sels, Yasemin Erbas, Sarah T. O’Brien, Lesley Verhofstadt, Margaret S. Clark, Elise K. Kalokerinos Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Laypeople believe that sharing their emotional experiences with others will improve their understanding of those experiences, but no clear empirical evidence supports this belief. To address this gap, we used data from four daily life studies (N = 659; student and community samples) to explore the association between social sharing and subsequent emotion differentiation, which involves labeling emotions with a high degree of complexity. Contrary to our expectations, we found that social sharing of emotional experiences was linked to greater subsequent emotion differentiation on occasions when people ruminated less than usual about these experiences. In contrast, on occasions when people ruminated more than usual about their experiences, social sharing of these experiences was linked to lower emotion differentiation. These effects held when we controlled for levels of negative emotion. Our findings suggest that putting feelings into words through sharing may only enable emotional precision when that sharing occurs without dwelling or perseverating. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-08-20T07:14:43Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241266513
- Does Valuing Happiness Lead to Well-Being'
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Authors: Kuan-Ju Huang Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Happiness has become one of the most important life goals worldwide. However, does valuing happiness lead to better well-being' This study investigates the effect of valuing happiness on well-being using a population-based longitudinal survey of Dutch adults (N = 8,331) from 2019 to 2023. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models indicated that those who valued happiness generally exhibited higher well-being as manifested by life satisfaction, more positive affect, and less negative affect. However, increases in valuing happiness did not result in changes in life satisfaction 1 year later and had mixed emotional consequences (i.e., increasing both positive and negative affect). Additional analyses using fixed-effects models indicated that valuing happiness had contemporaneous positive effects on well-being. These findings indicate that endorsing happiness goals may have immediate psychological benefits but may not necessarily translate into long-term positive outcomes. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-08-20T07:01:23Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241263784
- Directing Attention Shapes Learning in Adults but Not Children
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Authors: Marlie C. Tandoc, Bharat Nadendla, Theresa Pham, Amy S. Finn Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Children sometimes learn distracting information better than adults do, perhaps because of the development of selective attention. To understand this potential link, we ask how the learning of children (aged 7–9 years) and the learning of adults differ when information is the directed focus of attention versus when it is not. Participants viewed drawings of common objects and were told to attend to the drawings (Experiment 1: 42 children, 35 adults) or indicate when shapes (overlaid on the drawings) repeated (Experiment 2: 53 children, 60 adults). Afterward, participants identified fragments of these drawings as quickly as possible. Adults learned better than children when directed to attend to the drawings; however, when drawings were task irrelevant, children showed better learning than adults in the first half of the test. And although directing attention to the drawings improved learning in adults, children learned the drawings similarly across experiments regardless of whether the drawings were the focus of the task or entirely irrelevant. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-08-20T05:45:23Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241263347
- Electroencephalogram Decoding Reveals Distinct Processes for Directing
Spatial Attention and Encoding Into Working Memory-
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Authors: Henry M. Jones, Gisella K. Diaz, William X. Q. Ngiam, Edward Awh Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Past work reveals a tight relationship between spatial attention and storage in visual working memory. But is spatially attending an item tantamount to working memory encoding' Here, we tracked electroencephalography (EEG) signatures of spatial attention and working memory encoding while independently manipulating the number of memory items and the spatial extent of attention in two studies of adults (N = 39; N = 33). Neural measures of spatial attention tracked the position and size of the attended area independent of the number of individuated items encoded into working memory. At the same time, multivariate decoding of the number of items stored in working memory was insensitive to variations in the breadth and position of spatial attention. Finally, representational similarity analyses provided converging evidence for a pure load signal that is insensitive to the spatial extent of the stored items. Thus, although spatial attention is a persistent partner of visual working memory, it is functionally dissociable from the selection and maintenance of individuated representations in working memory. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-08-19T05:39:27Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241263002
- Exploration, Distributed Attention, and Development of Category Learning
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Authors: Qianqian Wan, Vladimir M. Sloutsky Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Category learning is a crucial aspect of cognition that involves organizing entities into equivalence classes. Whereas adults tend to focus on category-relevant features, young children often distribute attention between relevant and irrelevant ones. The reasons for children’s distributed attention are not fully understood. In two category-learning experiments with adults and with children aged 4, 5, and 6 (N = 201), we examined potential drivers of distributed attention, including (a) immature filtering of distractors and (b) the general tendency for exploration or broad information sampling. By eliminating distractor competition, we reduced filtering demands. Despite identifying the features critical for accurate categorization, children, regardless of their categorization performance, continued sampling more information than was necessary. These results indicate that the tendency to sample information extensively contributes to distributed attention in young children. We identify candidate drivers of this tendency that need to be examined in future research. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-08-19T04:06:17Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241258146
- Children Sustain Cooperation in a Threshold Public-Goods Game Even When
Seeing Others’ Outcomes-
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Authors: Patricia Kanngiesser, Jahnavi Sunderarajan, Sebastian Hafenbrädl, Jan K. Woike Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Many societal challenges are threshold dilemmas requiring people to cooperate to reach a threshold before group benefits can be reaped. Yet receiving feedback about others’ outcomes relative to one’s own (relative feedback) can undermine cooperation by focusing group members’ attention on outperforming each other. We investigated the impact of relative feedback compared to individual feedback (only seeing one’s own outcome) on cooperation in children from Germany and India (6- to 10-year-olds, N = 240). Using a threshold public-goods game with real water as a resource, we show that, although feedback had an effect, most groups sustained cooperation at high levels in both feedback conditions until the end of the game. Analyses of children’s communication (14,374 codable utterances) revealed more references to social comparisons and more verbal efforts to coordinate in the relative-feedback condition. Thresholds can mitigate the most adverse effects of social comparisons by focusing attention on a common goal. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-08-19T03:49:27Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241267854
- The Language of (Non)Replicable Social Science
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Authors: Michal Herzenstein, Sanjana Rosario, Shin Oblander, Oded Netzer Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Using publicly available data from 299 preregistered replications from the social sciences, we found that the language used to describe a study can predict its replicability above and beyond a large set of controls related to the article characteristics, study design and results, author information, and replication effort. To understand why, we analyzed the textual differences between replicable and nonreplicable studies. Our findings suggest that the language in replicable studies is transparent and confident, written in a detailed and complex manner, and generally exhibits markers of truthful communication, possibly demonstrating the researchers’ confidence in the study. Nonreplicable studies, however, are vaguely written and have markers of persuasion techniques, such as the use of positivity and clout. Thus, our findings allude to the possibility that authors of nonreplicable studies are more likely to make an effort, through their writing, to persuade readers of their (possibly weaker) results. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-08-14T06:12:21Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241254037
- Intervening After Trauma: Child–Parent Psychotherapy Treatment Is
Associated With Lower Pediatric Epigenetic Age Acceleration-
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Authors: Alexandra D. W. Sullivan, Sarah M. Merrill, Chaini Konwar, Michael Coccia, Luisa Rivera, Julia L. MacIsaac, Alicia F. Lieberman, Michael S. Kobor, Nicole R. Bush Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Early-life adversity increases the risk of health problems. Interventions supporting protective and responsive caregiving offer a promising approach to attenuating adversity-induced changes in stress-sensitive biomarkers. This study tested whether participation in an evidence-based dyadic psychosocial intervention, child–parent psychotherapy (CPP), was related to lower epigenetic age acceleration, a trauma-sensitive biomarker of accelerated biological aging that is associated with later health impairment, in a sample of children with trauma histories. Within this quasi-experimental, repeated-measures study, we examined epigenetic age acceleration at baseline and postintervention in a low-income sample of children receiving CPP treatment (n = 45; age range = 2–6 years; 76% Latino) compared with a weighted, propensity-matched community-comparison sample (n = 110; age range = 3–6 years; 40% Latino). Baseline epigenetic age acceleration was equivalent across groups. However, posttreatment, epigenetic age acceleration in the treatment group was lower than in the matched community sample. Findings highlight the potential for a dyadic psychosocial intervention to ameliorate accelerated biological aging in trauma-exposed children. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-08-14T03:00:03Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241260247
- Why Twitter Sometimes Rewards What Most People Disapprove of: The Case of
Cross-Party Political Relations-
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Authors: Gordon Heltzel, Kristin Laurin Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Recent evidence has shown that social-media platforms like Twitter (now X) reward politically divisive content, even though most people disapprove of interparty conflict and negativity. We document this discrepancy and provide the first evidence explaining it, using tweets by U.S. Senators and American adults’ responses to them. Studies 1a and 1b examined 6,135 such tweets, finding that dismissing tweets received more Likes and Retweets than tweets that engaged constructively with opponents. In contrast, Studies 2a and 2b (N = 856; 1,968 observations) revealed that the broader public, if anything, prefers politicians’ engaging tweets. Studies 3 (N = 323; 4,571 observations) and 4 (N = 261; 2,610 observations) supported two distinct explanations for this disconnect. First, users who frequently react to politicians’ tweets are an influential yet unrepresentative minority, rewarding dismissing posts because, unlike most people, they prefer them. Second, the silent majority admit that they too would reward dismissing posts more, despite disapproving of them. These findings help explain why popular online content sometimes distorts true public opinion. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-08-09T03:41:52Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241258149
- Not All Powerful People Are Created Equal: An Examination of Gender and
Pathways to Social Hierarchy Through the Lens of Social Cognition-
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Authors: Charlotte H. Townsend, Sonya Mishra, Laura J. Kray Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Across four studies (N = 816 U.S. adults), we uncovered a gender stereotype about dual pathways to social hierarchy: Men were associated with power, and women were associated with status. We detected this pattern both explicitly and implicitly in perceptions of individuals drawn from Forbes magazine’s powerful people lists in undergraduate and online samples. We examined social-cognitive implications, including prominent people’s degree of recognition by individuals and society, and the formation of men’s and women’s self-concepts. We found that power (status) ratings predicted greater recognition of men (women) and lesser recognition of women (men). In terms of the self-concept, we found that women internalized the stereotype associating women with status more than power implicitly and explicitly. Although men explicitly reported having less status and more power than women, men implicitly associated the self with status as much as power. No gender differences emerged in the desires for power and status. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-08-07T06:58:42Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241260251
- Does Physiological Arousal Increase Social Transmission of Information'
Two Replications of Berger (2011)-
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Authors: Skyler Prowten, Emily Walker, Brian London, Elizabeth Pearce, Angela Napoli, Bailey Chenevert, Christian Clevenger, Andrew R. Smith Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. People share information for many reasons. For example, Berger (2011, N = 40) found that undergraduate participants manipulated to have higher physiological arousal were more likely to share a news article with others via email than people who had low arousal. Berger’s research is widely cited as evidence of the causal role of arousal in sharing information and has been used to explain why information that induces high-arousal emotions is shared more than information that induces low-arousal emotions. We conducted two replications (N = 111, N = 160) of Berger’s study, using the same arousal manipulation but updating the sharing measure to reflect the rise of information sharing through social media. Both studies failed to find an impact of incidental physiological arousal on undergraduate participants’ willingness to share news articles on social media. Our studies cast doubt on the idea that incidental physiological arousal—in the absence of other factors—impacts people’s decisions to share information on social networking sites. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-08-07T05:55:42Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241257255
- Consolidation Enhances Sequential Multistep Anticipation but Diminishes
Access to Perceptual Features-
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Authors: Hannah Tarder-Stoll, Christopher Baldassano, Mariam Aly Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Many experiences unfold predictably over time. Memory for these temporal regularities enables anticipation of events multiple steps into the future. Because temporally predictable events repeat over days, weeks, and years, we must maintain—and potentially transform—memories of temporal structure to support adaptive behavior. We explored how individuals build durable models of temporal regularities to guide multistep anticipation. Healthy young adults (Experiment 1: N = 99, age range = 18–40 years; Experiment 2: N = 204, age range = 19–40 years) learned sequences of scene images that were predictable at the category level and contained incidental perceptual details. Individuals then anticipated upcoming scene categories multiple steps into the future, immediately and at a delay. Consolidation increased the efficiency of anticipation, particularly for events further in the future, but diminished access to perceptual features. Further, maintaining a link-based model of the sequence after consolidation improved anticipation accuracy. Consolidation may therefore promote efficient and durable models of temporal structure, thus facilitating anticipation of future events. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-08-07T05:39:01Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241256617
- Learning From Aggregated Opinion
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Authors: Kerem Oktar, Tania Lombrozo, Thomas L. Griffiths Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. The capacity to leverage information from others’ opinions is a hallmark of human cognition. Consequently, past research has investigated how we learn from others’ testimony. Yet a distinct form of social information—aggregated opinion—increasingly guides our judgments and decisions. We investigated how people learn from such information by conducting three experiments with participants recruited online within the United States (N = 886) comparing the predictions of three computational models: a Bayesian solution to this problem that can be implemented by a simple strategy for combining proportions with prior beliefs, and two alternatives from epistemology and economics. Across all studies, we found the strongest concordance between participants’ judgments and the predictions of the Bayesian model, though some participants’ judgments were better captured by alternative strategies. These findings lay the groundwork for future research and show that people draw systematic inferences from aggregated opinion, often in line with a Bayesian solution. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-07-24T02:50:34Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241251741
- Task Termination Triggers Spontaneous Removal of Information From Visual
Working Memory-
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Authors: Hiroyuki Tsubomi, Keisuke Fukuda, Atsushi Kikumoto, Ulrich Mayr, Edward K. Vogel Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Working memory (WM) is a goal-directed memory system that actively maintains a limited amount of task-relevant information to serve the current goal. By this definition, WM maintenance should be terminated after the goal is accomplished, spontaneously removing no-longer-relevant information from WM. Past studies have failed to provide direct evidence of spontaneous removal of WM content by allowing participants to engage in a strategic reallocation of WM resources to competing information within WM. By contrast, we provide direct neural and behavioral evidence that visual WM content can be largely removed less than 1 s after it becomes obsolete, in the absence of a strategic allocation of resources (total N = 442 adults). These results demonstrate that visual WM is intrinsically a goal-directed system, and spontaneous removal provides a means for capacity-limited WM to keep up with ever-changing demands in a dynamic environment. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-06-24T06:22:38Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241246709
- Sensitivity to the Instrumental Value of Choice Increases Across
Development-
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Authors: Kate Nussenbaum, Perri L. Katzman, Hanxiao Lu, Samuel Zorowitz, Catherine A. Hartley Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Across development, people tend to demonstrate a preference for contexts in which they have the opportunity to make choices. However, it is not clear how children, adolescents, and adults learn to calibrate this preference based on the costs and benefits of agentic choice. Here, in both a primary, in-person, reinforcement-learning experiment (N = 92; age range = 10–25 years) and a preregistered online replication study (N = 150; age range = 8–25 years), we found that participants overvalued agentic choice but also calibrated their agency decisions to the reward structure of the environment, increasingly selecting agentic choice when choice had greater instrumental value. Regression analyses and computational modeling of participant choices revealed that participants’ bias toward agentic choice—reflecting its intrinsic value—remained consistent across age, whereas sensitivity to the instrumental value of agentic choice increased from childhood to early adulthood. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-06-20T07:11:28Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241256961
- The Basic Units of Working Memory Manipulation Are Boolean Maps, Not
Objects-
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Authors: Huichao Ji, Kaiyue Wang, Garry Kong, Xiaodan Zhang, Wenzhen He, Xiaowei Ding Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Determining the manipulation unit of working memory is one of the fundamental questions in understanding how working memory functions. The prevalent object-based theory in cognitive research predicts that memory manipulation is performed on the level of objects. Here we show instead that the basic units of working memory manipulation are Boolean maps, a data structure describing what can be perceived in an instant. We developed four new manipulation tasks (with data from 80 adults) and showed that manipulation times only increased when the number of Boolean maps manipulated increased. Increasing the number of orientations manipulated did not induce longer manipulation times, consistent with a key prediction of the Boolean map theory. Our results show that Boolean maps are the manipulation unit of working memory. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-06-18T07:45:17Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241257443
- Risky-Choice Framing Effects Result Partly From Mismatched Option
Descriptions in Gains and Losses-
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Authors: Michael L. DeKay, Shiyu Dou Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Textbook psychology holds that people usually prefer a certain option over a risky one when options are framed as gains but prefer the opposite when options are framed as losses. However, this pattern can be amplified, eliminated, or reversed depending on whether option descriptions include only positive information (e.g., “200 people will be saved”), only negative information (e.g., “400 people will not be saved”), or both. Previous studies suggest that framing effects arise only when option descriptions are mismatched across frames. Using online and student samples (Ns = 906 and 521), we investigated 81 framing-effect variants created from matched and mismatched pairs of 18 option descriptions (nine in each frame). Description valence or gist explained substantial variation in risk preferences (prospect theory does not predict such variation), but a considerable framing effect remained in our balanced design. Risky-choice framing effects appear to be partly—but not completely—the result of mismatched comparisons. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-06-18T07:12:36Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241249183
- The Causes and Consequences of Drifting Expectations
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Authors: William J. Villano, Noah I. Kraus, T. Rick Reneau, Brittany A. Jaso, A. Ross Otto, Aaron S. Heller Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Awaiting news of uncertain outcomes is distressing because the news might be disappointing. To prevent such disappointments, people often “brace for the worst,” pessimistically lowering expectations before news arrives to decrease the possibility of surprising disappointment (a negative prediction error, or PE). Computational decision-making research commonly assumes that expectations do not drift within trials, yet it is unclear whether expectations pessimistically drift in real-world, high-stakes settings, what factors influence expectation drift, and whether it effectively buffers emotional responses to goal-relevant outcomes. Moreover, individuals learn from PEs to accurately anticipate future outcomes, but it is unknown whether expectation drift also impedes PE-based learning. In a sample of students awaiting exam grades (N = 625), we found that expectations often drift and tend to drift pessimistically. We demonstrate that bracing is preferentially modulated by uncertainty; it transiently buffers the initial emotional impact of negative PEs but impairs PE-based learning, counterintuitively sustaining uncertainty into the future. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-06-18T04:54:38Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241235930
- When and Why Antiegalitarianism Affects Resistance to Supporting
Black-Owned Businesses-
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Authors: Steven Shepherd, Rowena Crabbe, Tanya L. Chartrand, Gavan J. Fitzsimons, Aaron C. Kay Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Understanding how initiatives to support Black-owned businesses are received, and why, has important social and economic implications. To address this, we designed three experiments to investigate the role of antiegalitarian versus egalitarian ideologies among White American adults. In Study 1 (N = 199), antiegalitarianism (vs. egalitarianism) predicted viewing initiatives supporting a Black-owned business as less fair, but only when the business was competing with other (presumably White-owned) businesses. In Study 2 (N = 801), antiegalitarianism predicted applying survival-of-the-fittest market beliefs, particularly to Black-owned businesses. Antiegalitarianism also predicted viewing initiatives supporting Black-owned businesses as less fair than initiatives that targeted other (presumably White-owned) businesses, especially for tangible (vs. symbolic) support that directly impacts the success of a business. In Study 3 (N = 590), antiegalitarianism predicted rejecting a program investing in Black-owned businesses. These insights demonstrate how antiegalitarian ideology can have the effect of maintaining race-based inequality, hindering programs designed to reduce that inequality. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-06-18T04:47:18Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241237700
- Promoting Erroneous Divergent Opinions Increases the Wisdom of Crowds
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Authors: Federico Barrera-Lemarchand, Pablo Balenzuela, Bahador Bahrami, Ophelia Deroy, Joaquin Navajas Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. The aggregation of many lay judgments generates surprisingly accurate estimates. This phenomenon, called the “wisdom of crowds,” has been demonstrated in domains such as medical decision-making and financial forecasting. Previous research identified two factors driving this effect: the accuracy of individual assessments and the diversity of opinions. Most available strategies to enhance the wisdom of crowds have focused on improving individual accuracy while neglecting the potential of increasing opinion diversity. Here, we study a complementary approach to reduce collective error by promoting erroneous divergent opinions. This strategy proposes to anchor half of the crowd to a small value and the other half to a large value before eliciting and averaging all estimates. Consistent with our mathematical modeling, four experiments (N = 1,362 adults) demonstrated that this method is effective for estimation and forecasting tasks. Beyond the practical implications, these findings offer new theoretical insights into the epistemic value of collective decision-making. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-06-12T06:55:03Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241252138
- Proenvironmental Behavior Increases Subjective Well-Being: Evidence From
an Experience-Sampling Study and a Randomized Experiment-
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Authors: Michael Prinzing Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Two preregistered studies investigated whether engaging in proenvironmental behavior increases a person’s well-being. A 10-day experience-sampling study (7,161 observations from 181 adults in 14 countries, primarily the United States) revealed positive within-person and between-person associations, and a randomized controlled experiment (N = 545 U.S. undergraduates) found that incorporating proenvironmental behavior into individuals’ daily activities increased their experiences of happiness and meaning in life. Indeed, the effect was comparable to incorporating activities selected specifically to elicit such positive states, though these results may be affected by demand characteristics. The studies also offered some tentative preliminary evidence about why such an effect might emerge. There was some support for the hypothesis that proenvironmental behavior affects well-being by creating a “warm glow.” But overall the findings align more closely with the hypothesis that proenvironmental behavior helps to satisfy individuals’ basic psychological needs. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-05-28T05:16:55Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241251766
- People Have Systematically Different Ownership Intuitions in Seemingly
Simple Cases-
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Authors: Xiuyuan Zhang, Paul Bloom, Julian Jara-Ettinger Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. Our understanding of ownership influences how we interact with objects and with each other. Here, we studied people’s intuitions about ownership transfer using a set of simple, parametrically varied events. We found that people (N = 120 U.S. adults) had similar intuitions about ownership for some events but sharply opposing intuitions for others (Experiment 1). People (N = 120 U.S. adults) were unaware of these conflicts and overestimated ownership consensus (Experiment 2). Moreover, differences in people’s ownership intuitions predicted their intuitions about the acceptability of using, altering, controlling, and destroying the owned object (N = 130 U.S. adults; Experiment 3), even when ownership was not explicitly mentioned (N = 130 U.S. adults; Experiment 4). Subject-level analyses suggest that these disagreements reflect at least two underlying intuitive theories, one in which intentions are central to ownership and another in which physical possession is prioritized. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-05-14T06:03:28Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241240424
- Autistic Traits Modulate Social Synchronizations Between School-Aged
Children: Insights From Three fNIRS Hyperscanning Experiments-
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Authors: Xin Zhou, Xuancu Hong, Patrick C. M. Wong Abstract: Psychological Science, Ahead of Print. The current study investigated how autistic traits modulate peer interactions using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning. Across three experiments, we tested the effect of copresence, joint activity, and a tangible goal during cooperative interactions on interbrain coherence (IBC) in school-aged children between 9 and 11 years old. Twenty-three dyads of children watched a video alone or together in Experiment 1, engaged in joint or self-paced book reading in Experiment 2, and pretended to play a Jenga game or played for real in Experiment 3. We found that all three formats of social interactions increased IBC in the frontotemporoparietal networks, which have been reported to support social interaction. Further, our results revealed the shared and unique interbrain connections that were predictive of the lower and higher parent-reported autism-spectrum quotient scores, which indicated child autistic traits. Results from a convergence of three experiments provide the first evidence to date that IBC is modulated by child autistic traits. Citation: Psychological Science PubDate: 2024-05-14T04:59:08Z DOI: 10.1177/09567976241237699
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