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Authors:Julia Stern, Christoph Schild, Ingo Zettler Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Research on the relation between hormones and unethical behaviors and tendencies has provided mixed results, hindering the understanding of the potential biological regulation of unethical behaviors and tendencies. We conducted an exploratory, longitudinal study (N = 257 women) allowing to estimate relations between, on the one hand, steroid hormones (testosterone, cortisol, estradiol, and progesterone) and conception probability and, on the other hand, a broad variety of measures related to unethicality (self-reported personality variables, cheating in committed relationships, self-serving economic dishonesty in a behavioral task, namely, the mind game). Contrary to theoretical assumptions of and results from some previous studies, we find no consistent relation between hormones and unethical behavior or tendencies in the majority of analyses. Yet, some small, exploratory associations emerged that call for (preregistered) replications, before more firm conclusions can be made. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-09-25T10:33:57Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231199961
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Authors:Deming Wang, Ignazio Ziano Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Across nine experiments (eight preregistered) involving Western and Asian samples, we showed that people providing ambiguous (vs. specific) responses to questions in various social scenarios are seen as less likable. This is because, depending on the social context, response ambiguity may be interpreted as a way to conceal the truth and as a sign of social disinterest. Consequently, people reported lower inclination to befriend or date individuals who appeared to provide ambiguous responses. We also identified situations in which response ambiguity does not harm likability, such as when the questions are sensitive and the responder may need to “soften the blow.” A final exploratory study showed that response ambiguity also impacts personality perceptions—individuals providing ambiguous responses are judged as less warm, less extraverted, less gullible, and more cautious. We discuss theoretical implications for the language psychology and person perception literatures and practical implications for impression management and formation. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-09-22T09:50:34Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231199161
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Authors:Joel M. Le Forestier, Elizabeth Page-Gould, Alison L. Chasteen Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Concealment is a common and consequential identity management strategy. But which identities are concealable' In three studies (n = 468; obs = 4,068), we find substantial individual differences in which identities people experience as concealable. These individual differences in concealability manifest as Person × Identity interactions, such that people experience varying levels of concealability for each of their individual identities. In two additional studies (n = 465; obs = 3,784), we find that these individual differences predict the frequency and efficacy of concealment. We conclude that it is inaccurate to label entire categories of identities as either concealable or conspicuous and urge intergroup researchers to consider people’s unique experiences of concealability. Pre-registrations for Studies 1 to 4 and open materials, code, and data for all studies are available on the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/m95qu/. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-09-16T02:53:06Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231198162
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Authors:Yahel Nudler, Tal Moran, Yoav Bar Anan Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The co-occurrence of a neutral stimulus with affective stimuli typically causes the neutral stimulus’s evaluation to shift toward the affective stimuli’s valence. Does that assimilative effect occur even when one knows the co-occurrence is due to an opposition relation between the stimuli (e.g., Batman stops crime)' Previous evidence tentatively supported that possibility, based on results compatible with an assimilative effect obscured by a larger contrast effect of the opposition relation (e.g., people like Batman less than expected, perhaps due to his co-occurrence with crime). We report three experiments (N = 802) in which participants preferred stimuli that stopped positive events over stimuli that stopped negative events—an assimilative effect of co-occurrence, unobscured by a contrast effect, despite comprehending the opposition relation and its evaluative implications. Our findings suggest that the assimilative effect of co-occurrence is potentially ubiquitous, not limited only to co-occurrence due to relations that suggest valence similarity. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-09-16T02:46:47Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231196046
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Authors:James P. Casey, Eric J. Vanman, Fiona Kate Barlow Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Empathy has the potential to bridge political divides. Here, we examine barriers to cross-party empathy and explore when and why these differ for liberals and conservatives. In four studies, U.S. and U.K. participants (total N = 4,737) read hypothetical scenarios and extended less empathy to suffering political opponents than allies or neutral targets. These effects were strongly shown by liberals but were weaker among conservatives, such that conservatives consistently showed more empathy to liberals than liberals showed to conservatives. This asymmetry was partly explained by liberals’ harsher moral judgments of outgroup members (Studies 1–4) and the fact that liberals saw conservatives as more harmful than conservatives saw liberals (Studies 3 and 4). The asymmetry persisted across changes in the U.S. government and was not explained by perceptions of political power (Studies 3 and 4). Implications and future directions are discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-09-15T12:35:37Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231198001
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Authors:Hallgeir Sjåstad, Jay Van Bavel Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. In four experiments covering three different life domains, participants made future predictions in what they considered the most realistic scenario, an optimistic best-case scenario, or a pessimistic worst-case scenario (N = 2,900 Americans). Consistent with a best-case heuristic, participants made “realistic” predictions that were much closer to their best-case scenario than to their worst-case scenario. We found the same best-case asymmetry in health-related predictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, for romantic relationships, and a future presidential election. In a fully between-subject design (Experiment 4), realistic and best-case predictions were practically identical, and they were naturally made faster than the worst-case predictions. At least in the current study domains, the findings suggest that people generate “realistic” predictions by leaning toward their best-case scenario and largely ignoring their worst-case scenario. Although political conservatism was correlated with lower covid-related risk perception and lower support of early public-health interventions, the best-case prediction heuristic was ideologically symmetric. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-09-12T12:19:42Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231191360
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Authors:Caleb J. Reynolds, Emily Stokes, Eranda Jayawickreme, R. Michael Furr Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Honesty is a near universally valued trait. However, the term honesty captures a litany of traits and behaviors, obscuring research on social perceptions and trait measurement of honesty and creating philosophical difficulties in accounting for what (if anything) unifies this diversity. We applied a prototype analysis approach to identify the most central elements of lay honesty conceptualizations, identifying elements that come to mind and are explicitly acknowledged as important to honesty. In five studies (N = 1,442), U.S. American participants generated 6,000+ free responses characterizing honesty and indicated which subtraits and behaviors best represent honesty. Truthfulness was most central to lay honesty conceptualizations across all studies and several centrality indices (frequency among responses and participants, agreement across participants, priority in lists, explicit ratings), though several other features were prominent. Findings illuminate social perceptions of honesty, critique popular measurement of trait honesty, and offer empirical foundations for philosophical analysis of honesty. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-09-09T11:11:35Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231195355
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Authors:Minjoo Joo, Susan E. Cross, Sun W. Park Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. To whom do we turn for support in times of need, and what does the support from close others convey' The present research investigated how the structure and function of attachment differ for individuals in East Asian and Western cultures. In three studies, using survey and daily diary data, we examined the role of the romantic partner as an attachment figure, and the consequences of receiving responsive support in close relationships among individuals in Korea and the United States. As expected, the role of the romantic partner as an attachment figure was less emphasized for Koreans compared with U.S. participants. Also, responsive support from close others was more strongly linked to affiliation-related end states (i.e., in-group agency) for Koreans than U.S. individuals. The present research demonstrates the need to consider nuanced cultural influences in the attachment literature for the broader application of the theory. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-09-07T11:32:53Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231195781
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Authors:Stylianos Syropoulos, Bernhard Leidner Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Across five experiments (four pre-registered, N = 4,431), we investigate whether emphasizing similarities between Republicans and Democrats can improve intergroup relations between the two groups. Members of both groups who were presented with evidence emphasizing similarities rather than differences in the psychological attitudes of both parties reported greater inclusion of the political opposition in the self, greater belief that common ground can be reached for major social issues, and warmer feelings toward the opposition. Inclusion of the political outgroup in the self mediated the effect of the similarities condition on additional outcomes, relating to more positive and less threatening perceptions of political opposition members. These findings held even when compared with a baseline condition with no information presented to participants. We conclude that by emphasizing the study of group similarities and by disseminating research in a way that highlights similarities, researchers could reduce intergroup hostilities in the political domain. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-09-05T07:31:27Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231192384
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Authors:Marie G. Oldeman, Antonius H. N. Cillessen, Yvonne H. M. van den Berg Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The current studies addressed the associations between attachment representations with parents and a single best friend, intimacy behaviors (self-disclosure and support-seeking), and friendship quality in emerging adulthood, using the actor–partner interdependence mediation model (APIMeM). Study 1 (N = 186 dyads) examined whether attachment to parents predicted friendship quality, and whether this was mediated by attachment to their best friend. More avoidance or anxiety with parents predicted lower friendship quality, which was mediated by avoidance or anxiety with their best friend. Study 2 (N = 118 dyads) examined whether self-disclosure and support-seeking mediated the link between attachment with best friend and friendship quality. Anxiety with their best friend predicted lower friendship quality, which was mediated by support-seeking. Anxiety predicted less self-disclosure and support-seeking. We found no effects of avoidance. No partner effects were found in both studies. The findings are discussed in terms of adult attachment theory. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-09-05T07:18:47Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231195339
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Authors:Kieren J. Lilly, Chris G. Sibley, Danny Osborne Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Despite being a core psychological construct for over 70 years, research has yet to examine how perceptions of deprivation relative to other individuals and/or groups develop across adulthood. As such, this preregistered study uses cohort-sequential latent growth modeling to examine changes in individual- and group-based relative deprivation (IRD and GRD, respectively) across the adult lifespan. Across 10 annual assessments of a nationwide random sample of adults (Ntotal = 58,878; ethnic minority n = 11,927; 62.7% women; ages 21–80), mean levels of IRD trended downward across the lifespan, whereas mean levels of GRD generally increased from young-to-middle adulthood before declining across late adulthood. Subtle cohort effects emerged for both constructs, although both IRD and GRD largely followed a normative aging process. Critically, the development of GRD—but not IRD—differed between ethnic groups, providing insights into how one’s objective status may shape subjective (dis)advantage over time. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-09-05T07:15:07Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231195332
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Authors:Laura Villanueva-Moya, Francisca Expósito Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We aimed to analyze perceptions of the costs and benefits of family and work sacrifices. In Study 1, participants (n = 222) rated the associated benefits and costs of a sacrifice (work vs. family). In Study 2, participants (n = 213) rated the associated benefits and costs of a work sacrifice, their willingness to sacrifice, and their sense of authenticity. In Study 3, participants (n = 186) reported on commitment and relationship satisfaction, rated the associated benefits and costs of a work sacrifice, and their life satisfaction. Participants perceived that work sacrifices were costlier for men and more beneficial for women and that women felt more authentic for making them. For women, higher commitment or relationship satisfaction was associated with greater perception of benefits, which was associated with greater life satisfaction. These findings highlight the relevance of gender differences in work sacrifices and hence in women’s professional advancement. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-09-05T07:11:21Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231195331
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Authors:Yuxi Xie, Edward P. Lemay, Brooke C. Feeney Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Researchers have found significant associations between romantic relationship experiences and sleep quality. However, most existing studies are cross-sectional, few have focused on the aging population, and few have considered mechanisms underlying such associations. To address these gaps, 238 older adult couples completed 7-day daily diaries, reporting on their daily relationship, emotional, and sleep experiences. Multilevel structural equation modeling revealed that husbands’ higher negative partner interactions and lower positive partner interactions were indirectly associated with their own and their wives’ decreased sleep quality that night via lower perceived partner responsiveness and increased negative affect. Moreover, decreased sleep quality was associated with participants’ and their partners’ increased negative partner interactions and participants’ decreased positive partner interactions the next day, with no significant gender differences. This research provides a foundation for future research on cyclical associations between romantic relationship experiences and sleep quality, with implications for relationship-based interventions to improve sleep quality. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-09-05T07:06:48Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231193800
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Authors:David Santos, Blanca Requero, Manuel Martín-Fernández Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The present research examines the effect of holistic-analytic thinking style on causal responsibility. Across seven studies (N = 4,103), participants’ thinking style was either measured or manipulated. Then, the valence or number of consequences varied in several scenarios involving a cause–consequence relationship. As a dependent measure, participants indicated the degree of responsibility attributed to the cause mentioned in each scenario. The results revealed that holistic (vs. analytic) participants assigned more responsibility to the cause when the consequences presented were a combination of positive and negative outcomes (vs. univalent), and when multiple (vs. single) consequences were triggered in the scenario. To explore the explanatory factor for these results, a final study manipulated the complexity of the consequences, along with the number. The results of this research suggested that holistic (vs. analytic) individuals consider the degree of complexity of consequences to establish causal attribution. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-08-30T04:48:43Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231192827
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Authors:Jesse L. Preston, Thomas J. Coleman, Faith Shin Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Scientists often refer to spiritual experiences with science. This research addresses this unique component of science attitudes—spirituality of science: feelings of meaning, awe, and connection derived through scientific ideas. Three studies (N = 1,197) examined individual differences in Spirituality of Science (SoS) and its benefits for well-being, meaning, and learning. Spirituality of Science was related to belief in science, but unlike other science attitudes, spirituality of science was also associated with trait awe and general spirituality (Study 1). spirituality of science also predicted meaning in life and emotional well-being in a group of atheists and agnostics, showing that scientific sources of spirituality can provide similar psychological benefits as religious spirituality (Study 2). Finally, Spirituality of Science predicted stronger engagement and recall of scientific information (Study 3). Results provide support for an experience of spirituality related to science, with benefits for meaning, well-being, and learning. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-08-26T04:56:51Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231191356
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Authors:Alexandra S. Wormley, Matthew Scott, Kevin J. Grimm, Adam B. Cohen Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Moral foundations theory proposes five domains of morality—harm, fairness, loyalty, purity, and authority. Endorsement of these moral domains is assessed by the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), a 30-item scale that has undergone intense measurement scrutiny. Across five samples (N = 464,229), we show greatly improved model fit using a Bifactor model that accounts for two kinds of items in the MFQ: judgment and relevance. We add to this space by demonstrating how using this improved measurement structure changes the strength of correlations of the moral foundations with numerous attitudes, cognitive styles, and moral decision-making. Future research should continue to identify what, if anything, the relevance and judgment factors might substantively capture over and above the substantive domains of moral foundations. In the meantime, we recommend that researchers use the Bifactor model for its improved model structure, rather than dropping the relevant items as some have proposed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-08-12T06:13:09Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231191362
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Authors:David Webber, Erica Molinario, Katarzyna Jasko, Michele J. Gelfand, Arie W. Kruglanski Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Discourse about people seeking refuge from conflict varies considerably. To understand what components of this discourse reach refugees the most, we examined refugees’ perceptions of how their host communities perceive them (i.e., intergroup metaperceptions). We sampled refugees who fled Syria to Jordan, Lebanon, Germany, and the Netherlands. Focus groups with 102 Syrian refugees revealed that the most prevalent metaperception discussed by refugees was that they thought their host communities saw them as threatening (Study 1). Surveys with 1,360 Syrian refugees and 1,441 members of the host communities (Study 2) found that refugees’ metaperceptions tracked the perceptions held by their host communities (i.e., they were accurate), but there was also a significant mean difference, indicating that they were positively biased. Analyses further tested the roles of evaluative concern and group salience on metaperception accuracy, as well as differences in accuracy and bias across country and perception domain. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-08-12T06:09:03Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231190222
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Authors:Yuanze Liu, Yubo Hou, Ying-yi Hong Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The recent backlash against cultural globalization has raised a conundrum regarding how individuals should navigate their relationship with their cultural groups to both meet their basic need for belongingness and embrace diversity to fully leverage the benefits of globalization. Here we take an attachment perspective to tackle this issue. Employing both person- and variable-centered approaches in two studies (n1 = 328; n2 = 1,317), we verify that people can develop different cultural attachment styles toward their cultural groups (i.e., secure, preoccupied, dismissing, and fearful), which are influenced by various societal, interpersonal and intrapersonal factors. People who securely attach to their cultures will perceive less out-group threat, exhibit more identity inclusiveness, hold less intergroup biases and excessive collective self-esteem, display a greater willingness to engage in intergroup contact, and demonstrate better psychological functioning. All these effects of cultural attachment are independent from and incremental to those of general and place attachment. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-08-11T07:17:51Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231190753
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Authors:Jacqueline M. Chen, Chanel Meyers, Kristin Pauker, Sarah E. Gaither, David L. Hamilton, Jeffrey W. Sherman Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We examined how the number of groups in a categorization task influences how White Americans categorize ambiguous faces. We investigated the strength of identity-driven ingroup overexclusion–wherein highly identified perceivers overexclude ambiguous members from the ingroup–proposing that, compared with dichotomous tasks (with only the ingroup and one outgroup), tasks with more outgroups attenuate identity-driven ingroup overexclusion (a dilution effect). Fourteen studies (n = 4,001) measured White Americans’ racial identification and their categorizations of ambiguous faces and manipulated the categorization task to have two groups, three groups, or an unspecified number of groups (open-ended). In all three conditions, participants overexcluded faces from the White category on average. There was limited support for the dilution effect: identity-driven ingroup overexclusion was absent in the three-group task and only weakly supported in the open-ended task. The presence of multiple outgroups may dampen the impact of racial identity on race perceptions among White Americans. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-08-10T06:57:04Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231190264
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Authors:Mark J. Brandt, Shree Vallabha, Felicity M. Turner-Zwinkels Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We investigated if the COVID-19 pandemic’s onset caused changes in political attitudes. Influential theories predict that the pandemic’s onset will cause people to adopt more conservative attitudes, more culturally conservative attitudes, or more extreme attitudes. We comprehensively tested the external validity of these predictions by estimating the causal effect of the pandemic’s onset on 84 political attitudes and eight perceived threats using fine-grained repeated cross-sectional data (Study 1, N = 232,684) and panel data (Study 2, N = 552) collected in the United States. Although the pandemic’s onset caused feelings of threat, the onset only caused limited attitude change (six conservative shifts, four extremity shifts, 12 liberal shifts, 62 no change). Prominent theories of threat and politics did not make accurate predictions for this major societal threat. Our results highlight the necessity of testing psychological theories’ predictive powers in real-life circumstances. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-08-09T06:06:20Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231190233
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Authors:James G. Hillman, Jillian P. Antoun, David J. Hauser Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. People erroneously think that things they know little about improve over time. We propose that, due to salient cultural narratives, improvement is a highly accessible expectation that leads people to presume improvement in the absence of diagnostic information. Five studies investigated an improvement default: a general tendency to presume improvement even in self-irrelevant domains. Participants erroneously presumed improvement over esoteric historical time periods associated with decline (Study 1). Participants arranged a stranger’s experiences to produce trends of improvement (Study 2). Participants presumed improvement for a fictional city when given no diagnostic information about it (Study 3). Finally, participants who perceived more past improvement were less supportive of policies that may precipitate further improvement (Study 4). Implications for consequences, such as complacency toward improving inequality, are discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-08-07T07:33:46Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231190719
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Authors:Felicity M. Turner-Zwinkels, Mark J. Brandt Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We investigate the relationship between attitude instability and both party identity strength and ideology strength. We test the explorative hypotheses that higher party identity strength (H1) and ideology strength (H2) predict more attitude stability using intensive longitudinal data collected in the United States every 2 weeks over 1 year (Study 1, N = 552) and in the Netherlands over 6 months (Study 2, N = 1,670). We found mixed support for H1: In the United States, there was no association between party identity strength and attitude stability. In the Netherlands, people with stronger party identity had more stable attitudes. We found stronger support for H2: Individuals with a stronger ideology than average had more stable attitudes in the United States and the Netherlands. The context-dependent nature of relations is discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-08-03T11:34:03Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231189015
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Authors:Benjamin M. Wilkowski, Emilio Rivera, Laverl Z. Williamson, Erika DiMariano, Brian P. Meier, Adam Fetterman Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. When a person indicates they are “liberal” or “conservative,” an important part of what they are communicating is their goals for how they would like society to be structured. However, past theories have described these goals in dramatically different fashions, suggesting that either conservativism or liberalism reflects a divisive or unifying goal. To help overcome this impasse, we systematically compared a broad, representative sample of all possible higher-order goals (drawn a previous lexical investigation of more than 1,000 goals) to the political ideology of American adults (total n = 1,588). The results of five studies suggested that proposals from competing theories are all partially correct. Conservativism simultaneously reflects the unifying “value” of Tradition, as well as the divisive “vice” of Elitism; while Liberalism simultaneously reflects the unifying “value” of Inclusiveness, and the divisive “vice” of Rebellion. These results help to integrate proposals from previous competing theories into a single framework. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-08-02T10:55:37Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231185484
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Authors:Hyun Joon Park, Kate M. Turetsky, Julia L. Dahl, Michael H. Pasek, Adriana L. Germano, Jackson O. Harper, Valerie Purdie-Greenaway, Geoffrey L. Cohen, Jonathan E. Cook Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education can be stressful, but uncertainty exists about (a) whether stressful academic settings elevate cortisol, particularly among students from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups, and (b) whether cortisol responses are associated with academic performance. In four classes around the first exam in a gateway college STEM course, we investigated participants’ (N = 271) cortisol levels as a function of race/ethnicity and tested whether cortisol responses predicted students’ performance. Regardless of race/ethnicity, students’ cortisol, on average, declined from the beginning to the end of each class and across the four classes. Among underrepresented minority (URM) students, higher cortisol responses predicted better performance and a lower likelihood of dropping the course. Among non-URM students, there were no such associations. For URM students, lower cortisol responses may have indicated disengagement, whereas higher cortisol responses may have indicated striving. The implication of cortisol responses can depend on how members of a group experience an environment. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-08-02T01:11:14Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231188277
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Authors:Cameron Mackey, Kimberly Rios Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Building on previous research demonstrating that demographic growth of racial minorities increases realistic threat and prejudice among majority group members, we examined whether demographic increases of groups associated with symbolic threat (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender [LGBT] and nonreligious groups) increased realistic threat, symbolic threat, and/or prejudice. In a single-paper meta-analysis across four studies, participants who read that LGBT groups were becoming more prevalent in the United States exhibited heightened perceptions of realistic threat and (especially) symbolic threat from these groups, which in turn predicted anti-LGBT prejudice. Two similar studies examining the growth of nonreligious groups demonstrated weaker effects. Implications for America’s growing diversity and future directions for studying these effects are discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-08-01T10:59:06Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231188278
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Authors:Yige Yin, Tonglin Jiang, Sander Thomaes, Tim Wildschut, Constantine Sedikides Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Parental tradition transfer to children is pivotal for their socialization, identity formation, and culture perpetuation. But what motivates parents to transfer traditions to their children' We hypothesized that nostalgia, an emotion strengthening interpersonal bonds, would promote tradition transfer through parent-child relationship closeness. We tested these hypotheses using cross-sectional (Studies 1 and 4), cross-lagged (Study 2 and preregistered Study 5), and experimental (Studies 3 and 6) designs. In Studies 1 to 3, nostalgia was associated with, had lagged effect on, and promoted tradition transfer. In Studies 4–6, parent-child relationship closeness mediated the link between nostalgia and tradition transfer. The findings enrich our understanding of the vertical transmission of knowledge, customs, and values, offering insight into how intergenerational bonds are reinforced and cultural heritage is maintained. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-08-01T10:50:46Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231187337
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Authors:Mary C. Kern, Aneeta Rattan, Dolly Chugh Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We explore the conditions under which people will opt in to reading information about bias and stereotypes, a key precursor to the types of self-directed learning that diversity and anti-bias advocates increasingly endorse. Across one meta-analysis (total N = 1,122; 7 studies, 5 pre-registered) and 2 pre-registered experiments (total N = 1,717), we identify a condition under which people opt in to reading more about implicit bias and stereotypes. People randomly assigned to read a growth, rather than fixed, mindset frame about bias opted in to read more information about stereotypes and implicit bias (Study 1 and Study 3). The mechanism that drove these effects was individuals’ construal of the task as a challenge (Studies 2 and 3). Our findings offer insight into how to promote engagement with information about stereotypes and biases. We discuss how this work advances the study of mindsets and diversity science. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-31T10:41:55Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231186853
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Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print.
Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-26T07:05:18Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231179476
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Authors:Stephanie A. Cardenas, Patricia Y. Sanchez, Saul M. Kassin Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Although research has focused on the “innocence problem,” “partial innocence” may also plague individuals who plead guilty to crimes they did not commit, but that are either comparable, more severe, or less severe than their actual crimes. Using a high-stake experimental paradigm and an immersive role-playing paradigm, we examined the psychology of partial innocence. Students were randomly induced (or imagined themselves) to be innocent, guilty, or partially innocent of committing an academic transgression and then given the choice to accept or reject a deal to avoid disciplinary sanction. Across three studies (Ns = 88, 75, 746), partially innocent students pled to cheating nearly as often as guilty students and vastly more often than innocent students. Partially innocent students—not unlike guilty students—experienced greater feelings of guilt than did innocent students. In turn, these feelings of guilt, but not shame, were associated with taking responsibility for a range of transgressions not committed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-26T07:02:39Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231185639
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Authors:Felicity M. Turner-Zwinkels, Jochem van Noord, Rebekka Kesberg, Efrain García-Sánchez, Mark J. Brandt, Toon Kuppens, Matthew J. Easterbrook, Lien Smets, Paulina Gorska, Marta Marchlewska, Tomas Turner-Zwinkels Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We investigate the extent that political identity, political belief content (i.e., attitude stances), and political belief system structure (i.e., relations among attitudes) differences are associated with affective polarization (i.e., viewing ingroup partisans positively and outgroup partisans negatively) in two multinational, cross-sectional studies (Study 1 N = 4,152, Study 2 N = 29,994). First, we found a large, positive association between political identity and group liking—participants liked their ingroup substantially more than their outgroup. Second, political belief system content and structure had opposite associations with group liking: Sharing similar belief system content with an outgroup was associated with more outgroup liking, but similarity with the ingroup was associated with less ingroup liking. The opposite pattern was found for political belief system structure. Thus, affective polarization was greatest when belief system content similarity was low and structure similarity was high. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-21T07:15:08Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231183935
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Authors:Konrad Bresin, Rowan A. Hunt Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Appetitive and aversive motivation are prominent in theories of dysregulated behaviors. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of the association between individual differences in appetitive and aversive motivation and several dysregulated behaviors (i.e., alcohol use, marijuana use, tobacco use, binge eating, aggression, gambling, and nonsuicidal self-injury). Alcohol use (r = .17, k = 141), marijuana use (r = .13, k = 23), aggression (r = .22, k = 52), and gambling (r = .08, k = 55) were all significantly positively related to appetitive motivation. Binge eating (r = .28, k = 34) and self-injury (r = .17, k = 10) were significantly positively related to aversive motivation. Effect sizes were similar to the median effect size in personality research. Together, these results provide some evidence that some dysregulated behaviors are more correlated with approach motivation, whereas others are more correlated with aversive motivation, which may indicate distinct etiological pathways. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-21T07:14:19Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231185509
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Authors:Teri A. Kirby, Nicole Russell Pascual, Laura K. Hildebrand Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Diversity is one of the buzzwords of the 21st century. But who counts as diverse' We coded diversity statements to examine how organizations typically define diversity and whether oppressed-group members perceive some definitions as diluting diversity, or detracting from the original intention of diversity initiatives. Organizations most commonly opted for a broad definition of diversity (38%) that focused on diversity in perspectives and skills, with no mention of demographic group identities (e.g., race; Study 1). In Studies 2 and 3, people of color perceived broad statements as diluting diversity more than other diversity statements. They were also less interested in working at those organizations, and broad statements led sexual minorities to be less willing to disclose their sexual identity (Study 4). Thus, broadening the definition of diversity to include individual characteristics and skills may backfire, unless the importance of demographic diversity is also acknowledged. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-18T11:24:13Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231184925
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Authors:C. Blaine Horton, Hajo Adam, Adam D. Galinsky Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Enclothed cognition refers to the systematic influence that clothes can have on the wearer’s feelings, thoughts, and behaviors through their symbolic meaning. It has attracted considerable academic and nonacademic interest, with the 2012 article that coined the phrase cited more than 600 times and covered in more than 160 news outlets. However, a recent high-powered replication failed to replicate one of the original effects. To determine whether the larger body of research on enclothed cognition possesses evidential value and replicable effects, we performed z-curve and meta-analyses using 105 effects from 40 studies across 24 articles (N = 3,789). Underscoring the marked improvement of psychological research practices in the mid-2010s, our results raise concerns about the replicability of early enclothed cognition studies but affirm the evidential value for effects published after 2015. These later studies support the core principle of enclothed cognition—what we wear influences how we think, feel, and act. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-17T11:35:24Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231182478
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Authors:Emily K. Hong, Jinhyung Kim, Incheol Choi Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Happy people are often perceived positively, perhaps more than they actually are, whereas unhappy people are often perceived negatively, perhaps more than they actually are. What would make this bias stronger or weaker' The present research addresses this question by exploring the roles of implicit theories of happiness in the trait perceptions toward happy and unhappy people. Specifically, four studies (N = 998) tested hypotheses that an incremental theory of happiness would enhance and an entity theory of happiness would attenuate the trait perceptions favoring happy over unhappy people. Results found converging evidence that believing happiness as changeable (incremental theory) enhances the positive perceptions toward happy people, while providing less consistent evidence that believing happiness as fixed (entity theory) mitigates the negative perceptions toward unhappy people. The current research contributes to the literature on essentialism and advances the understanding of the roles of implicit theories of happiness in person perception. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-17T10:39:59Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231184711
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Authors:Theresa Pauly, Elisa Weber, Christiane A. Hoppmann, Denis Gerstorf, Urte Scholz Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Events that change the family system have the potential to impact couple dynamics such as concordance, that is, partner similarity in health and well-being. This project analyzes longitudinal data (≥ two decades) from both partners of up to 3,501 German and 1,842 Australian couples to investigate how couple concordance in life satisfaction, self-rated health, mental health, and physical health might change with transitioning to parenthood and an empty nest. Results revealed couple concordance in intercepts (averaged r = .52), linear trajectories (averaged r = .55), and wave-specific fluctuations around trajectories (averaged r = .21). Concordance in linear trajectories was stronger after transitions (averaged r = .81) than before transitions (averaged r = .43), whereas no systematic transition-related change in concordance of wave-specific fluctuations was found. Findings emphasize that shared transitions represent windows of change capable of sending couples onto mutual upward or downward trajectories in health and well-being. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-11T10:08:43Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231180450
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Authors:Gordon D. A. Brown, Lukasz Walasek, Timothy L. Mullett, Edika G. Quispe-Torreblanca, Corey L. Fincher, Michal Kosinski, David Stillwell Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. What environmental factors are associated with individual differences in political ideology, and do such associations change over time' We examine whether reductions in pathogen prevalence in U.S. states over the past 60 years are associated with reduced associations between parasite stress and conservatism. We report a positive association between infection levels and conservative ideology in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. However, this correlation reduces from the 1980s onwards. These results suggest that the ecological influence of infectious diseases may be larger for older people who grew up (or whose parents grew up) during earlier time periods. We test this hypothesis by analyzing the political affiliation of 45,000 Facebook users, and find a positive association between self-reported political affiliation and regional pathogen stress for older (>40 years) but not younger individuals. It is concluded that the influence of environmental pathogen stress on ideology may have reduced over time. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-10T08:21:27Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231183199
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Authors:Ji Sok Choi, Seungbeom Hong, Jinkyung Na, Bo Kyung Kim Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Although extant research suggests that power without status, but not status without power, induces interpersonal conflict, we are yet to fully understand the asymmetric effects of holding power or status on psychological processes and group functioning. The present research attempts to fill this gap by arguing that holding power would heighten the motivation for status, whereas holding status may not necessarily have an equivalent effect on the motivation for power. We further proposed that power–status misalignment within a group would lead powerholders to be competitive toward statusholders due to heightened status motive and (upon failure to attain status) invest less in their group due to greater emotional distress. Across four (and one Supplemental) studies, we found support for our hypotheses. Our findings not only shed further light on the interactive effects of power and status, but also help better explain why power without status is particularly related to negative outcomes. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-10T08:19:27Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231182852
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Authors:Xuchang Zheng, Wanxin Wang, Jonathan Pinto Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. This article examines the relationship between the two fundamental attributes of the trustee: character and competence. Although the trust research predominantly adopts an additive perspective, our research emphasizes a moderation (i.e., multiplicative) relationship and the significance of their interaction. We find that competence is an important but not always reliable predictor of trust. First, the positive effect of competence is conditional on the trustee’s high character. Second, higher competence can have a lower marginal effect as character decreases. Furthermore, situational assurance weakens the effect of character on competence, which explains the additive joint effect found in previous research. Our modified trust game also makes a methodological contribution by examining the interaction between the various personal and situational sources of trust (as compared with the lone operationalization of character in the classic trust game). We discuss the shortcomings of the additive perspective and the implications of our method and findings. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-08T12:17:04Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231167693
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Authors:Lucas J. Dixon, Matthew J. Hornsey, Nicole Hartley Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We explored the psychology of those who believe in manifestation: the ability to cosmically attract success in life through positive self-talk, visualization, and symbolic actions (e.g., acting as if something is true). In three studies (collective N = 1,023), we developed a reliable and valid measure—the Manifestation Scale—and found over one third of participants endorsed manifestation beliefs. Those who scored higher on the scale perceived themselves as more successful, had stronger aspirations for success, and believed they were more likely to achieve future success. They were also more likely to be drawn to risky investments, have experienced bankruptcy, and to believe they could achieve an unlikely level of success more quickly. We discuss the potential positives and negatives of this belief system in the context of growing public desire for success and an industry that capitalizes on these desires. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-08T11:53:15Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231181162
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Authors:Theresa K. Vescio, Nathaniel E. C. Schermerhorn, Kathrine A. Lewis, Katsumi Yamaguchi-Pedroza, Abigail J. Loviscky Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Three experiments (N = 943) tested whether men (but not women) responded to gender threats with increased concern about how one looks in the eyes of others (i.e., public discomfort) and subsequent anger that, in turn, predicted attitudes about sexual violence. Consistent with predictions, for men, learning that one is like a woman was associated with threat-related emotions (public discomfort and anger) that, in turn, predicted the increased likelihood to express intent to engage in quid-pro-quo sexual harassment (Study 1), recall sexually objectifying others (Study 2), endorse sexual narcissism (Study 2), and accept rape myths (Study 3). These findings support the notion that failures to uphold normative and socially valued embodiments of masculinity are associated with behavioral intentions and attitudes associated with sexual violence. The implications of these findings for the endurance of sexual violence are discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-07T12:20:09Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231179431
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Authors:Fabienne Unkelbach, Tatjana Brütting, Nina Schilling, Michaela Wänke Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Voters generally value competence in politicians. Four studies, all conducted in Germany, show that this is especially pronounced in people of higher compared with lower social class. The first study, with a representative sample (N1 = 2239), found that the reported importance of competence in politicians increased with increasing socioeconomic status (SES). This was mediated by self-perceived competence which was higher in participants of higher SES. In three further studies (two preregistered, N2a&2b = 396, N3 = 400) participants merely saw pictures of politicians’ faces. Perceived competence based on facial appearance increased the likelihood of voting for a politician. Again, this effect was stronger among participants of higher compared with lower SES. This moderation persisted after controlling for participants’ political orientation and politicians’ perceived warmth and dominance. We discuss implications for future research on the psychological underpinnings of social class as well as appearance effects in the political context. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-07T07:26:41Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231181465
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Authors:Christopher D. Petsko, Nour S. Kteily Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We conducted two reverse-correlation studies, as well as two pilot studies reported in the online supplement (total N = 1,411), on the topics of (a) whether liberals and conservatives differ in the types of dehumanization that they cognitively emphasize when mentally representing one another, and if so, (b) whether liberals and conservatives are sensitive to how they are represented in the minds of political outgroup members. Results suggest that partisans indeed differ in the types of dehumanization that they cognitively emphasize when mentally representing one another: whereas conservatives’ dehumanization of liberals emphasizes immaturity (vs. savagery), liberals’ dehumanization of conservatives more strongly emphasizes savagery (vs. immaturity). In addition, results suggest that partisans may be sensitive to how they are represented. That is, partisans’ meta-representations—their representations of how the outgroup represents the ingroup—appear to accurately index the relative emphases of these two dimensions in the minds of political outgroup members. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-07T07:21:22Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231180971
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Authors:Natalia Kononov, Danit Ein-Gar Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. People tend to evaluate themselves as better than they actually are. Such enhanced positive evaluation occurs not only for the self but also for close others. We extend the exploration of enhanced evaluation of close others to that of strangers. We predict that when individuals consider becoming friends with a stranger, their preference for a pleasant physical experience will drive an enhanced evaluation of that person. In two experiments, participants who considered friendship with a stranger evaluated the stranger as looking, sounding, and smelling better than how control participants evaluated them. The amount of time participants expected to spend with the stranger predicted their evaluation (Studies 1–2). In a large-scale third study, using various target stimuli, we found that when participants have an interest in a friendship but then are unable to physically spend time together, the enhanced-evaluation effect is weaker compared with when they could spend time together. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-06T10:47:59Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231180150
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Authors:Ariel J. Mosley, Larisa Heiphetz Solomon Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Two experiments investigated how evaluations of intergroup curiosity differed depending on whether people placed responsibility for their learning on themselves or on outgroup members. In Study 1, participants (n = 340; 51% White-American, 49% Black-American) evaluated White actors who were curious about Black culture and placed responsibility on outgroup members to teach versus on themselves to learn. Both Black and White participants rated the latter actors as more moral, and perceptions of effort mediated this effect. A follow-up preregistered study (n = 513; 75% White-American) asked whether perceptions of greater effort cause greater perceptions of moral goodness. Replicating Study 1, participants rated actors as more moral when they placed responsibility on themselves versus others. Participants also rated actors as more moral when they exerted high versus low effort. These results clarify when and why participants view curiosity as morally good and help to strengthen bridges between work on curiosity, moral cognition, and intergroup relations. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-07-06T10:27:56Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231180149
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Authors:Nyx L. Ng, Dillon M. Luke, Bertram Gawronski Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Whereas norm-conforming (deontological) judgments have been claimed to be rooted in automatic emotional responses, outcome-maximizing (utilitarian) judgments are assumed to require reflective reasoning. Using the CNI model to disentangle factors underlying moral-dilemma judgments, the current research investigated effects of thinking about reasons on sensitivity to consequences, sensitivity to moral norms, and general action preferences. Three experiments (two preregistered) found that thinking about reasons (vs. responding intuitively or thinking about intuitions) reliably increased sensitivity to moral norms independent of processing time. Thinking about reasons had no reproducible effects on sensitivity to consequences and general action preferences. The results suggest that norm-conforming responses in moral dilemmas can arise from reflective thoughts about reasons, challenging the modal view on the role of cognitive reflection in moral-dilemma judgment. The findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between degree (high vs. low elaboration) and content (intuitions vs. reasons) as distinct aspects of cognitive reflection. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-06-30T06:17:35Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231180760
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Authors:Doris F. Chang, James Donald, Jennifer Whitney, Iris Yi Miao, Baljinder Sahdra Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Whereas mindfulness has been shown to enhance personal well-being, studies suggest it may also benefit intergroup dynamics. Using an integrative conceptual model, this meta-analysis examined associations between mindfulness and (a) different manifestations of bias (implicit/explicit attitudes, affect, behavior) directed toward (b) different bias targets (outgroup or ingroup, e.g., internalized bias), by (c) intergroup orientation (toward bias or anti-bias). Of 70 samples, 42 (N = 3,229) assessed mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) and 30 (N = 6,002) were correlational studies. Results showed a medium-sized negative effect of MBIs on bias outcomes, g = −0.56, 95% confidence interval [−0.72, −0.40]; I(2;3)2: 0.39; 0.48, and a small-to-medium negative effect between mindfulness and bias for correlational studies, r = −0.17 [−0.27, −0.03]; I(2;3)2: 0.11; 0.83. Effects were comparable for intergroup bias and internalized bias. We conclude by identifying gaps in the evidence base to guide future research. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-06-29T12:46:47Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231178518
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Authors:Jan Hofer, Ellen Kerpen, Holger Busch, Meike Lehmann, Anitha Menon Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Goal commitment typically relates to successful goal realization. Yet, individuals differ in how much their goals correspond to their implicit motives. We hypothesized that for those adolescents high in a given implicit motive, goal commitment and goal success in the corresponding motive domain (i.e., achievement, affiliation, power) are more closely related than for those low in the implicit motive. Data were assessed in an individualistic (Germany) and a collectivistic cultural context (Zambia) on two measurement occasions (i.e., T1: Picture Story Exercise for implicit motives; T1 and T2: GOALS questionnaire for goal commitment and success, respectively). Goal success at T2 was reliably predicted by goal importance and goal success at T1, respectively. The hypothesized interaction was found only for the implicit power motive but not for the implicit needs of achievement and affiliation, respectively. Results were equivalent across adolescents’ cultural backgrounds. Findings are discussed with respect to motive-specific effects on goal dimensions. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-06-23T11:46:21Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231181938
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Authors:Ioannis Evangelidis, Manissa P. Gunadi Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Humans have long pondered the distinction between action and inaction. Classic work in social sciences provides evidence that most people believe that others experience higher levels of affect when they obtain the same outcome through action as opposed to inaction. In this paper, we theorize that people’s attributions of affect to identical outcomes resulting from action versus inaction are largely constructive in nature, such that they heavily depend on the elicitation procedure. Seven preregistered studies demonstrate that most individuals cease to attribute greater affect to identical outcomes resulting from action as opposed to inaction when it is made possible—or salient—that they can state that action and inaction are associated with equal levels of affect. Consequently, the present studies suggest that researchers can reach different conclusions about participants’ general proclivity to attribute greater affect to identical outcomes resulting from action (vs. inaction) depending on how participants’ beliefs are measured. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-06-23T11:39:17Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231175958
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Authors:Charlotte H. Townsend, Laura J. Kray, Alexandra G. Russell Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Across four studies (N = 1544), we examined the relationship between individuals’ gender role mindsets, or beliefs about the malleability versus fixedness of traditional gender roles, and work–family conflict. We found that undergraduate women (but not men) business students holding a fixed, compared to growth, gender role mindset anticipated more work–family conflict. Next, we manipulated gender role mindset and demonstrated a causal link between women’s growth mindsets (relative to fixed mindsets and control conditions) and reduced work–family conflict. We showed mechanistically that growth gender role mindsets unburden women from prescriptive gender roles, reducing work–family conflict. Finally, during COVID-19, we demonstrated a similar pattern among working women in high-achieving dual-career couples. We found an indirect effect of women’s gender role mindset on job and relationship satisfaction, mediated through work–family conflict. Our preregistered studies suggest that holding the belief that gender roles can change mitigates women’s work–family conflict. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-06-19T05:37:51Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231178349
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Authors:Paul Irwing, Clare Cook, David J. Hughes Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The idea that matching personality expression with situational demands is adaptive is implicit in many accounts of personality. Numerous constructs and measures have been posited to address this or similar phenomena. Few have proven adequate. In response, we proposed and tested a novel measurement approach (the APR index) assessing real-time behavior to rate participants’ success in matching personality expression with situational demands, which we denote adaptive personality regulation. An experimental study (N = 88) and an observational study of comedians (N = 203) provided tests of whether the APR index constituted a useful metric of adaptive personality regulation. In both studies, the APR index showed robust psychometric properties; was statistically unique from mean-level personality, self-monitoring, and the general factor of personality expression; and provided incremental concurrent prediction of task/job performance. The results suggest that the APR index provides a useful metric for studying the phenomenon of successfully matching personality expression to situational demands. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-06-19T05:34:15Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231177567
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Authors:Katarzyna Jamróz-Dolińska, Maciej Sekerdej, Mirjana Rupar, Maryna Kołeczek Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. When people consider what is good for their country, they might face a conflict between the country’s short-term and long-term interests. We suggest that resolving this conflict depends on people’s form of national identification and future time perspective. Across four studies (N = 4,274), we showed that constructive patriotism, but not conventional patriotism or glorification, was positively associated with future time perspective. Moreover, we showed that this further translated into people’s responses to intertemporal conflicts. Specifically, constructive patriotism was indirectly linked to higher support for national policies with long-term advantages (despite short-term disadvantages) and lower support for national policies with long-term disadvantages (despite short-term advantages), and these links were mediated by future time perspective. Overall, our results demonstrate that distinct forms of national identification are differently linked to future time perspective. Likewise, this helps explain differences in how much people care about their country’s present and future. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-06-19T05:27:12Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231176337
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Authors:Rebecca Covarrubias, Ibette Valle Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Low-income, Latinx students navigate independent norms in U.S. educational systems and interdependent norms in their familial dynamics. Yet, their everyday interactions with important others (e.g., peers, parents, instructors) reveal more complexity in between these contexts, often communicating paradoxes of independence and interdependence. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 35 low-income, Latinx high school graduates before they entered college to examine how their daily interactions in home and school contexts facilitated dynamic and paradoxical engagement with interdependence and independence. Using constructivist grounded theory, we constructed five types of paradoxes. For example, strong practices of interdependence in their college-preparatory high school setting (e.g., extensive academic support) undermined students’ desires to be independent. These contradictions reflect an in-between space, referred to as nepantla, where students give voice to and make sense of past, present, and future understandings of how to be a self. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-06-17T12:04:33Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231180148
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Authors:Jacob D. Teeny, Jaroth V. Lanzalotta, Richard E. Petty Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Although two people could both enact similar forms of hypocrisy, one person might be judged as more hypocritical than the other. The present research advances a novel, theoretical explanation for a paradigmatic instance of this: the increased hypocrisy ascribed to contradicting a morally (vs. nonmorally) based attitude. In contrast to prior explanations, the present research shows that people infer targets holding morally (vs. nonmorally) based attitudes are more difficult to change. Consequently, when people are hypocritical on these stances, it elicits greater surprise, which amplifies the perceived hypocrisy. Through both statistical mediation and experimental moderation, we provide evidence for this process and show how our explanation generalizes to understanding heightened hypocrisy in other contexts, too (i.e., violating nonmoral attitudes held with certainty vs. uncertainty). Altogether, we provide an integrative, theoretical lens for predicting when moral and nonmoral acts of hypocrisy will be perceived as particularly hypocritical. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-06-15T09:09:31Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231177773
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Authors:James J. Kim, Harry T. Reis, Michael R. Maniaci, Samantha Joel Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The prevailing theory on relationship judgments for interaction attributes suggests individuals tend to underestimate a romantic partner’s expressions of compassionate love and that such underestimation is beneficial for the relationship. Yet, limited research has incorporated dyadic perspectives to assess how biased perceptions are associated with both partners’ outcomes. In two daily studies of couples, we used distinct analytical approaches (Truth and Bias Model; Dyadic Response Surface Analysis) to inform perspectives on how biased perceptions are interrelated and predict relationship satisfaction. Consistent with prior research, people demonstrated an underestimation bias. However, there were differential effects of biased perceptions for actors versus partners: Underestimation predicted lower actor satisfaction but generally higher satisfaction for partners. Furthermore, we find evidence for complementarity effects: partners’ directional biases were inversely related, and couples were more satisfied when partners had opposing patterns of directional bias. Findings help integrate theoretical perspectives on the adaptive role of biased relationship perceptions. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-26T12:54:01Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171986
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Authors:Terence D. Dores Cruz, Romy van der Lee, Myriam N. Bechtoldt, Bianca Beersma Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Much information people receive about others reaches them via gossip. But is this gossip trustworthy' We examined this in a scenario study (Nsenders = 350, Nobservations = 700) and an interactive laboratory experiment (Nsenders = 126; Nobservations = 3024). In both studies, participants played a sequential prisoner’s dilemma where a gossip sender observed a target’s (first decider’s) decision and could gossip about this to a receiver (second decider). We manipulated the interdependence structure such that gossipers’ outcomes were equal to targets’ outcomes, equal to receivers’ outcomes, or independent. Compared to no interdependence, gossip was more often false when gossipers were interdependent with targets but not when interdependent with receivers. As such, false positive gossip (self-serving when interdependent with targets) increased but false negative gossip (self-serving when interdependent with receivers) did not. In conclusion, the interdependence structure affected gossip’s trustworthiness: When gossipers’ outcomes were interdependent with targets, gossip was less trustworthy. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-26T06:04:55Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171054
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Authors:Alisa Bedrov, Shelly L. Gable Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Keeping a secret is often considered burdensome, with numerous consequences for well-being. However, there is no standardized measure of secrecy burden, and most studies focus on individual/cognitive burden without considering social/relational aspects. This research aimed to develop and validate a secrecy burden measure tapping both intrapersonal and interpersonal components. Study 1 used exploratory factor analysis to reveal a four-factor model of secrecy burden: Daily Personal Impact, Relationship Impact, Pull to Reveal, and Anticipated Consequences. Study 2 used confirmatory factor analysis to replicate this factor structure and found that each factor was uniquely associated with different emotional and well-being outcomes. Study 3 employed a longitudinal design and found that higher scores on each factor predicted lower authenticity and higher depression and anxiety 2 to 3 weeks later. Altogether, this research is the first step in standardizing a secrecy burden measure and applying it to real-world secrets and well-being outcomes. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-24T08:50:42Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231172387
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Authors:Holly R. Engstrom, Kristin Laurin, Nick R. Kay, Lauren J. Human Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. How does a person’s socioeconomic status (SES) relate to how she thinks others see her' Seventeen studies (eight pre-registered; three reported in-text and 14 replications in supplemental online material [SOM], total N = 6,124) found that people with low SES believe others see them as colder and less competent than those with high SES. The SES difference in meta-perceptions was explained by people’s self-regard and self-presentation expectations. Moreover, lower SES people’s more negative meta-perceptions were not warranted: Those with lower SES were not seen more negatively, and were less accurate in guessing how others saw them. They also had important consequences: People with lower SES blamed themselves more for negative feedback about their warmth and competence. Internal meta-analyses suggested this effect was larger and more consistent for current socioeconomic rank than cultural background. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-22T11:05:23Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171435
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Authors:Xindong Wei, Thomas Talhelm, Kaili Zhang, Wang Fengyan Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Interdependent cultures around the world have generally controlled COVID-19 better. We tested this pattern in China based on the rice theory, which argues that historically rice-farming regions of China are more interdependent than wheat-farming areas. Unlike earlier findings, rice-farming areas suffered more COVID-19 cases in the early days of the outbreak. We suspected this happened because the outbreak fell on Chinese New Year, and people in rice areas felt more pressure to visit family and friends. We found historical evidence that people in rice areas visit more family and friends for Chinese New Year than people in wheat areas. In 2020, rice areas also saw more New Year travel. Regional differences in social visits were correlated with COVID-19 spread. These results reveal an exception to the general idea that interdependent culture helps cultures contain COVID-19. When relational duties conflict with public health, interdependence can lead to more spread of disease. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-19T12:52:29Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231174070
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Authors:Jacob Elder, Liz Wilson, Jimmy Calanchini Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Implicit measures were initially assumed to assess stable individual differences, but other perspectives posit that they reflect context-dependent processes. This pre-registered research investigates whether the processes contributing to responses on the race Implicit Association Test are temporally stable and reliably measured using multinomial processing tree modeling. We applied two models—the Quad model and the Process Dissociation Procedure—to six datasets (N = 2,036), each collected over two occasions, examined the within-measurement reliability and between-measurement stability of model parameters, and meta-analyzed the results. Parameters reflecting accuracy-oriented processes demonstrate adequate stability and reliability, which suggests these processes are relatively stable within individuals. Parameters reflecting evaluative associations demonstrate poor stability but modest reliability, which suggests that associations are either context-dependent or stable but noisily measured. These findings suggest that processes contributing to racial bias on implicit measures differ in temporal stability, which has practical implications for predicting behavior using the Implicit Association Test. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-19T12:50:09Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171256
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Authors:Mariola Paruzel-Czachura, Zuzanna Farny Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. To provide deeper insights into the relationships between psychopathic traits and utilitarian moral judgment, we studied N = 702 adults using three psychopathy scales: (a) the Levenson’s Self-report Psychopathy Scale; (b) the Psychopathic Personality Inventory; and (c) the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure; and three measures of utilitarian moral judgment: (a) trolley dilemmas; (b) the Consequences, Norms, and Inaction (CNI) model of moral decision-making; and (c) the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale. When using the traditional approach to moral judgment (i.e., trolley dilemmas, instrumental harm, traditional score from the CNI model), we found that higher levels of psychopathic traits were associated with a higher utilitarian tendency. When using the modeling approach, we found that a higher level of psychopathic traits was related to weaker sensitivity to moral norms and less action averse in morally problematic situations. In addition, we found negative associations between impartial beneficence and all psychopathy scores. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-11T12:37:39Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231169105
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Authors:Benjamin B. Haggerty, David P. Kennedy, Thomas N. Bradbury, Benjamin R. Karney Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Since the onset of COVID-19, a rise in loneliness has raised concerns about the social impact of lockdowns and distancing mandates. Yet, to date, the effects of the pandemic on social networks have been studied only indirectly. To evaluate how the pandemic affected social networks, the current analyses analyzed five waves of detailed social network interviews conducted before and during the first 18 months of the pandemic in a sample especially vulnerable to contracting the virus: mostly non-White couples (243 husbands and 250 wives) recruited from lower income neighborhoods. Pre-COVID interviews asked spouses to name 24 individuals with whom they interact regularly. Post-COVID interviews indicated a nearly 50% decline in face-to-face interactions and a nearly 40% decline in virtual interactions, with little recovery over the first 18 months of the pandemic. Compared with less affluent couples, those with higher incomes maintained more of their network relationships, especially when virtual interactions were taken into account. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-09T10:16:34Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231169591
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Authors:Erin Freiburger, Mattea Sim, Amy G. Halberstadt, Kurt Hugenberg Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We adopted an intersectional stereotyping lens to investigate whether race-based size bias—the tendency to judge Black men as larger than White men—extends to adolescents. Participants judged Black boys as taller than White boys, despite no real size differences (Studies 1A and 1B), and even when boys were matched in age (Study 1B). The size bias persisted when participants viewed computer-generated faces that varied only in apparent race (Study 2A) and extended to perceptions of physical strength, with Black boys judged as stronger than White boys (Study 2B). The size bias was associated with threat-related perceptions, including beliefs that Black boys were less innocent than White boys (Study 3). Finally, the size bias was moderated by a valid threat signal (i.e., anger expressions, Studies 4A and 4B). Thus, adult-like threat stereotypes are perpetrated upon Black boys, leading them to be erroneously perceived as more physically formidable than White boys. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-09T10:09:35Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231167978
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Authors:Hao Chen, Xijing Wang, Huilin Zang, Ana Guinote Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Cultural tightness is characterized by strong norms and harsh punishments for deviant behaviors. We hypothesized that followers in tight (vs. loose) cultures would more strongly prefer muscular leaders. This hypothesis was confirmed across seven studies (N = 1,615) employing samples from the United States, the United Kingdom, and China. Using actual political leaders, we demonstrated that the tighter the state’s culture was, the more muscular the elected governor was (Study 1). Temporarily situating participants in a tight (vs. loose) culture made them select a leader higher on muscularity but not on body fat, and the effects obtained occurred for both male and female leaders (Studies 2–3B). In addition, we demonstrated the mediating role of authoritarianism and a preference for a dominant leadership in this process (Studies 4–5B). These results demonstrate the importance of considering the interface between culture and the physical appearance of leaders. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-08T12:39:28Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231169107
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Authors:Stéphane P. Francioli, Felix Danbold, Michael S. North Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Intergenerational conflict appears frequently in American public discourse, often framed as clashes between Millennials and Baby Boomers. Building on intergroup threat theory in an exploratory survey, a preregistered correlational study, and a preregistered intervention (N = 1,714), we find that (a) Millennials and Baby Boomers do express more animosity toward each other than toward other generations (Studies 1–3); (b) their animosity reflects asymmetric generational concerns: Baby Boomers primarily fear that Millennials threaten traditional American values (symbolic threat) while Millennials primarily fear that Baby Boomers’s delayed transmission of power hampers their life prospects (realistic threat; Studies 2–3); (c) finally, an intervention challenging the entitativity of generational categories alleviates perceived threats and hostility for both generations (Study 3). These findings inform research on intergroup threat, provide a theoretically grounded framework to understand intergenerational relations, and put forward a strategy to increase harmony in aging societies. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-05-03T12:48:40Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164203
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Authors:Simon Ozer, Milan Obaidi, Gulnaz Anjum Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Radicalization—as a complex process of adopting extremist attitudes—includes maladaptive responses to the transformative power of globalization. Globalization contains sociocultural disruptive and acculturative processes, initiating exclusionary and integrative reactions. These reactions have dissimilarly been associated with aspects of extremism. In seven preregistered studies (N = 2,161), we draw on various methods combining naturalistic circumstances, cross-sectional, longitudinal, experimental, and representative data to scrutinize the complex globalization–radicalization nexus within the contexts of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Pakistan. Our results provide empirical support for the hypothesis that insecure life attachment (i.e., experience of contextual safety, inclusiveness, reliability, fairness, and facilitating well-being) and globalization perceived as a threat can lead to extremism through defensive reactions to globalization. Specifically, we found ethnic protection to be a central mechanism connecting sociocultural disruption and threats with extremism. Globalized radicalization ascends as a contemporary phenomenon reflecting the dark side of global interconnectivity. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-29T01:24:38Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231167694
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Authors:Niels Skovgaard-Olsen, Karl Christoph Klauer Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. A number of papers have applied the CNI model of moral judgments to investigate deontological and consequentialist response tendencies. A controversy has emerged concerning the methodological assumptions of the CNI model. In this article, we contribute to this debate by extending the CNI paradigm with a skip option. This allows us to test an invariance assumption that the CNI model shares with prominent process-dissociation models in cognitive and social psychology. Like for these models, the present experiments found violations of the invariance assumption for the CNI model. In Experiment 2, we replicate these results and selectively influence the new parameter for the skip option. In addition, structural equation modeling reveals that previous findings for the relationship between gender and the CNI parameters are completely mediated by the association of gender with primary psychopathy. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-22T11:40:55Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164888
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Authors:Sarah Ward Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. People sometimes must choose between prioritizing meaningful work or high compensation. Eight studies (N = 4,177; 7 preregistered) examined the relative importance of meaningful work and salary in evaluations of actual and hypothetical jobs. Although meaningful work and high salaries are both perceived as highly important job attributes when evaluated independently, when presented with tradeoffs between these job attributes, participants consistently preferred high-salary jobs with low meaningfulness over low-salary jobs with high meaningfulness (Studies 1-5). Forecasts of happiness and meaning outside of work helped explain condition differences in job interest (Studies 4 and 5). Extending the investigation toward actual jobs, Studies 6a and 6b showed that people express stronger preferences for higher pay (vs. more meaningful work) in their current jobs. Although meaningful work is a strongly valued job attribute, it may be less influential than salary to evaluations of hypothetical and current jobs. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-20T12:30:42Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231159781
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Authors:Ivan Hernandez, Ryan S. Ritter, Jesse L. Preston Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Four studies investigate a fear of imbalanced minds hypothesis that threatening agents perceived to be relatively mismatched in capacities for cognition (e.g., self-control and reasoning) and emotion (e.g., sensations and emotions) will be rated as scarier and more dangerous by observers. In ratings of fictional monsters (e.g., zombies and vampires), agents seen as more imbalanced between capacities for cognition and emotion (high cognition–low emotion or low cognition–high emotion) were rated as scarier compared to those with equally matched levels of cognition and emotion (Studies 1 and 2). Similar effects were observed using ratings of scary animals (e.g., tigers, sharks; Studies 2 and 3), and infected humans (Study 4). Moreover, these effects are explained through diminished perceived control/predictability over the target agent. These findings highlight the role of balance between cognition and emotion in appraisal of threatening agents, in part because those agents are seen as more chaotic and uncontrollable. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-20T12:27:42Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160035
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Authors:Gregory J. Rousis, Francois Alexi Martel, Jennifer K. Bosson, William B. Swann Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Incels (involuntary celibates) have advocated for and even enacted violence against women. We explored two mechanisms that may underly incels’ actions: identity fusion and self-verification. Study 1 (n = 155) revealed stronger identity fusion (deep alignment) with the ingroup among men active in online incel communities compared to men active in other male-dominated groups. Study 2 (n = 113) showed that feeling self-verified by other incels predicted fusion with incels; fusion, in turn, predicted endorsement of past and future violence toward women. Study 3 (n = 283; preregistered) replicated the indirect effects from Study 2 and extended them by linking fusion to online harassment of women. All indirect effects were particularly strong among self-identified incels high in narcissism. We discuss the synergistic links between self-verification and identity fusion in fostering extreme behaviors and identify directions for future research. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-18T11:59:04Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231166481
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Authors:Andre’ Oliver, Ryan E. Tracy, Steven G. Young, Daryl A. Wout Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Utilizing reverse correlation, we investigated Black and White participants’ mental representations of Black–White Biracial people. Across 200 trails, Black and White participants chose which of two faces best fit specific social categories. Using these decisions, we visually estimated Black and White people’s mental representations of Biracial people by generating classification images (CIs). Independent raters blind to condition determined that White CI generators’ Biracial CI was prototypically Blacker (i.e., more Afrocentric facial features and darker skin tone) than Black CI generators’ Biracial CI (Study 1a/b). Furthermore, independent raters could not distinguish between White CI generators’ Black and Biracial CIs, a bias not exhibited by Black CI generators (Study 2). A separate task demonstrated that prejudiced White participants allocated fewer imaginary funds to the more prototypically Black Biracial CI (Study 3), providing converging evidence. How phenotypicality bias, the outgroup homogeneity effect, and hypodescent influences people’s mental images of ingroup/outgroup members is discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-13T12:17:16Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164026
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Authors:Daniel M. Stancato, Dacher Keltner, Serena Chen Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that increased income inequality between individuals will reduce social affiliation within dyadic interactions. In three experiments, we examined the effects of income inequality on key indices of affiliation using semi-structured interactions. In the first two experiments, a participant and confederate were randomly assigned to a low- or high-power role and compensated mildly or extremely unequally. In Experiment 3, inequality and inequity were orthogonally manipulated to determine whether inequality’s social consequences are moderated by the fairness of the income distribution. We demonstrated that greater inequality produced more negative emotional responses, reduced desire for closeness, and harsher evaluations of one’s partner, regardless of one’s power role and the equitability of the income distribution. We also obtained evidence that greater inequality reduces behavioral warmth, although this effect was less consistent. Our results begin to unpack the psychological processes through which income inequality worsens societal well-being. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-11T11:27:23Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164213
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Authors:Julie C. Driebe, Julia Stern, Lars Penke, Tanja M. Gerlach Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Ideal partner preferences for traits in a partner are said to be stable cognitive constructs. However, longitudinal studies investigating the same participants’ ideals repeatedly have so far been limited to relatively short retest intervals of a maximum of 3 years. Here, we investigate the stability and change of ideals across 13 years and participants’ insight into how ideals have changed. A total of 204 participants (M = 46.2 years, SD = 7.4, 104 women) reported their ideals at two time points. We found a mean rank-order stability of r = .42 and an overall profile stability of r = .73 (distinctive r = .53). Some ideals changed over time, for example, increased for status-resources in relation to age and parenthood. We found some but varying insight into how ideals had changed (mean r = .20). Results support the idea of ideals being stable cognitive constructs but suggest some variability related to the demands of different life stages. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-08T08:25:07Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164757
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Authors:Sierra H. Feasel, Tessa L. Dover, Payton A. Small, Brenda Major Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Periods of social mobility, such as attending college, can challenge one’s status-based identity, leading to uncertainty around one’s status in society. Status uncertainty is associated with poorer well-being and academic outcomes. Little is known, however, about what experiences lead to status uncertainty. The current longitudinal study investigated discrimination experiences and cultural mismatch as predictors of status uncertainty. We propose that discrimination indirectly predicts increased status uncertainty by increasing perceived cultural mismatch with the university. Participants were Latinx college students, all of whom were low-income and/or first generation to college. Discrimination experiences were measured at the end of participants’ first year. Cultural mismatch and status uncertainty were measured at the end of Year 2. Status uncertainty was measured again at the end of Year 3. Results indicated that students who experienced more frequent discrimination felt more cultural mismatch 1 year later, and, in turn, reported increased status uncertainty over the following year. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-07T09:13:14Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231163736
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Authors:Roxanne N. Felig, Jamie L. Goldenberg Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The “selfie” phenomenon shaped the past two decades, yet there is inconsistent evidence concerning the relationship between selfie behaviors and self-evaluations. This meta-analysis investigates the relationship between selfie taking, editing, and posting behavior and general and appearance-specific self-evaluations. The results reveal that selfie taking and posting are related to positive appearance-specific self-evaluations. In contrast, selfie editing is related to negative self-evaluations both generally and specific to appearance. Gender and age did not moderate these relationships, but methodological factors did, suggesting these relationships depend on factors, such as how selfie behaviors are measured and study design. We interpret these findings through the lens of prominent social psychological theories and conclude with suggestions to guide future research. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-06T07:11:48Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231158252
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Authors:Jennifer Lynch, Alex J. Benson Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Integrating insights from interdependence theory with the narcissistic admiration and rivalry concept, we propose that a pivotal obstacle for narcissistic leaders is their inability to sustain benevolent perceptions over time. As people strive to interpret social behavior in terms of self- or other-interest, the narcissistic tendency of prioritizing self-interests over the collective may become apparent and eventually taint their reputation as a leader. We examined how interpersonal motive perceptions—based on attributions of self- and other-interest—would clarify the leadership paradox of narcissism. We tracked 472 participants in 119 teams across four time-points. Narcissistic rivalry (but not admiration) corresponded to increasingly negative leader effectiveness ratings. The extent to which individuals were perceived as self-maximizing and lacking concern for other interests was tightly connected to declines in leader effectiveness across time. Altogether, these results offer insight into how perceived interpersonal motives may explain the downfall of narcissistic leadership. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-04T09:32:08Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231163645
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Authors:Susan A. Brener, Willem E. Frankenhuis, Ethan S. Young, Bruce J. Ellis Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Previous research has demonstrated an inverse relation between subjective social class (SSC) and performance on emotion recognition tasks. Study 1 (N = 418) involved a preregistered replication of this effect using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task and the Cambridge Mindreading Face-Voice Battery. The inverse relation replicated; however, exploratory analyses revealed a significant interaction between sex and SSC in predicting emotion recognition, indicating that the effect was driven by males. In Study 2 (N = 745), we preregistered and tested the interaction on a separate archival dataset. The interaction replicated; the association between SSC and emotion recognition again occurred only in males. Exploratory analyses (Study 3; N = 381) examined the generalizability of the interaction to incidental face memory. Our results underscore the need to reevaluate previous research establishing the main effects of social class and sex on emotion recognition abilities, as these effects apparently moderate each other. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-04T09:29:06Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231159775
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Authors:Young-eun Lee, James P. Dunlea, Larisa Heiphetz Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Laypeople often believe that God punishes transgressions; however, their inferences about God’s punishment motives remain unclear. We addressed this topic by asking laypeople to indicate why God punishes. We also examined participants’ inferences about why humans punish to contribute to scholarly conversations regarding the extent to which people may anthropomorphize God’s mind. In Studies 1A to 1C, participants viewed God as less retributive than humans. In Study 2, participants expected God (vs. humans) to view humans’ true selves more positively; this difference mediated participants’ views of God as less retributive than humans. Study 3 manipulated agents’ views of humans’ true selves and examined how such information influenced each agent’s perceived motives. Participants viewed a given agent as less retributive when that agent regarded the true self as good (versus bad). These findings extend scholarship on lay theories of punishment motives and highlight links between religious and moral cognition. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-03T06:18:38Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160027
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Authors:Jiyoung Park, Shinobu Kitayama, Yuri Miyamoto Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. High subjective social status (SSS) is believed to protect health in the current literature. However, high SSS entails social responsibilities that can be stressful in collectivistic cultural contexts. Here, we tested the hypothesis that those socialized in collectivistic societies (e.g., Japan) recognize their high social status as entailing social duties difficult to ignore even when they are excessive. Using cross-cultural survey data (N = 1,289) and a measure of biological health risk (BHR) by biomarkers of inflammation and cardiovascular malfunction, we found that higher SSS predicted lower BHR for American males. In contrast, higher SSS predicted higher BHR for Japanese males, mediated by the perceived difficulty of disengaging from their current goals. In both cultural groups, females showed no association between SSS and BHR. These findings suggest that social status has differing health implications, depending on the relative salience of privileges and burden-producing responsibilities in different cultural contexts. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-01T06:57:02Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231162747
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Authors:Corey L. Guenther, Yiyue Zhang, Constantine Sedikides Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Authenticity refers to behaving in a manner that aligns with one’s true self. The true self, though, is positive. From a self-enhancement standpoint, people exaggerate their strengths and overlook their shortcomings, forming positively-distorted views of themselves. We propose a self-enhancement framework of authenticity, advocating a reciprocal relation between the two constructs. Trait self-enhancement was associated with higher trait authenticity (Study 1), and day-to-day fluctuations in self-enhancement predicted corresponding variations in state authenticity (Study 2). Furthermore, manipulating self-enhancement elevated state authenticity (Studies 3–4), which was associated with meaning in life (Study 4), and manipulating authenticity augmented self-enhancement, which was associated with meaning in life and thriving (Study 5). The authentic self is largely the self-enhancing self. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-04-01T06:56:03Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160653
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Authors:Kimberly E. Chaney, Alison L. Chasteen Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Past research has demonstrated that older adults are stereotyped as less malleable than young adults. Moreover, beliefs that people are less malleable are associated with lower confrontations of prejudice, as perpetrators are seen as less capable of changing their (prejudiced) behavior. The present research sought to integrate these lines of research to demonstrate that endorsement of ageist beliefs that older adults are less malleable will lead to a lower confrontation of anti-Black prejudice espoused by older adults. Across four experimental studies (N = 1,573), people were less likely to confront anti-Black prejudice espoused by an 82-year-old compared with a 62-, 42-, or 20-year-old, due, in part, to beliefs that older adults are less malleable. Further exploration demonstrated that malleability beliefs about older adults were held across young, middle-aged, and older adult samples. These findings demonstrate how stereotypes about older adults can impede racial equality. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-31T11:36:57Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231159767
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Authors:April H. Bailey, Joshua Knobe Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. People with biological essentialist beliefs about social groups also tend to endorse biased beliefs about individuals in those groups, including intensified emphasis on the group, stereotypes, and prejudices. These correlations could be due to biological essentialism causing bias, and some experimental studies support this causal direction. Given this prior work, we expected to find that biological essentialism would lead to increased bias compared with a control condition and set out to extend this prior work in a new direction (regarding “value-based” essentialism). But although the manipulation affected essentialist beliefs and essentialist beliefs were correlated with group emphasis (Study 1), stereotyping (Studies 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c), prejudice (Studies 3a), there was no evidence that biological essentialism caused these outcomes (NTotal = 1,903). Given these findings, our initial research question became moot. We thus focus on reexamining the relationship between essentialism and bias. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-29T04:50:36Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231158095
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Authors:Julia D. Hur, Rachel L. Ruttan Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Society changes, but the degree to which it has changed can be difficult to evaluate. We propose that people possess beliefs that society has made, and will make, progress in a linear fashion toward social justice. Five sets of studies (13 studies in total) demonstrate that American participants consistently estimated that over time, society has made positive, linear progress toward social issues, such as gender equality, racial diversity, and environmental protection. These estimates were often not aligned with reality, where much progress has been made in a nonlinear fashion. We also ruled out some potential alternative explanations (Study 3) and explored the potential correlates of linear progress beliefs (Study 4). We further showed that these beliefs reduced the perceived urgency and effort needed to make further progress on social issues (Study 5), which may ultimately inhibit people’s willingness to act. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-23T10:17:31Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231158843
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Authors:Samuel Fairlamb, Andrada-Elena Stan, Katinka Lovas Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Lifshin et al. found that death primes increased support for killing animals, suggesting that the killing of animals serves a terror management function. The present research adds to this by suggesting that protecting animals can also serve a terror management function when people see such behaviors as culturally valuable. In three studies (N = 765), environmental contingent self-worth (ECSW) moderated the effect of death primes on attitudes toward animals. Attitudes toward animals also mediated the effect of a death prime on increased power-based invulnerability for those with low ECSW and decreased power-based invulnerability for those with high ECSW (Study 3). Finally, we found little support that death primes influenced beliefs regarding human–animal superiority (Study 1 and 2) or similarity (Study 2). Our findings therefore provide partial support for past terror management research and further the understanding regarding how to promote more benevolent human–animal relations. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-22T06:20:11Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160652
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Authors:Florian van Leeuwen, Bastian Jaeger, Willem W.A. Sleegers, Michael Bang Petersen Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. By conforming to ingroup norms, individuals coordinate with other group members, preserve cohesion, and avoid costs of exclusion. Previous experiments have shown that increased concerns about infectious disease increase conformity. However, coordination with other group members has multiple benefits, most of which exist independent of pathogenic infection. Hence, a strong causal effect of pathogen avoidance motivations on conformity seems unlikely. Results from five experiments (N = 1,931) showed only limited support for the hypothesis that experimentally increasing pathogen avoidance motivations influences conformity. Overall, our findings are not consistent with the notion that the human mind contains a fast-acting psychological mechanism that regulates conformity as a function of short-term pathogen avoidance motivations. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-22T06:18:12Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160655
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Authors:Melissa Wilson, Kate Sweeny Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Waiting for important news is uniquely anxiety provoking, and expectations for one’s outcome fluctuate throughout the wait. Emotional volatility is typically associated with negative outcomes, but little is known about volatility in expectations. In Study 1, law graduates (N = 248) estimated their chances of passing the bar exam every 2 weeks during the wait for results. Greater volatility in expectations, operationalized as the frequency with which outcome expectations changed during the wait, was associated with greater worry and more negative emotionality throughout the wait. Study 2 partially replicated these findings in a sample of Trump and Biden supporters (N = 444) awaiting the result of the 2020 presidential election. Study 2 also demonstrated a causal link between constrained (vs. volatile) expectations and worry. Our findings have implications for how best to manage one’s expectations while awaiting important news, with the goal of minimizing worry and other negative emotions. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-21T12:33:06Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231158883
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Authors:Reine C. van der Wal, Lukas F. Litzellachner, Johan C. Karremans, Nadia Buiter, Jamie Breukel, Gregory R. Maio Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. There are substantive theoretical questions about whether personal values affect romantic relationship functioning. The current research tested the association between personal values and romantic relationship quality while considering potential mediating mechanisms related to pro-relational attitudes, communal strength, intrinsic relationship motivation, and entitlement. Across five studies using different measures of value priorities, we found that the endorsement of self-transcendence values (i.e., benevolence, universalism) was related to higher romantic relationship quality. The findings provided support for the mediating roles of pro-relational attitudes, communal strength, and intrinsic relationship motivation. Finally, a dyadic analysis in our fifth study showed that self-transcendence values mostly influence a person’s own relationship quality but not that of their partner. These findings provide the first evidence that personal values are important variables in romantic relationship functioning while helping to map the mechanisms through which this role occurs. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-21T12:29:48Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231156975
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Authors:Brielle N. Johnson, Erin Freiburger, Jason C. Deska, Jonathan W. Kunstman Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Social pain, defined as distress caused by negative interpersonal experiences (e.g., ostracism, mistreatment), is detrimental to health. Yet, it is unclear how social class might shape judgments of the social pains of low-socioeconomic status (SES) and high-SES individuals. Five studies tested competing toughness and empathy predictions for SES’s effect on social pain judgments. Consistent with an empathy account, in all studies (Ncumulative = 1,046), low-SES White targets were judged more sensitive to social pain than high-SES White targets. Further, empathy mediated these effects, such that participants felt greater empathy and expected more social pain for low-SES targets relative to high-SES targets. Social pain judgments also informed judgments of social support needs, as low-SES targets were presumed to need more coping resources to manage hurtful events than high-SES targets. The current findings provide initial evidence that empathic concern for low-SES White individuals sensitizes social pain judgments and increases expected support needs for lower class White individuals. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-11T06:43:30Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231156025
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Authors:Veronica X. Yan, Daphna Oyserman, Gülnaz Kiper, Mohammad Atari Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. When a task or goal is hard to think about or do, people can infer that it is a waste of their time (difficulty-as-impossibility) or valuable to them (difficulty-as-importance). Separate from chosen tasks and goals, life can present unchosen difficulties. Building on identity-based motivation theory, people can see these as opportunities for self-betterment (difficulty-as-improvement). People use this language when they recall or communicate about difficulties (autobiographical memories, Study 1; “Common Crawl” corpus, Study 2). Our difficulty mindset measures are culture-general (Australia, Canada, China, India, Iran, New Zealand, Turkey, the United States, Studies 3–15, N = 3,532). People in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic (WEIRD)-er countries slightly agree with difficulty-as-improvement. Religious, spiritual, conservative people, believers in karma and a just world, and people from less-WEIRD countries score higher. People who endorse difficulty-as-importance see themselves as conscientious, virtuous, and leading lives of purpose. So do endorsers of difficulty-as-improvement—who also see themselves as optimists (all scores lower for difficulty-as-impossibility endorsers). Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-02T09:20:41Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231153680
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Authors:Christie Newton, Justin Feeney, Gordon Pennycook Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Many measures have been developed to index intuitive versus analytic thinking. Yet it remains an open question whether people primarily vary along a single dimension or if there are genuinely different types of thinking styles. We distinguish between four distinct types of thinking styles: Actively Open-minded Thinking, Close-Minded Thinking, Preference for Intuitive Thinking, and Preference for Effortful Thinking. We discovered strong predictive validity across several outcome measures (e.g., epistemically suspect beliefs, bullshit receptivity, empathy, moral judgments), with some subscales having stronger predictive validity for some outcomes but not others. Furthermore, Actively Open-minded Thinking, in particular, strongly outperformed the Cognitive Reflection Test in predicting misperceptions about COVID-19 and the ability to discern between vaccination-related true and false news. Our results indicate that people do, in fact, differ along multiple dimensions of intuitive-analytic thinking styles and that these dimensions have consequences for understanding a wide range of beliefs and behaviors. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-03-02T09:15:57Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231154886
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Authors:Johannes Berendt, Esther van Leeuwen, Sebastian Uhrich Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Social comparison theories suggest that ingroups are strengthened whenever important outgroups are weakened (e.g., by losing status or power). It follows that ingroups have little reason to help outgroups facing an existential threat. We challenge this notion by showing that ingroups can also be weakened when relevant comparison outgroups are weakened, which can motivate ingroups to strategically offer help to ensure the outgroups’ survival as a highly relevant comparison target. In three preregistered studies, we showed that an existential threat to an outgroup with high (vs. low) identity relevance affected strategic outgroup helping via two opposing mechanisms. The potential demise of a highly relevant outgroup increased participants’ perceptions of ingroup identity threat, which was positively related to helping. At the same time, the outgroup’s misery evoked schadenfreude, which was negatively related to helping. Our research exemplifies a group’s secret desire for strong outgroups by underlining their importance for identity formation. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-27T09:04:31Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231158097
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Authors:Suraiya Allidina, Elizabeth U. Long, Wyle Baoween, William A. Cunningham Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Implicit measures of attitudes have classically focused on the association between a social group and generalized valence, but debate exists surrounding how these associations arise and what they can tell us about beliefs and attitudes. Here, we suggest that representations of oppression, which relate positively to implicitly measured prejudice but negatively to explicitly measured prejudice, can serve to decrease the predictive validity of implicit measures through statistical suppression. We had participants complete a Black–White implicit association test (IAT) and an IAT measuring representations of oppression, and find that oppression-related representations statistically suppress the relation between IAT scores and explicit attitudes, such that accounting for these representations increases the total amount of variance explained by implicit measures. We discuss the implications of this work both for practical matters around use of the IAT and for theoretical debates on the conceptualization of valence in implicit attitudes. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-27T09:02:31Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231156029
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Authors:Laura E. Wallace, Lucas Hinsenkamp, Duane T. Wegener, Zachary Braun Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Communicators commonly present two-sided messages to avoid being perceived as biased. This approach equates bias with one-sidedness rather than divergence from the position supported by available data. Messages often concern topics with mixed qualities: a product is exceptional but expensive; a politician is inexperienced but ethical. For these topics, providing a two-sided message should reduce perceived bias according to both views of bias as one-sidedness and divergence from available data. However, if perceived bias follows divergence from available data, for topics viewed as one-sided (univalent), a two-sided message should not reduce perceived bias. Across five studies, acknowledging two sides reduced perceived bias for novel topics. In two of the studies, two-sidedness no longer reduced perceived bias for topics viewed as univalent. This work clarifies that people conceptualize bias as a divergence from available data, not simply one-sidedness. It also clarifies when and how to leverage message-sidedness to reduce perceived bias. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-18T11:56:03Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231155389
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Authors:Andrea Freund, Francis Flynn, Kieran O’Connor Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Individuals tend to hold a dim view of for-profit corporations, believing that profit-seeking comes at the expense of ethicality. In the present research, we show that this belief is not universal; rather, people associate ethicality with an organization’s size. Across nine experiments (N = 4,796), people stereotyped large companies as less ethical than small companies. This size-ethicality stereotype emerged spontaneously (Study 1), implicitly (Study 2), and across industries (Study 3). Moreover, we find this stereotype can be partly explained by perceptions of profit-seeking behavior (Supplementary Studies A and B), and that people construe profit-seeking and its relationship to ethicality differently when considering large and small companies (Study 4). People attribute greater profit-maximizing motives (relative to profit-satisficing motives) to large companies, and these attributions shape their subsequent judgments of ethicality (Study 5; Supplementary Studies C and D). Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-16T09:57:21Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672231151791
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Authors:Arthur S. Jago, Glenn R. Carroll Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Producers and creators often receive assistance with work from other people. Increasingly, algorithms can provide similar assistance. When algorithms assist or augment producers, does this change individuals’ willingness to assign credit to those producers' Across four studies spanning several domains (e.g., painting, construction, sports analytics, and entrepreneurship), we find evidence that producers receive more credit for work when they are assisted by algorithms, compared with humans. We also find that individuals assume algorithmic assistance requires more producer oversight than human assistance does, a mechanism that explains these higher attributions of credit (Studies 1–3). The greater credit individuals assign to producers assisted by algorithms (vs. other people) also manifests itself in increased support for those producers’ entrepreneurial endeavors (Study 4). As algorithms proliferate, norms of credit and authorship are likely changing, precipitating a variety of economic and social consequences. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-03T09:44:33Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221149815
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Authors:Yuning Sun, Elaine L. Kinsella, Eric R. Igou Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Building on earlier research that examined the characteristics people associate with heroes, our research examined similarities and differences of the hero stereotype across cultures. Specifically, in Study 1 (N = 209) and Study 2 (N = 298), we investigated lay perceptions of heroes among participants from a collectivistic culture. In Study 3 (N = 586), we examined whether group membership could be determined by participants’ centrality ratings of the combined set of hero features. In Study 4 (N = 197), we tested whether the hero features that distinguish American and Chinese participants, when used to describe a target person, influence the impression that the target person is a hero. In Study 5 (N = 158) and Study 6 (N = 591), we investigated cultural differences in perceptions of different types of heroes (e.g., social, martial, civil) and the influence of individualism and collectivism on the perception of those heroes. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-02T11:08:27Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221150238
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Authors:Miriam E. Schwyck, Meng Du, Yuchen Li, Luke J. Chang, Carolyn Parkinson Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Social interactions unfold within networks of relationships. How do beliefs about others’ social ties shape—and how are they shaped by—expectations about how others will behave' Here, participants joined a fictive online game-playing community and interacted with its purported members, who varied in terms of their trustworthiness and apparent relationships with one another. Participants were less trusting of partners with untrustworthy friends, even after they consistently showed themselves to be trustworthy, and were less willing to engage with them in the future. To test whether people not only expect friends to behave similarly but also expect those who behave similarly to be friends, an incidental memory test was given. Participants were exceptionally likely to falsely remember similarly behaving partners as friends. Thus, people expect friendship to predict similar behavior and vice versa. These results suggest that knowledge of social networks and others’ behavioral tendencies reciprocally interact to shape social thought and behavior. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-02T11:03:22Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221140269
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Authors:Charles Chu, Brian S. Lowery Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We test the hypothesis that the perception of stability in one’s self-concept (i.e., future self-continuity) enables the experience of meaning in life because perceiving a stable sense of self confers a sense of certainty to the self-concept. Study 1 provided initial evidence of the influence of future self-continuity on feelings of meaning in life (MIL) in a nationally representative sample. In Studies 2a and 2b, we manipulated future self-continuity by varying the expectedness of one’s future self, demonstrating the causal influence of future self-continuity on self-certainty and feelings of MIL. Study 3 again manipulated future self-continuity, finding an indirect effect on feelings of meaning in life via self-certainty. Our findings thus suggest the experience of meaning in life arises from the perception of a stable sense of self. We discuss the implications for the antecedents and conceptualization of MIL as well as the nature of the self-concept. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-02-01T10:17:01Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221150234
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Authors:Martin Weiß, Julian Schulze, Stefan Krumm, Anja S. Göritz, Johannes Hewig, Patrick Mussel Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Greed, the insatiable and excessive desire and striving for more even at the expense of others, may be directed toward various goods. In this article, we propose that greed may be conceptualized as a domain-specific construct. Based on a literature review and an expert survey, we identified 10 domains of greed which we operationalized with the DOmain-SPEcific Greed (DOSPEG) questionnaire. In Study 1 (N = 725), we found support for the proposed structure and convergent validity with related constructs. Bifactor-(S-1) models revealed that generic greed is differentially related to the greed domains, indicating that generic greed primarily captures a striving for money and material things. In the second study (N = 591), we found that greed domains had incremental validity beyond generic greed with regard to corresponding criteria assessed via self- and other-reports. We conclude that greed can be conceptualized as a domain-specific construct and propose an onion model reflecting this structure. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-25T11:05:50Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221148004
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Authors:Gina A. Paganini, A. Alex McConnell, Jason C. Deska, Steven M. Almaraz, Kurt Hugenberg, E. Paige Lloyd Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. The current work investigates the effects of target of perception’s waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) on perceivers’ judgments of sexual unrestrictedness and sexual victimization prototypicality. Studies 1a and 1b found that women with lower WHRs were perceived as relatively more sexually unrestricted. Studies 2a and 2b found that women with lower WHRs were perceived as relatively more prototypic of sexual victimization. Study 3 built on these findings to consider implications for responses to sexual assault disclosures. Perceivers disbelieved and minimized a disclosure of assault relatively more when made by a woman with a higher WHR. In sum, this body of work implicates WHR as a body cue that can inform consequential sexual perception. Thereby, this work identifies factors that could influence judgments of credibility of sexual violence reports, which may have implications for hesitancy to report sexual violence. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-21T09:54:23Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221148008
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Authors:Lisette Yip, Emma F. Thomas, Catherine Amiot, Winnifred R. Louis, Craig McGarty Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Social change movements may take years or decades to achieve their goals and thus require ongoing efforts from their supporters. We apply the insights of self-determination theory to examine sustained collective action over time. We expected that autonomous motivation, but not controlled motivation, would predict sustained action. We also examine whether autonomous motivation shapes and is shaped by social identification as a supporter of the cause. Longitudinal data were collected from supporters of global poverty reduction (N = 263) at two timepoints 1 year apart. Using latent change score modeling, we found that increases in autonomous motivation positively predicted increases in opinion-based group identification, which in turn predicted increases in self-reported collective action. Controlled motivation (Time 1) negatively predicted changes in action. We concluded that autonomous motivation predicts sustained action over time, while promoting controlled motives for action may backfire because it may undermine identification with the cause. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-21T09:54:22Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221148396
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Authors:Christopher D. Petsko, Stefan Vogler Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. People perceive men’s masculinity to be more precarious, or easier to lose, than women’s femininity. In the present article, we investigated (a) whether men’s heterosexuality is likewise perceived to be more precarious than women’s, and if so, (b) whether this effect is exaggerated when the targets in question are Black rather than White. To investigate these questions, we conducted three experiments (one of which was conducted on a probability-based sample of U.S. adults; total N = 3,811) in which participants read about a target person who either did or did not engage in a single same-sex sexual behavior. Results revealed that participants questioned the heterosexuality of men more than the heterosexuality of women when they engaged (vs. did not engage) in same-sex sexual behavior. Surprisingly, these effects were not moderated by whether targets were Black versus White. Results are interpreted in light of recent models of intersectional stereotyping. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-21T09:54:21Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221143839
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Authors:Jordan Axt, Nicholas Buttrick, Ruo Ying Feng Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Although measures of implicit associations are influential in the prejudice literature, comparative tests of the predictive power of these measures are lacking. A large-scale (N> 100,000) analysis of four commonly used measures—the Implicit Association Test (IAT), Single-Category IAT (SC-IAT), evaluative priming task (EPT), and sorting paired features task (SPF)—across 10 intergroup domains and 250 outcomes found clear evidence for the superiority of the SC-IAT in predictive and incremental predictive validity. Follow-up analyses suggested that the SC-IAT benefited from an exclusive focus on associations toward stigmatized group members, as associations toward non-stigmatized group members diluted the predictive strength of relative measures like the IAT, SPF, and EPT. These results highlight how conclusions about predictive validity can vary drastically depending on the measure selected and reveal novel insights about the value of different measures when focusing on predictive than convergent validity. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-20T08:26:44Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221150229
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Authors:Theresa Pauly, Janina Lüscher, Corina Berli, Christiane A. Hoppmann, Rachel A. Murphy, Maureen C. Ashe, Wolfgang Linden, Kenneth M. Madden, Denis Gerstorf, Urte Scholz Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Symptom-system fit theory proposes that problematic behaviors are maintained by the social system (e.g., the couple relationship) in which they occur because they help promote positive relationship functioning in the short-term. Across three daily life studies, we examined whether mixed-gender couples reported more positive relationship functioning on days in which they engaged in more shared problematic behaviors. In two studies (Study 1: 82 couples who smoke; Study 2: 117 couples who are inactive), days of more shared problematic behavior were accompanied by higher daily closeness and relationship satisfaction. A third study with 79 couples post-stroke investigating unhealthy eating failed to provide evidence for symptom-system fit. In exploratory lagged analyses, we found more support for prior-day problematic behavior being associated with next-day daily relationship functioning than vice-versa. Together, findings point to the importance of a systems perspective when studying interpersonal dynamics that might be involved in the maintenance of problematic behaviors. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-12T08:25:16Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221143783
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Authors:Megan E. Edwards, Peter J. Helm, Steven Pratscher, B. Ann Bettencourt, Jamie Arndt Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We propose that awe has multifaceted relations with existential isolation, a feeling of separation between the self and others or the world. Three studies examined the relation between awe and existential isolation via feelings of small self (vastness, self-size, self-perspectives) and a sense of connectedness. Awe (vs. a control topic) was induced either using virtual reality (Study 1) or a recall task (Studies 2 and 3) and was indirectly associated with higher and lower levels of existential isolation through differing pathways. Awe was associated with lower feelings of existential isolation via an increased sense of vastness, which in turn predicted greater connectedness; whereas awe was associated with higher feelings of existential isolation via increased sense of feeling small, which in turn predicted lower connectedness. This work advances understanding of the complex nature of awe—revealing its competing effects on the self and the social connectedness pathways through which awe can influence existential isolation. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-12T04:33:03Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221144597
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Authors:Oliver Genschow Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Previous research found that experimentally reducing people’s belief in free will affects social behaviors. However, more recent investigations could not replicate several findings in this literature. An explanation for the mixed findings is that free will beliefs are related to social behaviors on a correlational level, but experimental manipulations are not able to detect this relation. To test this interpretation, we conceptually replicated and extended a landmark study in the free will belief literature originally conducted by Baumeister et al. In five studies (total N = 1,467), we investigated whether belief in free will predicts helping behavior in comparison to other beliefs related to free will. Overall, our results support the original findings, as belief in free will correlated with helping behavior. However, the results also show that the best predictor of helping behavior is not belief in free will but belief in dualism. Theoretical implications are discussed. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-12T04:29:34Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221137209
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Authors:Rajen A. Anderson, Benjamin C. Ruisch, David A. Pizarro Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Across four studies, we test the hypothesis that people exhibit “slippery slope” thinking in their judgments of moral character—that is, do observers judge that a person who behaves immorally will become increasingly immoral over time' In Study 1, we find that a person who commits an immoral act is judged as more likely to behave immorally and as having a worse character in the future than in the past. In Study 2, we find that it is the commission of an immoral act specifically—rather than merely attempting an immoral act—that drives this slippery slope effect. In Study 3, we demonstrate that observers judge the moral agent as more likely to commit acts of greater severity further in time after the initial immoral act. In Study 4, we find that this effect is driven by an anticipated corrupting of moral character, related to perceptions of the agent’s guilt. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-05T10:46:56Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221143022
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Authors:Yuqi Wang, Tim Wildschut, Constantine Sedikides, Mingzheng Wu, Huajian Cai Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. We examined the change and stability of nostalgia in emerging adulthood. We followed 327 students through their 4 university years with six assessments. Nostalgia demonstrated moderate rank stability (r = .25–.79). A Trait-State-Occasion model analysis indicated that the stable trait component, slowing-change trait component, and state component explained 37% to 43%, 10% to 27%, and 29% to 49% of variation in nostalgia on specific occasions, respectively. Longitudinal multilevel analysis revealed that the mean nostalgia level declined across university years. Greater intensity of negative life events at the start of university was associated with higher initial nostalgia and slower decline of it, while the emotion intensified when experiencing more negative life events. Nostalgia in emerging adulthood displays moderate stability, with negative life events contributing to the shape of its trajectory. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-05T09:47:16Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221143241
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Authors:Joshua Correll, Debbie S. Ma, David A. Kenny, Tomás A. Palma Abstract: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Ahead of Print. Face individuation involves sensitivity to physical characteristics that provide information about identity. We examined whether Black and White American faces differ in terms of individuating information, and whether Black and White perceivers differentially weight information when judging same-race and cross-race faces. Study 1 analyzed 20 structural metrics (e.g., eye width, nose length) of 158 Black and White faces to determine which differentiate faces within each group. High-utility metrics (e.g., nose length, eye height, chin length) differentiated faces of both groups, low-utility metrics (e.g., face width, eye width, face length) offered less individuating information. Study 2 (N = 4,510) explored Black and White participants’ sensitivity to variation on structural metrics using similarity ratings. High-utility metrics affected perceived dissimilarity more than low-utility metrics. This relationship was non-significantly stronger for same-race faces rather than cross-race faces. Perceivers also relied more on features that were racially stereotypic of the faces they were rating. Citation: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin PubDate: 2023-01-04T06:59:43Z DOI: 10.1177/01461672221141510
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