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- Papers Involved in the December 2022 APS Vote of No Confidence in the
Editor-in-Chief of Perspectives on Psychological Science-
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Authors: Wendy Wood, Randi Martin, Alison Gopnik, Robert Gropp
Pages: 555 - 557
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Volume 19, Issue 3, Page 555-557, May 2024.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-04-23T06:00:24Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241246556
Issue No: Vol. 19, No. 3 (2024)
- Dealing With Diversity in Psychology: Science or Ideology'
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Authors: Bernhard Hommel
Pages: 558 - 563
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Volume 19, Issue 3, Page 558-563, May 2024.
The increasing use of political activist arguments and reasoning in scientific communication about diversity is criticized. Based on an article of Roberts et al. (2020) on “racial inequality in psychological research,” three hallmarks of the intrusion of activist thinking into science are described: blindness to the multidimensional nature of diversity, the failure to distinguish psychological mechanisms from the impact of moderators, and a blindness to agency as an explanation for psychological observations. It is argued that uncritically accepting and introducing political activist arguments into science is likely to damage scientific freedom and independence.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-04-23T06:00:23Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241236170
Issue No: Vol. 19, No. 3 (2024)
- Diversity Is Diverse: Social Justice Reparations and Science
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Authors: Lee Jussim
Pages: 564 - 575
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Volume 19, Issue 3, Page 564-575, May 2024.
Because the term “diversity” has two related but different meanings, what authors mean when they use the term is inherently unclear. In its broad form, it refers to vast variety. In its narrow form, it refers to human demographic categories deemed deserving of special attention by social justice–oriented activists. In this article, I review Hommel’s critique of Roberts et al. (2020), which, I suggest, essentially constitutes two claims: that Roberts et al.’s (2020) call for diversity in psychological science focuses exclusively on the latter narrow form of diversity and ignores the scientific importance of diversity in the broader sense, and ignoring diversity in the broader sense is scientifically unjustified. Although Hommel’s critique is mostly justified, this is not because Roberts et al. (2020) are wrong to call for greater social justice–oriented demographic diversity in psychology but because Hommel’s call for the broader form of diversity subsumes that of Roberts et al. (2020) and has other aspects critical to creating a valid, generalizable, rigorous, and inclusive psychological science. In doing so, I also highlight omissions, limitations, and potential downsides to the narrow manner in which psychology and the broader academy are currently implementing diversity, equity, and inclusion.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-04-23T06:00:23Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241236171
Issue No: Vol. 19, No. 3 (2024)
- The Myth of the Need for Diversity Among Subjects in Theory-Testing
Research: Comments on “Racial Inequality in Psychological Research” by
Roberts et al. (2020)-
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Authors: Wolfgang Stroebe
Pages: 576 - 579
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Volume 19, Issue 3, Page 576-579, May 2024.
Roberts and colleagues focus on two aspects of racial inequality in psychological research, namely an alleged underrepresentation of racial minorities and the effects attributed to this state of affairs. My comment focuses only on one aspect, namely the assumed consequences of the lack of diversity in subject populations. Representativeness of samples is essential in survey research or applied research that examines whether a particular intervention will work for a particular population. Representativeness or diversity is not necessary in theory-testing research, where we attempt to establish laws of causality. Because theories typically apply to all of humanity, all members of humanity (even American undergraduates) are suitable for assessing the validity of theoretical hypotheses. Admittedly, the assumption that a theory applies to all of humanity is also a hypothesis that can be tested. However, to test it, we need theoretical hypotheses about specific moderating variables. Supporting a theory with a racially diverse sample does not make conclusions more valid than support from a nondiverse sample. In fact, cause-effect conclusions based on a diverse sample might not be valid for any member of that sample.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-04-23T06:00:24Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241236165
Issue No: Vol. 19, No. 3 (2024)
- Toward a Psychology of Ideas Rather Than Demographics: Commentary on
Hommel (2024)-
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Authors: Keith E. Stanovich
Pages: 580 - 584
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Volume 19, Issue 3, Page 580-584, May 2024.
The public will rightly not value a science that is more concerned with demographic population matching than with ideas. Taking further steps in the direction of identity politics will reduce public confidence in psychology’s conclusions and reduce trust and respect. If psychology embraces demographic quotas, there will be self-selection out of the discipline, and that self-selection will harm our science.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-04-23T06:00:23Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241236167
Issue No: Vol. 19, No. 3 (2024)
- Diversity for Truth: Reply to Jussim, Stanovich, and Stroebe
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Authors: Bernhard Hommel
Pages: 585 - 589
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Volume 19, Issue 3, Page 585-589, May 2024.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-04-23T06:00:23Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241236175
Issue No: Vol. 19, No. 3 (2024)
- Dealing With Diversity in Psychology: Science and Ideology
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Authors: Steven Othello Roberts
Pages: 590 - 601
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Volume 19, Issue 3, Page 590-601, May 2024.
In the spirit of America’s Shakespeare, August Wilson (1997), I have written this article as a testimony to the conditions under which I, and too many others, engage in scholarly discourse. I hope to make clear from the beginning that although the ideas presented here are not entirely my own—as they have been inherited from the minority of scholars who dared and managed to bring the most necessary, unpalatable, and unsettling truths about our discipline to the broader scientific community—I do not write for anyone but myself and those scholars who have felt similarly marginalized, oppressed, and silenced. And I write as a race scholar, meaning simply that I believe that race—and racism—affects the sociopolitical conditions in which humans, and scholars, develop their thoughts, feelings, and actions. I believe that it is important for all scholars to have a basic understanding of these conditions, as well as the landmines and pitfalls that define them, as they shape how research is conducted, reviewed, and disseminated. I also believe that to evolve one’s discipline into one that is truly robust and objective, it must first become diverse and self-aware. Any effort to suggest otherwise, no matter how scholarly it might present itself, is intellectually unsound.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-04-23T06:00:22Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241240743
Issue No: Vol. 19, No. 3 (2024)
- What Happens When Payments End' Fostering Long-Term Behavior Change
With Financial Incentives-
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Authors: Sophia Winkler-Schor, Markus Brauer
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Financial incentives are widely used to get people to adopt desirable behaviors. Many small landholders in developing countries, for example, receive multiyear payments to engage in conservation behaviors, and the hope is that they will continue to engage in these behaviors after the program ends. Although effective in the short term, financial incentives rarely lead to long-term behavior change because program participants tend to revert to their initial behaviors soon after the payments stop. In this article, we propose that four psychological constructs can be leveraged to increase the long-term effectiveness of financial-incentive programs: motivation, habit formation, social norms, and recursive processes. We review successful and unsuccessful behavior-change initiatives involving financial incentives in several domains: public health, education, sustainability, and conservation. We make concrete recommendations on how to implement the four above-mentioned constructs in field settings. Finally, we identify unresolved issues that future research might want to address to advance knowledge, promote theory development, and understand the psychological mechanisms that can be used to improve the effectiveness of incentive programs in the real world.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-05-20T03:55:18Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241247152
- Taboos and Self-Censorship Among U.S. Psychology Professors
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Authors: Cory J. Clark, Matias Fjeldmark, Louise Lu, Roy F. Baumeister, Stephen Ceci, Komi Frey, Geoffrey Miller, Wilfred Reilly, Dianne Tice, William von Hippel, Wendy M. Williams, Bo M. Winegard, Philip E. Tetlock
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
We identify points of conflict and consensus regarding (a) controversial empirical claims and (b) normative preferences for how controversial scholarship—and scholars—should be treated. In 2021, we conducted qualitative interviews (n = 41) to generate a quantitative survey (N = 470) of U.S. psychology professors’ beliefs and values. Professors strongly disagreed on the truth status of 10 candidate taboo conclusions: For each conclusion, some professors reported 100% certainty in its veracity and others 100% certainty in its falsehood. Professors more confident in the truth of the taboo conclusions reported more self-censorship, a pattern that could bias perceived scientific consensus regarding the inaccuracy of controversial conclusions. Almost all professors worried about social sanctions if they were to express their own empirical beliefs. Tenured professors reported as much self-censorship and as much fear of consequences as untenured professors, including fear of getting fired. Most professors opposed suppressing scholarship and punishing peers on the basis of moral concerns about research conclusions and reported contempt for peers who petition to retract papers on moral grounds. Younger, more left-leaning, and female faculty were generally more opposed to controversial scholarship. These results do not resolve empirical or normative disagreements among psychology professors, but they may provide an empirical context for their discussion.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-05-16T02:33:03Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241252085
- The Burden for High-Quality Online Data Collection Lies With Researchers,
Not Recruitment Platforms-
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Authors: Christine Cuskley, Justin Sulik
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
A recent article in Perspectives on Psychological Science (Webb & Tangney, 2022) reported a study in which just 2.6% of participants recruited on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) were deemed “valid.” The authors highlighted some well-established limitations of MTurk, but their central claims—that MTurk is “too good to be true” and that it captured “only 14 human beings . . . [out of] N = 529”—are radically misleading, yet have been repeated widely. This commentary aims to (a) correct the record (i.e., by showing that Webb and Tangney’s approach to data collection led to unusually low data quality) and (b) offer a shift in perspective for running high-quality studies online. Negative attitudes toward MTurk sometimes reflect a fundamental misunderstanding of what the platform offers and how it should be used in research. Beyond pointing to research that details strategies for effective design and recruitment on MTurk, we stress that MTurk is not suitable for every study. Effective use requires specific expertise and design considerations. Like all tools used in research—from advanced hardware to specialist software—the tool itself places constraints on what one should use it for. Ultimately, high-quality data is the responsibility of the researcher, not the crowdsourcing platform.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-04-22T07:50:46Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241242734
- New Insights on Expert Opinion About Eyewitness Memory Research
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Authors: Travis M. Seale-Carlisle, Adele Quigley-McBride, Jennifer E. F. Teitcher, William E. Crozier, Chad S. Dodson, Brandon L. Garrett
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Experimental psychologists investigating eyewitness memory have periodically gathered their thoughts on a variety of eyewitness memory phenomena. Courts and other stakeholders of eyewitness research rely on the expert opinions reflected in these surveys to make informed decisions. However, the last survey of this sort was published more than 20 years ago, and the science of eyewitness memory has developed since that time. Stakeholders need a current database of expert opinions to make informed decisions. In this article, we provide that update. We surveyed 76 scientists for their opinions on eyewitness memory phenomena. We compared these current expert opinions to expert opinions from the past several decades. We found that experts today share many of the same opinions as experts in the past and have more nuanced thoughts about two issues. Experts in the past endorsed the idea that confidence is weakly related to accuracy, but experts today acknowledge the potential diagnostic value of initial confidence collected from a properly administered lineup. In addition, experts in the past may have favored sequential over simultaneous lineup presentation, but experts today are divided on this issue. We believe this new survey will prove useful to the court and to other stakeholders of eyewitness research.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-04-18T03:29:11Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241234837
- “When” Versus “Whether” Gender/Sex Differences: Insights From
Psychological Research on Negotiation, Risk-Taking, and Leadership-
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Authors: Hannah R. Bowles, Jens Mazei, Heidi H. Liu
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
We present a conceptual framework of situational moderators of gender/sex effects in negotiation, risk-taking, and leadership—three masculine-stereotypic domains associated with gender/sex gaps in pay and authority. We propose that greater situational ambiguity and higher relevance and salience of gender/sex increase the likelihood of gender/sex-linked behaviors in these domains. We argue that greater ambiguity increases the extent to which actors and audiences must search inwardly (e.g., mental schema, past experience) or outwardly (e.g., social norms) for cues on how to behave or evaluate a situation and thereby widens the door for gender/sex-linked influences. Correspondingly, we propose that gender/sex effects on behavior and evaluations in these domains will be more likely when gender/sex is more relevant and salient to the setting or task. We propose further that these two situational moderators may work jointly or interactively to influence the likelihood of gender/sex effects in negotiation, risk-taking, and leadership. We conclude by discussing applications of our conceptual framework to psychological science and its translation to practice, including directions for future research.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-03-18T04:17:14Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241231584
- Too Anecdotal to Be True' Mechanical Turk Is Not All Bots and Bad Data:
Response to Webb and Tangney (2022)-
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Authors: Melissa G. Keith, Alexander S. McKay
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
In response to Webb and Tangney (2022) we call into question the conclusion that data collected on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) was “at best—only 2.6% valid” (p. 1). We suggest that Webb and Tangney made certain choices during the study-design and data-collection process that adversely affected the quality of the data collected. As a result, the anecdotal experience of these authors provides weak evidence that MTurk provides low-quality data as implied. In our commentary we highlight best practice recommendations and make suggestions for more effectively collecting and screening online panel data.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-03-07T03:49:20Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241234328
- A Novel, Network-Based Approach to Assessing Romantic-Relationship Quality
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Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
How should romantic-relationship quality be approached psychometrically' This is a complicated theoretical and methodological challenge that we begin to address through three studies. In Study 1a, we identified 25 distinct romantic-relationship categories among 754 items from 26 romantic-relationship-quality instruments with a weak Jaccard index (0.38), indicating that the scales’ item content was extremely heterogeneous. Study 1b then demonstrated limited structure validity evidence in 43 scale-development-validation articles of 23 of these 26 instruments. Finally, Study 2 surveyed 587 French-speaking participants in a romantic relationship on romantic-relationship quality. Applying a network-based model, we identified four dimensions, three of which are central to relationship quality. The inferences were mostly limited to French-speaking, monogamous, heterosexual women. To resolve challenges detected in the literature, we recommend a multicountry qualitative approach, more diverse sampling, better definitions of romantic-relationship quality, and a dynamic-systems approach to measuring romantic-relationship quality.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-02-22T04:54:46Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231215248
- The Psychological Science of Pandemics: Contributions to and
Recommendations for Social, Educational, and Health Policy-
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Authors: Dolores Albarracin, Norbert Schwarz
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-02-20T05:51:30Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231216113
- Corrigendum to “Transmission Versus Truth, Imitation Versus Innovation:
What Children Can Do That Large Language and Language-and-Vision Models
Cannot (Yet)'”-
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Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-02-20T05:38:12Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231222009
- Individual-Specific Animated Profiles of Mental Health
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Authors: Sigal Zilcha-Mano
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
How important is the timing of the pretreatment evaluation' If we consider mental health to be a relatively fixed condition, the specific timing (e.g., day, hour) of the evaluation is immaterial and often determined on the basis of technical considerations. Indeed, the fundamental assumption underlying the vast majority of psychotherapy research and practice is that mental health is a state that can be captured in a one-dimensional snapshot. If this fundamental assumption, underlying 80 years of empirical research and practice, is incorrect, it may help explain why for decades psychotherapy failed to rise above the 50% efficacy rate in the treatment of mental-health disorders, especially depression, a heterogeneous disorder and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Based on recent studies suggesting within-individual dynamics, this article proposes that mental health and its underlying therapeutic mechanisms have underlying intrinsic dynamics that manifest across dimensions. Computational psychotherapy is needed to develop individual-specific pretreatment animated profiles of mental health. Such individual-specific animated profiles are expected to improve the ability to select the optimal treatment for each patient, devise adequate treatment plans, and adjust them on the basis of ongoing evaluations of mental-health dynamics, creating a new understanding of therapeutic change as a transition toward a more adaptive animated profile.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-02-20T05:36:33Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231226308
- Happiness Maximization Is a WEIRD Way of Living
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Authors: Kuba Krys, Olga Kostoula, Wijnand A. P. van Tilburg, Oriana Mosca, J. Hannah Lee, Fridanna Maricchiolo, Aleksandra Kosiarczyk, Agata Kocimska-Bortnowska, Claudio Torres, Hidefumi Hitokoto, Kongmeng Liew, Michael H. Bond, Vivian Miu-Chi Lun, Vivian L. Vignoles, John M. Zelenski, Brian W. Haas, Joonha Park, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Anna Kwiatkowska, Marta Roczniewska, Nina Witoszek, I.dil Işık, Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, Alejandra Domínguez-Espinosa, June Chun Yeung, Maciej Górski, Mladen Adamovic, Isabelle Albert, Vassilis Pavlopoulos, Márta Fülöp, David Sirlopu, Ayu Okvitawanli, Diana Boer, Julien Teyssier, Arina Malyonova, Alin Gavreliuc, Ursula Serdarevich, Charity S. Akotia, Lily Appoh, D. M. Arévalo Mira, Arno Baltin, Patrick Denoux, Carla Sofia Esteves, Vladimer Gamsakhurdia, Ragna B. Garðarsdóttir, David O. Igbokwe, Eric R. Igou, Natalia Kascakova, Lucie Klůzová Kracˇmárová, Nicole Kronberger, Pablo Eduardo Barrientos, Tamara Mohoricć, Elke Murdock, Nur Fariza Mustaffa, Martin Nader, Azar Nadi, Yvette van Osch, Zoran Pavlović, Iva Polácˇková Šolcová, Muhammad Rizwan, Vladyslav Romashov, Espen Røysamb, Ruta Sargautyte, Beate Schwarz, Lenka Selecká, Heyla A. Selim, Maria Stogianni, Chien-Ru Sun, Agnieszka Wojtczuk-Turek, Cai Xing, Yukiko Uchida
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Psychological science tends to treat subjective well-being and happiness synonymously. We start from the assumption that subjective well-being is more than being happy to ask the fundamental question: What is the ideal level of happiness' From a cross-cultural perspective, we propose that the idealization of attaining maximum levels of happiness may be especially characteristic of Western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies but less so for others. Searching for an explanation for why “happiness maximization” might have emerged in these societies, we turn to studies linking cultures to their eco-environmental habitat. We discuss the premise that WEIRD cultures emerged in an exceptionally benign ecological habitat (i.e., faced relatively light existential pressures compared with other regions). We review the influence of the Gulf Stream on the Northwestern European climate as a source of these comparatively benign geographical conditions. We propose that the ecological conditions in which WEIRD societies emerged afforded them a basis to endorse happiness as a value and to idealize attaining its maximum level. To provide a nomological network for happiness maximization, we also studied some of its potential side effects, namely alcohol and drug consumption and abuse and the prevalence of mania. To evaluate our hypothesis, we reanalyze data from two large-scale studies on ideal levels of personal life satisfaction—the most common operationalization of happiness in psychology—involving respondents from 61 countries. We conclude that societies whose members seek to maximize happiness tend to be characterized as WEIRD, and generalizing this across societies can prove problematic if adopted at the ideological and policy level.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-02-13T09:46:46Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231208367
- How Genetic-Conflict Theory Can Inform Studies of Human Nature
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Authors: Jessica D. Ayers
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Understanding how genetics influences human psychology is something that the evolutionary sciences emphasize. However, the functions of complex genetic influences on behavior have been overlooked in favor of perspectives that posit unitary influences of genes on behavior. One such example is the belief that human growth, development, and behavior are influenced uniformly by their genes even though previous research has highlighted the genetic conflict endemic in these domains. Although much psychological research has robustly documented areas in which we see the footprints of genetic conflict in human behavior, these areas are referred to by different names that prevent researchers from making connections under a unifying framework. In this article, I outline what genetic conflict is and how genetic conflict can provide a unifying framework for psychological investigations of social relationships. I also discuss avenues for future research on genetic conflict in humans and the importance of considering cultural, ecological, and other developmental factors when researching the genetic influences on human behavior.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-02-12T06:59:56Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916241227152
- Health Communication and Behavioral Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Authors: Dolores Albarracin, Daphna Oyserman, Norbert Schwarz
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
The COVID-19 pandemic challenged the public health system to respond to an emerging, difficult-to-understand pathogen through demanding behaviors, including staying at home, masking for long periods, and vaccinating multiple times. We discuss key challenges of the pandemic health communication efforts deployed in the United States from 2020 to 2022 and identify research priorities. One priority is communicating about uncertainty in ways that prepare the public for disagreement and likely changes in recommendations as scientific understanding advances: How can changes in understanding and recommendations foster a sense that “science works as intended” rather than “the experts are clueless” and prevent creating a void to be filled by misinformation' A second priority concerns creating a culturally fluent framework for asking people to engage in difficult and novel actions: How can health messages foster the perception that difficulties of behavior change signal that the change is important rather than that the change “is not for people like me'” A third priority entails a shift from communication strategies that focus on knowledge and attitudes to interventions that focus on norms, policy, communication about policy, and channel factors that impair behavior change: How can we move beyond educating and correcting misinformation to achieving desired actions'
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-02-06T05:45:47Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231215272
- Subjective Confidence as a Monitor of the Replicability of the Response
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Authors: Asher Koriat
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Confidence is commonly assumed to monitor the accuracy of responses. However, intriguing results, examined in the light of philosophical discussions of epistemic justification, suggest that confidence actually monitors the reliability of choices rather than (directly) their accuracy. The focus on reliability is consistent with the view that the construction of truth has much in common with the construction of reality: extracting reliable properties that afford prediction. People are assumed to make a binary choice by sampling cues from a “collective wisdomware,” and their confidence is based on the consistency of these cues, in line with the self-consistency model. Here, however, I propose that internal consistency is taken to index the reliability of choices themselves—the likelihood that they will be repeated. The results of 10 studies using binary decisions from different domains indicated that confidence in a choice predicts its replicability both within individuals and across individuals. This was so for domains for which choices have a truth value and for those for which they do not. For the former domains, differences in replicability mediated the prediction of accuracy whether confidence was diagnostic or counterdiagnostic of accuracy. Metatheoretical, methodological, and practical implications are discussed.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-02-06T05:06:55Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231224387
- The Colonial History of Systemic Racism: Insights for Psychological
Science-
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Authors: Kevin R. Tarlow
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
The psychological study of systemic racism can benefit from the converging insights of “Black Marxism” and development economics, which illustrate how modern systemic racism is rooted in the political and economic institutions established during the historical period of European colonization. This article explores how these insights can be used to study systemic racism and challenge scientific racism in psychology by rethinking traditional research paradigms to incorporate the histories of race, class, and capitalism. Antiracism strategies that make use of these histories are also discussed, which include disrupting the psychological processes that sustain racist systems.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-02-05T11:23:59Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231223932
- Metacognitive Feelings: A Predictive-Processing Perspective
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Authors: Pablo Fernández Velasco, Slawa Loev
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Metacognitive feelings are affective experiences that concern the subject’s mental processes and capacities. Paradigmatic examples include the feeling of familiarity, the feeling of confidence, or the tip-of-the-tongue experience. In this article, we advance an account of metacognitive feelings based on the predictive-processing framework. The core tenet of predictive processing is that the brain is a hierarchical hypothesis-testing mechanism, predicting sensory input on the basis of prior experience and updating predictions on the basis of the incoming prediction error. According to the proposed account, metacognitive feelings arise out of a process in which visceral changes serve as cues to predict the error dynamics relating to a particular mental process. The expected rate of prediction-error reduction corresponds to the valence at the core of the emerging metacognitive feeling. Metacognitive feelings use prediction dynamics to model the agent’s situation in a way that is both descriptive and directive. Thus, metacognitive feelings are not only an appraisal of ongoing cognitive performance but also a set of action policies. These action policies span predictive trajectories across bodily action, mental action, and interoceptive changes, which together transform the epistemic landscape within which metacognitive feelings unfold.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-01-29T07:53:55Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231221976
- Motivation Science Can Improve Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI)
Trainings-
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Authors: Nicole Legate, Netta Weinstein
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Recent reviews of efforts to reduce prejudice and increase diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in the workplace have converged on the conclusion that prejudice is resistant to change and that merely raising awareness of the problem is not enough. There is growing recognition that DEI efforts may fall short because they do not effectively motivate attitudinal and behavioral change, especially the type of change that translates to reducing disparities. Lasting change requires sustained effort and commitment, yet insights from motivation science about how to inspire this are missing from the scientific and practitioner literatures on DEI trainings. Herein, we leverage evidence from two complementary approaches to motivating change and reducing defensiveness: self-determination theory, a metatheory of human motivation, and motivational interviewing, a clinical approach for behavior change, to tackle the question of how to improve DEI efforts. We distill these insights for researchers, teachers, practitioners, and leaders wanting to apply motivational principles to their own DEI work. We highlight challenges of using this approach and recommend training takes place alongside larger structural and organizational changes. We conclude that motivation is a necessary (but insufficient) ingredient for effective DEI efforts that can energize personal commitment to DEI.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-01-29T06:20:29Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231186410
- The Effect of Income and Wealth on Behavioral Strategies, Personality
Traits, and Preferences-
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Authors: Mélusine Boon-Falleur, Nicolas Baumard, Jean-Baptiste André
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Individuals living in either harsh or favorable environments display well-documented psychological and behavioral differences. For example, people in favorable environments tend to be more future-oriented, trust strangers more, and have more explorative preferences. To account for such differences, psychologists have turned to evolutionary biology and behavioral ecology, in particular, the literature on life-history theory and pace-of-life syndrome. However, critics have found that the theoretical foundations of these approaches are fragile and that differences in life expectancy cannot explain vast psychological and behavioral differences. In this article, we build on the theory of optimal resource allocation to propose an alternative framework. We hypothesize that the quantity of resources available, such as income, has downstream consequences on psychological traits, leading to the emergence of behavioral syndromes. We show that more resources lead to more long-term orientation, more tolerance of variance, and more investment in low marginal-benefit needs. At the behavioral level, this translates, among others, into more large-scale cooperation, more investment in health, and more exploration. These individual-level differences in behavior, in turn, account for cultural phenomena such as puritanism, authoritarianism, and innovation.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-01-23T06:48:28Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231201512
- Interparental Positivity Spillover Theory: How Parents’ Positive
Relational Interactions Influence Children-
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Authors: Brian P. Don, Jeffry A. Simpson, Barbara L. Fredrickson, Sara B. Algoe
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Interparental interactions have an important influence on child well-being and development. Yet prior theory and research have primarily focused on interparental conflict as contributing to child maladjustment, which leaves out the critical question of how interparental positive interactions—such as expressed gratitude, capitalization, and shared laughter—may benefit child growth and development. In this article, we integrate theory and research in family, relationship, and affective science to propose a new framework for understanding how the heretofore underexamined positive interparental interactions influence children: interparental positivity spillover theory (IPST). IPST proposes that, distinct from the influence of conflict, interparental positive interactions spill over into children’s experiences in the form of their (a) experience of positive emotions, (b) beneficially altered perceptions of their parents, and (c) emulation of their parents’ positive interpersonal behaviors. This spillover is theorized to promote beneficial cognitive, behavioral, social, and physiological outcomes in children in the short term (i.e., immediately after a specific episode of interparental positivity, or on a given day) as well as cumulatively across time. As a framework, IPST generates a host of novel and testable predictions to guide future research, all of which have important implications for the mental health, well-being, and positive development of children and families.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-01-22T05:32:09Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231220626
- The Sound of Emotional Prosody: Nearly 3 Decades of Research and Future
Directions-
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Authors: Pauline Larrouy-Maestri, David Poeppel, Marc D. Pell
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Emotional voices attract considerable attention. A search on any browser using “emotional prosody” as a key phrase leads to more than a million entries. Such interest is evident in the scientific literature as well; readers are reminded in the introductory paragraphs of countless articles of the great importance of prosody and that listeners easily infer the emotional state of speakers through acoustic information. However, despite decades of research on this topic and important achievements, the mapping between acoustics and emotional states is still unclear. In this article, we chart the rich literature on emotional prosody for both newcomers to the field and researchers seeking updates. We also summarize problems revealed by a sample of the literature of the last decades and propose concrete research directions for addressing them, ultimately to satisfy the need for more mechanistic knowledge of emotional prosody.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-01-17T08:15:25Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231217722
- A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox
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Authors: Agneta Herlitz, Ida Hönig, Kåre Hedebrant, Martin Asperholm
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Some studies show that living conditions, such as economy, gender equality, and education, are associated with the magnitude of psychological sex differences. We systematically and quantitatively reviewed 54 articles and conducted new analyses on 27 meta-analyses and large-scale studies to investigate the association between living conditions and psychological sex differences. We found that sex differences in personality, verbal abilities, episodic memory, and negative emotions are more pronounced in countries with higher living conditions. In contrast, sex differences in sexual behavior, partner preferences, and math are smaller in countries with higher living conditions. We also observed that economic indicators of living conditions, such as gross domestic product, are most sensitive in predicting the magnitude of sex differences. Taken together, results indicate that more sex differences are larger, rather than smaller, in countries with higher living conditions. It should therefore be expected that the magnitude of most psychological sex differences will remain unchanged or become more pronounced with improvements in living conditions, such as economy, gender equality, and education.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-01-03T03:59:12Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231202685
- Editorial for the Special Issue on Algorithms in Our Lives
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Authors: Sudeep Bhatia, Mirta Galesic, Melanie Mitchell
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-01-02T05:14:21Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231214452
- AI Psychometrics: Assessing the Psychological Profiles of Large Language
Models Through Psychometric Inventories-
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Authors: Max Pellert, Clemens M. Lechner, Claudia Wagner, Beatrice Rammstedt, Markus Strohmaier
Abstract: Perspectives on Psychological Science, Ahead of Print.
We illustrate how standard psychometric inventories originally designed for assessing noncognitive human traits can be repurposed as diagnostic tools to evaluate analogous traits in large language models (LLMs). We start from the assumption that LLMs, inadvertently yet inevitably, acquire psychological traits (metaphorically speaking) from the vast text corpora on which they are trained. Such corpora contain sediments of the personalities, values, beliefs, and biases of the countless human authors of these texts, which LLMs learn through a complex training process. The traits that LLMs acquire in such a way can potentially influence their behavior, that is, their outputs in downstream tasks and applications in which they are employed, which in turn may have real-world consequences for individuals and social groups. By eliciting LLMs’ responses to language-based psychometric inventories, we can bring their traits to light. Psychometric profiling enables researchers to study and compare LLMs in terms of noncognitive characteristics, thereby providing a window into the personalities, values, beliefs, and biases these models exhibit (or mimic). We discuss the history of similar ideas and outline possible psychometric approaches for LLMs. We demonstrate one promising approach, zero-shot classification, for several LLMs and psychometric inventories. We conclude by highlighting open challenges and future avenues of research for AI Psychometrics.
Citation: Perspectives on Psychological Science
PubDate: 2024-01-02T05:10:22Z
DOI: 10.1177/17456916231214460
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