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Abstract: Introduction: Although abundant research delving into the acute exercise-induced modulation of cognitive performance and the P300-ERP component has been conducted, there is a lack of consensus regarding whether or not this type of intervention has a beneficial effect on cognition and how it relates to the P300-ERP. Methods: To examine the possible sources of this discrepancy, we conducted a meta-analysis of ERP results together with cognitive performance that were systemically stratified by relevant demographic and methodological moderators. Results: Our results indicate that while acute exercise exerted an overall stable effect on cognitive improvement, associated with enlarged P300 amplitudes, the effect size varied across factors of age, biological sex, exercise intensity, exercise type, control type, and experimental design. Future research taking into consideration modulating factors as to avoid misestimating the beneficial effects of acute exercise are encouraged. Conclusion: All in all, and to our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis quantitatively summarizing the relevant literature on the associations between P300-ERP correlates, acute exercise, and its positive influence on attention and cognitive performance in healthy individuals. Neuropsychobiology PubDate: Wed, 19 Apr 2023 09:28:59 +020
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Abstract: Introduction: Decreased dopaminergic activity – as reflected by lower levels of the major metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – may be involved in the pathophysiology of attempted suicide. An inverse association has also been found between dopaminergic activity and clinical symptoms of depression and anxiety in non-suicidal individuals. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between CSF-HVA and clinical symptoms associated with an increased risk of suicide in individuals who attempted suicide. Methods: Ninety-five people (52 women; 43 men) who had recently attempted suicide received lumbar punctures to analyse levels of HVA in the CSF. They were also evaluated with the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale, from which scores on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Brief Scale of Anxiety (BSA), and an item on suicidal thoughts were analysed. Results: Among female participants, CSF-HVA was significantly and negatively correlated with BSA total scores, after adjusting for covariates (beta = −0.442, p = 0.002), but not with scores on the MADRS or suicidal thought item. No significant correlations were observed between CSF-HVA and symptoms among male participants. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that lower dopaminergic activity may be associated with clinical symptoms of anxiety among women who have recently attempted suicide. Neuropsychobiology PubDate: Fri, 14 Apr 2023 13:47:26 +020
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Abstract: Introduction: Little is known regarding genetic factors associated with treatment outcome of psychotic depression. We explored genomic associations of remission and relapse of psychotic depression treated with pharmacotherapy. Methods: Genomic analyses were performed in 171 men and women aged 18–85 years with an episode of psychotic depression who participated in the Study of the Pharmacotherapy of Psychotic Depression II (STOP-PD II). Participants were treated with open-label sertraline plus olanzapine for up to 12 weeks; those who achieved remission or near-remission and maintained it following 8 weeks of stabilization were eligible to participate in a 36-week randomized controlled trial that compared sertraline plus olanzapine with sertraline plus placebo in preventing relapse. Results: There were no genome-wide significant associations with either remission or relapse. However, at a suggestive threshold, SNP rs1026501 (31 kb from SYNPO2) in the whole sample and rs6844137 (within the intronic region of SYNPO2) in the European ancestry subsample were associated with a decreased likelihood of remission. In polygenic risk analyses, participants who had greater improvement after antidepressant treatments showed a higher likelihood of reaching remission. Those who achieved remission and had a higher polygenic risk for Alzheimer’s disease had a significantly decreased likelihood of relapse. Conclusion: Our analyses provide preliminary insights into the genetic architecture of remission and relapse in a well-characterized group of patients with psychotic depression. Neuropsychobiology PubDate: Tue, 04 Apr 2023 16:27:06 +020
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Abstract: Introduction: Inflammation is closely associated with the pathogenesis of vascular dementia (VD). Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is a small molecule compound extracted from the seeds of Chinese celery, which have anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of acute ischemia and patients with stroke. In this experiment, we studied the protective effects of NBP in a rat model of VD induced by permanent bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries and investigated the role of the TLR-4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway in the pathology of VD. Methods: The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate cognitive deficits in the VD rats. Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and PCR analyses were used to analyze the molecular basis of the inflammatory response. Results: NBP significantly improved the learning and memory ability of VD rats. With regard to the protective mechanism, the results showed that NBP significantly downregulated the relative expression of Cleaved Cas-1/Cas-1 and Cleaved GSDMD/GSDMD. Moreover, NBP decreased the levels of the TLR-4 and NF-κB (P65) protein and phosphorylation of P65 in the hippocampus of VD rats via the TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that NBP protects against memory deficits in permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion-induced VD rats by attenuating pyroptosis via the TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Neuropsychobiology PubDate: Wed, 29 Mar 2023 07:20:40 +020
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Abstract: Introduction: Currently, major depressive disorder (MDD) treatment plans are based on trial-and-error, and remission rates remain low. A strategy to replace trial-and-error and increase remission rates could be treatment stratification. We explored the heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP) as a biomarker for treatment stratification to either antidepressant medication or rTMS treatment. Methods: Two datasets were analyzed: (1) the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D; n = 1,008 MDD patients, randomized to escitalopram, sertraline, or venlafaxine, and n = 336 healthy controls) and (2) a multi-site, open-label rTMS study (n = 196). The primary outcome measure was remission. Cardiac field artifacts were removed from the baseline EEG using independent component analysis (ICA). The HEP-peak was detected in a bandwidth of 20 ms around 8 ms and 270 ms (N8, N270) after the R-peak of the electrocardiogram signal. Differences between remitters and non-remitters were statistically assessed by repeated-measures ANOVAs for electrodes Fp1, Cz, and Oz. Results: In the venlafaxine subgroup, remitters showed a lower HEP around the N8 peak than non-remitters on electrode site Cz (p = 0.004; d = 0.497). The rTMS group showed a non-significant difference in the opposite direction (d = −0.051). Retrospective stratification to one of the treatments based on the HEP resulted in enhanced treatment outcome prediction for venlafaxine (+22.98%) and rTMS (+10.66%). Conclusion: These data suggest that the HEP could be used as a stratification biomarker between venlafaxine and rTMS; however, future out-of-sample replication is warranted. Neuropsychobiology PubDate: Thu, 16 Mar 2023 06:37:53 +010
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Abstract: Introduction: Individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) have difficulties regulating alcohol consumption, despite adverse drinking-related consequences. This may be due to incapacity incorporating previous negative feedback from drinking, resulting in impaired decision-making. Methods: We assessed whether decision-making is impaired in participants with AUD related to severity of AUD, indexed by severe negative drinking consequences using the Drinkers Inventory of Consequences (DrInC) and reward and punishment sensitivity with the Behavioural Inhibition System Behavioural Activation System (BIS BAS) scales. 36 treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent participants completed the Iowa gambling task (IGT) with skin conductance responses (SCRs) measured continuously as an index of somatic autonomic arousal to evaluate impaired expectancy of negative outcomes. Results: Two-thirds of the sample showed behavioural impairment during the IGT, with greater AUD severity related to worse performance. BIS moderated IGT performance according to severity of AUD, with increased anticipatory SCRs for those with fewer reported DrInC severe consequences. Participants with more DrInC severe consequences showed IGT deficits and reduced SCRs regardless of BIS scores. BAS-Reward was associated with increased anticipatory SCRs to disadvantageous deck choices among those with lower AUD severity, while SCRs did not differ related to AUD severity for reward outcomes. Discussion: Effective decision-making in the IGT and adaptive somatic responses were moderated by punishment sensitivity contingent on severity of AUD in these drinkers, with impairments in expectancy to negative outcomes from risky choices, including reduced somatic responses, resulting in poor decision-making processes that may help explain impaired drinking and worse drinking-related consequences. Neuropsychobiology 2023;82:117–129 PubDate: Wed, 22 Feb 2023 16:18:23 +010
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Abstract: Introduction: Immune alterations are associated with the progression of psychosis. However, there are few studies designed to longitudinally measure inflammatory biomarkers during psychotic episodes. We aimed to assess changes in biomarkers from the prodromal phase to psychotic episodes in individuals with clinical high risk (CHR) of psychosis and compare converters and non-converters to psychosis as well as healthy controls (HCs). Methods: We enrolled 394 individuals with CHR and 100 HCs. A total of 263 individuals with CHR completed the 1-year follow-up, and 47 had converted to psychosis. Interleukin (IL)-1β, 2, 6, 8, 10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were measured at baseline and 1 year after completion of the clinical assessment. Results: The baseline serum levels of IL-10, IL-2, and IL-6 were significantly lower in the conversion group than in the non-conversion group (IL-10, p = 0.010; IL-2, p = 0.023; IL-6, p = 0.012) and HC (IL-6: p = 0.034). Self-controlled comparisons showed that IL-2 changed significantly (p = 0.028), and IL-6 levels tended toward significance (p = 0.088) in the conversion group. In the non-conversion group, serum levels of TNF-α (p = 0.017) and VEGF (p = 0.037) changed significantly. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant time effect related to TNF-α (F = 4.502, p = 0.037, effect size (η2) = 0.051), a group effect related to IL-1β (F = 4.590, p = 0.036, η2 = 0.062), and IL-2 (F = 7.521, p = 0.011, η2 = 0.212), but no time × group effect. Discussion: Alterations in the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were found to precede the first episode of psychosis in the CHR population, particularly for those who later converted to psychosis. Longitudinal analysis supports the varied roles of cytokines in individuals with CHR with later psychotic conversion or non-conversion outcomes. Neuropsychobiology 2023;82:104–116 PubDate: Thu, 16 Feb 2023 12:10:26 +010
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Abstract: Neuropsychobiology 2023;82:130 PubDate: Tue, 07 Feb 2023 08:24:40 +010
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Abstract: Introduction: Cognition and emotion are fundamentally integrated in the brain and mutually contribute to behavior. The relation between working memory (WM) and emotion is particularly suited to investigate cognition-emotion interaction since WM is an essential component of many higher cognitive functions. Ketamine affects not only WM but also has a profound impact on emotional processing. Effects of acute ketamine challenge are sensitive to modulation by pretreatment with lamotrigine, which inhibits glutamate release. Accordingly, a combination of these approaches should be particularly suited to investigate cognition-emotion interaction. Methods: Seventy five healthy subjects were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, single-dose, parallel-group study with three treatment conditions. All subjects underwent two scanning sessions (acute/post 24 h). Results: Compared to placebo, acute ketamine administration induced significant dissociative, psychotomimetic, and cognitive effects, as well as an increase in neural activity during WM for positive stimuli. Inhibition of glutamate release by pretreatment with lamotrigine did not influence ketamine’s subjective effects, but significantly attenuated its impact on emotional WM and associated neural activity. There was no effect on these measures 24 h after ketamine administration. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate differential acute effects of modulated glutamate release and a swift restoration of disturbed neurobehavioral homeostasis in healthy subjects. Neuropsychobiology 2023;82:91–103 PubDate: Thu, 02 Feb 2023 16:12:46 +010
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Abstract: Introduction: It is critical to develop accurate and universally available biomarkers for dementia diseases to appropriately deal with the dementia problems under world-wide rapid increasing of patients with dementia. In this sense, electroencephalography (EEG) has been utilized as a promising examination to screen and assist in diagnosing dementia, with advantages of sensitiveness to neural functions, inexpensiveness, and high availability. Moreover, the algorithm-based deep learning can expand EEG applicability, yielding accurate and automatic classification easily applied even in general hospitals without any research specialist. Methods: We utilized a novel deep neural network, with which high accuracy of discrimination was archived in neurological disorders in the previous study. Based on this network, we analyzed EEG data of healthy volunteers (HVs, N = 55), patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD, N = 101), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, N = 75), and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH, N = 60) to evaluate the discriminative accuracy of these diseases. Results: High discriminative accuracies were archived between HV and patients with dementia, yielding 81.7% (vs. AD), 93.9% (vs. DLB), 93.1% (vs. iNPH), and 87.7% (vs. AD, DLB, and iNPH). Conclusion: This study revealed that the EEG data of patients with dementia were successfully discriminated from HVs based on a novel deep learning algorithm, which could be useful for automatic screening and assisting diagnosis of dementia diseases. Neuropsychobiology 2023;82:81–90 PubDate: Thu, 19 Jan 2023 14:32:17 +010
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